Why we make bad decisions | Dan Gilbert

1,901,604 views ใƒป 2008-12-17

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Young-ho Park ๊ฒ€ํ† : Hyemin Jeon
00:18
We all make decisions every day; we want to know
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งค์ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
what the right thing is to do -- in domains from the financial
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ํ–‰๋™์ด ์˜ณ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜์ฃ .
00:23
to the gastronomic to the professional to the romantic.
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๋ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ์ง์—…, ์—ฐ์•  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•„์šฐ๋Ÿฌ์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
And surely, if somebody could really tell us how to do
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ
00:30
exactly the right thing at all possible times,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋“ ์ง€ ์˜ณ์€ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด,
00:33
that would be a tremendous gift.
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์ •๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰ํžŒ ์„ ๋ฌผ์ด๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
00:36
It turns out that, in fact, the world was given this gift in 1738
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์‚ฌ์‹ค 1738๋…„์— ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ˆ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ•์‹ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
00:41
by a Dutch polymath named Daniel Bernoulli.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
And what I want to talk to you about today is what that gift is,
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๊ทธ ์„ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ฉฐ,
00:47
and I also want to explain to you why it is
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์™œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋„
00:50
that it hasn't made a damn bit of difference.
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๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
Now, this is Bernoulli's gift. This is a direct quote.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ˆ„์ด์˜ ์„ ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ธ์šฉํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
00:58
And if it looks like Greek to you, it's because, well, it's Greek.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด ๊ฐ™์•„์„œ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“œ์‹ค์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”. ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
01:02
But the simple English translation -- much less precise,
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
01:06
but it captures the gist of what Bernoulli had to say -- was this:
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๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ˆ„์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ์žํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ ์€ ์ด๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
The expected value of any of our actions --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์น˜
01:12
that is, the goodness that we can count on getting --
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์ฆ‰, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋งŒํผ์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด
01:16
is the product of two simple things:
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๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ,
01:18
the odds that this action will allow us to gain something,
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์ฆ‰, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ทธ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋  ํ™•๋ฅ ๊ณผ
01:22
and the value of that gain to us.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
In a sense, what Bernoulli was saying is,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์—์„œ, ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ˆ„์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
01:27
if we can estimate and multiply these two things,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณฑํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:30
we will always know precisely how we should behave.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:33
Now, this simple equation, even for those of you
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์ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์€ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋Š”
01:36
who don't like equations, is something that you're quite used to.
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๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์‹œ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
Here's an example: if I were to tell you, let's play
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜
01:42
a little coin toss game, and I'm going to flip a coin,
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๋™์ „๋˜์ง€๊ธฐ ๋†€์ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ž๊ณ ํ•ด์„œ
01:45
and if it comes up heads, I'm going to pay you 10 dollars,
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์•ž๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ 10๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋กœํ•˜๊ณ 
01:48
but you have to pay four dollars for the privilege of playing with me,
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๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด 4๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:52
most of you would say, sure, I'll take that bet. Because you know
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด "์ข‹์•„์š”, ๋‚ด๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑธ์ง€์š”."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์‹ค๊บผ์—์š”.
01:55
that the odds of you winning are one half, the gain if you do is 10 dollars,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด๊ธธ ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ยฝ ์ด๊ณ , ์ด๊ธฐ๋ฉด ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฐ’์ด 10๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
02:00
that multiplies to five, and that's more
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๊ทธ ๋‘˜์„ ๊ณฑํ•˜๋ฉด 5๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ,
02:02
than I'm charging you to play. So, the answer is, yes.
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๋‚ด๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑธ ๋ˆ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ "๊ทธ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค!"๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
This is what statisticians technically call a damn fine bet.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์†Œ์œ„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋๋‚ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋„๋ฐ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
Now, the idea is simple when we're applying it to coin tosses,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋™์ „๋˜์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑด ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ๋ฐ
02:13
but in fact, it's not very simple in everyday life.
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์‹ค์ƒํ™œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:17
People are horrible at estimating both of these things,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ„์˜ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์ •๋ง์ด์ง€ ์—‰๋ง์ด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
02:21
and that's what I want to talk to you about today.
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
There are two kinds of errors people make when trying to decide
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฒ”ํ•˜๋Š”
02:26
what the right thing is to do, and those are
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์˜ค๋ฅ˜์—๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:28
errors in estimating the odds that they're going to succeed,
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์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ๋•Œ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์™€
02:31
and errors in estimating the value of their own success.
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์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
Now, let me talk about the first one first.
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์ž, ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒƒ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
02:39
Calculating odds would seem to be something rather easy:
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ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
there are six sides to a die, two sides to a coin, 52 cards in a deck.
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์ฃผ์‚ฌ์œ„์—๋Š” 6๋ฉด์ด, ๋™์ „์—๋Š” ์–‘๋ฉด์ด, ์นด๋“œ ํ•œ ๋ฒŒ์—๋Š” 52์žฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
You all know what the likelihood is of pulling the ace of spades
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด๋“œ ์—์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฝ‘ํž ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด๋‚˜
02:49
or of flipping a heads.
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๋™์ „์˜ ์•ž๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ์ธ์ง€ ์•„์‹ค๊บผ์—์š”.
02:50
But as it turns out, this is not a very easy idea to apply
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ƒํ™œ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•Š์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
in everyday life. That's why Americans spend more --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด
02:58
I should say, lose more -- gambling
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๋„๋ฐ•์— ๋ˆ์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ , ์•„๋‹ˆ ์žƒ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋งž๊ฒ ๊ตฐ์š”,
03:01
than on all other forms of entertainment combined.
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๊ทธ ์•ก์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜ค๋ฝ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:06
The reason is, this isn't how people do odds.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
03:09
The way people figure odds
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
03:10
requires that we first talk a bit about pigs.
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๋ผ์ง€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ €ํ• ๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
Now, the question I'm going to put to you is whether you think
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์–ด๋Š ํ•œ ๋‚ฎ ์˜ฅ์Šคํฌ๋“œ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด๋ดค์„๋•Œ
03:15
there are more dogs or pigs on leashes
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์ค„์— ๋ฌถ๊ธด ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:18
observed in any particular day in Oxford.
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์ค„์— ๋ฌถ๊ธด ๋ผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:21
And of course, you all know that the answer is dogs.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ •๋‹ต์€ ๊ฐœ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
And the way that you know that the answer is dogs is
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ •๋‹ต์ด ๊ฐœ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
03:26
you quickly reviewed in memory the times
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์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๋”๋“ฌ์–ด์„œ
03:28
you've seen dogs and pigs on leashes.
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์ค„์— ๋ฌถ์ธ ๊ฐœ์™€ ๋ผ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ช‡๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ดค๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:30
It was very easy to remember seeing dogs,
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์ค„์— ๋ฌถ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ต์€ ๊ธˆ๋ฐฉ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
03:33
not so easy to remember pigs. And each one of you assumed
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ผ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์–ต์€ ํšŒ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
03:36
that if dogs on leashes came more quickly to your mind,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ค„์— ๋ฌถ์ธ ๊ฐœ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋จผ์ € ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ž์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
03:40
then dogs on leashes are more probable.
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๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋‹ต์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถ”์ธกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
That's not a bad rule of thumb, except when it is.
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๋‚˜์˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ์ฃผ๋จน๊ตฌ๊ตฌ์‹ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ, ํ‹€๋ฆด๋•Œ๋Š” ๋นผ๊ณ ์š”.
03:47
So, for example, here's a word puzzle.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋‹จ์–ด ํผ์ฆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
Are there more four-letter English words
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4๊ธ€์ž๋กœ ๋œ ์˜์–ด ๋‹จ์–ด ์ค‘์—์„œ 'R'์ด ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€
03:51
with R in the third place or R in the first place?
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'R'์ด ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์„๊นŒ์š”? ์ ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:55
Well, you check memory very briefly, make a quick scan,
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์ž, ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋”๋“ฌ์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์ญ‰ ํ›‘์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด
03:58
and it's awfully easy to say to yourself, Ring, Rang, Rung,
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Ring, Rang, Rung ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
04:01
and very hard to say to yourself, Pare, Park: they come more slowly.
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Pare, Park ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์„ ๋œป ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์ž˜ ์•ˆ๋‚˜์ฃ .
04:08
But in fact, there are many more words in the English language
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์˜์–ด์—๋Š” R์ด ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€
04:10
with R in the third than the first place.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
The reason words with R in the third place come slowly to your mind
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R์ด ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
04:17
isn't because they're improbable, unlikely or infrequent.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ,
04:20
It's because the mind recalls words by their first letter.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋Š” ์ฒซ๊ธ€์ž๋กœ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
You kind of shout out the sound, S -- and the word comes.
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'์Šค(S)' ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฉด 'S'์ž์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด์ฃ .
04:27
It's like the dictionary;
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์‚ฌ์ „์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
it's hard to look things up by the third letter.
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ธ€์ž๋กœ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํž˜๋“œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
04:31
So, this is an example of how this idea that
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋”๋ผ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋จผ์ €
04:33
the quickness with which things come to mind
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๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•œ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€
04:35
can give you a sense of their probability --
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์ธ์ƒ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์—‰๋šฑํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
04:37
how this idea could lead you astray. It's not just puzzles, though.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ํผ์ฆ์—๋งŒ ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€์š”.
04:41
For example, when Americans are asked to estimate the odds
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ฃฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€
04:44
that they will die in a variety of interesting ways --
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•ด ๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
these are estimates of number of deaths per year
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2์–ต๋ช…์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์ •๋œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ
04:50
per 200 million U.S. citizens.
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๋งค๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ด๋ฆผ์žก๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:52
And these are just ordinary people like yourselves who are asked
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ
04:54
to guess how many people die from tornado, fireworks, asthma, drowning, etc.
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ํ† ๋„ค์ด๋„, ๋ถˆ๊ฝƒ๋†€์ด, ์ฒœ์‹, ์ต์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•ด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
Compare these to the actual numbers.
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์˜ˆ์ธก์น˜(์ขŒ)์™€ ์‹ค์ œ ์ˆ˜์น˜(์šฐ)๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
05:01
Now, you see a very interesting pattern here, which is first of all,
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์ด ํ‘œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
two things are vastly over-estimated, namely tornadoes and fireworks.
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ํ† ๋„ค์ด๋„์™€ ํ™”์žฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
05:09
Two things are vastly underestimated:
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์ต์‚ฌ์™€ ์ฒœ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ์ˆ˜๋Š”
05:11
dying by drowning and dying by asthma. Why?
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ ๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
05:14
When was the last time that you picked up a newspaper
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"์†Œ๋…„์ด ์ฒœ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๋‹ค" ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์ œ๋ชฉ์„
05:17
and the headline was, "Boy dies of Asthma?"
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์‹ ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์–ธ์ œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
05:20
It's not interesting because it's so common.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํžˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ ๋‰ด์Šค๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:23
It's very easy for all of us to bring to mind instances
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ† ๋„ค์ด๋„๋กœ ํํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๋„์‹œ๋‚˜,
05:27
of news stories or newsreels where we've seen
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…๋ฆฝ๊ธฐ๋…์ผ๋‚  ๋ถˆ๊ฝƒ๋†€์ดํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€
05:30
tornadoes devastating cities, or some poor schmuck
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์ž๊ธฐ ์†์„ ๋‚ ๋ ค๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๋ฉ์ฒญ์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ
05:32
who's blown his hands off with a firework on the Fourth of July.
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๋‰ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์–ต์€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
Drownings and asthma deaths don't get much coverage.
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์ต์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฒœ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‰ด์Šค์— ์ž˜ ์•ˆ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ 
05:39
They don't come quickly to mind, and as a result,
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐ์–ต์— ์ž˜ ๋‚จ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ
05:41
we vastly underestimate them.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๋Œ€ํญ ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
05:43
Indeed, this is kind of like the Sesame Street game
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด๊ฑด ์„ธ์„œ๋ฏธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฟ์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”
05:45
of "Which thing doesn't belong?" And you're right to say
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"์–ด๋Š๊ฒƒ์ด ์™ธํ†จ์ด์ธ๊ฐ€?" ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด์—์š”.
05:49
it's the swimming pool that doesn't belong, because the swimming pool
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์™ธํ†จ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด์‹ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
is the only thing on this slide that's actually very dangerous.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ณณ์ด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
05:56
The way that more of you are likely to die than the combination
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์œ„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ 3์žฅ์„ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
05:58
of all three of the others that you see on the slide.
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์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋†’์ฃ .
06:02
The lottery is an excellent example, of course -- an excellent test-case
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๋ณต๊ถŒ์€ ๋”ํ• ๋‚˜์œ„ ์—†๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ๋กœ,
06:06
of people's ability to compute probabilities.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ™•๋ฅ  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ฃ .
06:09
And economists -- forgive me, for those of you who play the lottery --
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€, ๋ณต๊ถŒ์„ ํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜๋Š” ์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
06:12
but economists, at least among themselves, refer to the lottery
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋Š”
06:15
as a stupidity tax, because the odds of getting any payoff
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๋ณต๊ถŒ์„ '๋ฐ”๋ณด ์„ธ๊ธˆ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
by investing your money in a lottery ticket
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณต๊ถŒ์„ ํ•ด์„œ ๋ˆ์„ ๋”ฐ๋Š” ํ™•๋ฅ ์€
06:22
are approximately equivalent to flushing the money
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๋ณ€๊ธฐ์— ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
06:24
directly down the toilet -- which, by the way,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„
06:26
doesn't require that you actually go to the store and buy anything.
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๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ๊นŒ์ง€๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๊ณ ๋ผ๋„ ๋œ์ฃ .
06:30
Why in the world would anybody ever play the lottery?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ๋„ ์™œ ์„ธ์ƒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์„ ์‚ด๊นŒ์š”?
06:33
Well, there are many answers, but one answer surely is,
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๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ต๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๋‹ต์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์ฒจ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
06:36
we see a lot of winners. Right? When this couple wins the lottery,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์— ๋‹น์ฒจ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜
06:40
or Ed McMahon shows up at your door with this giant check --
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์—๋“œ ๋งฅ๋งˆํ”์ด ๊ฑฐ์ฐฝํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‹น์ฒจ์ž ์ง‘์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
06:43
how the hell do you cash things that size, I don't know.
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์ €๋Ÿฐ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๊ฑธ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜„๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š”์ง€๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๊ตฐ์š”.
06:46
We see this on TV; we read about it in the paper.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋“ค์„ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ , ์‹ ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
06:49
When was the last time that you saw extensive interviews
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๋ณต๊ถŒ์—์„œ ์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ธด ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
06:52
with everybody who lost?
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๋ณธ ์  ์žˆ์œผ์„ธ์š”?
06:54
Indeed, if we required that television stations run
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ณต๊ถŒ ๋‹น์ฒจ์ž์™€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐํ• ๋•Œ ๋งˆ๋‹ค
06:57
a 30-second interview with each loser
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๋‹น์ฒจ๋˜์ง€์•Š์€ 1์–ต๋ช…๊ณผ๋„
06:59
every time they interview a winner, the 100 million losers
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30์ดˆ์”ฉ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:03
in the last lottery would require nine-and-a-half years
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ 9๋…„ ๋ฐ˜ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ
07:06
of your undivided attention just to watch them say,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
"Me? I lost." "Me? I lost."
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"์ €์š”? ์žƒ์—ˆ์ฃ .", "์ €์š”? ์žƒ์—ˆ์–ด์š”."
07:12
Now, if you watch nine-and-a-half years of television --
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9๋…„ ๋ฐ˜ ๋™์•ˆ ์ž ๋„ ์•ˆ์ž๊ณ , ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค๋„ ์•ˆ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๊ณ„์†
07:14
no sleep, no potty breaks -- and you saw loss after loss after loss,
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๋ˆ์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง๋งŒ ๋“ฃ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์—
07:19
and then at the end there's 30 seconds of, "and I won,"
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30์ดˆ ๋™์•ˆ "๋‹น์ฒจ๋๋‹ค!"๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๊ตฐ์š”.
07:21
the likelihood that you would play the lottery is very small.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•„๋งˆ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ์‹น ์—†์–ด์ง€๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:24
Look, I can prove this to you: here's a little lottery.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ . ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
There's 10 tickets in this lottery.
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์ด ๋ณต๊ถŒ์—๋Š” ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ 10์žฅ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
Nine of them have been sold to these individuals.
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9์žฅ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํŒ”๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
It costs you a dollar to buy the ticket and, if you win,
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์ด ๋ณต๊ถŒ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์— 1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ธ๋ฐ,
07:35
you get 20 bucks. Is this a good bet?
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์ด๊ธฐ๋ฉด 20๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋ณผ๋งŒํ•œ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
07:37
Well, Bernoulli tells us it is.
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๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ˆ„์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
The expected value of this lottery is two dollars;
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์ด ๋ณต๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ’์€ 2๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
07:41
this is a lottery in which you should invest your money.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์€ ํˆฌ์žํ•  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
07:44
And most people say, "OK, I'll play."
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ "์ข‹์•„, ํ•ด๋ณผ๊นŒ." ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
Now, a slightly different version of this lottery:
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์ด์ œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
07:49
imagine that the nine tickets are all owned
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๋ฆฌ๋กœ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋šฑ๋šฑํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€
07:51
by one fat guy named Leroy.
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๋ณต๊ถŒํ‘œ 9์žฅ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
07:53
Leroy has nine tickets; there's one left.
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๋ฆฌ๋กœ์ด๊ฐ€ 9์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ , ํ•œ์žฅ๋งŒ ๋‚จ์•˜์ฃ .
07:55
Do you want it? Most people won't play this lottery.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์‚ฌ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊บผ์—์š”.
07:58
Now, you can see the odds of winning haven't changed,
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๋ณต๊ถŒ์— ๋‹น์ฒจ๋  ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
08:00
but it's now fantastically easy to imagine who's going to win.
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์ด์ œ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ธธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ป”ํžˆ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
It's easy to see Leroy getting the check, right?
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์•„๋ฌด๋ž˜๋„ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธˆ์„ ํƒ€๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
08:08
You can't say to yourself, "I'm as likely to win as anybody,"
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"ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋กœ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
08:10
because you're not as likely to win as Leroy.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ธธ ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์•ผ."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋˜์ฃ .
08:13
The fact that all those tickets are owned by one guy
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“์„ ์–ด๋–ค ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
08:15
changes your decision to play,
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๋ณต๊ถŒ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€๋งŒ,
08:17
even though it does nothing whatsoever to the odds.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๊ฑด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‹น์ฒจ๋  ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:20
Now, estimating odds, as difficult as it may seem, is a piece of cake
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์ž, ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด
08:25
compared to trying to estimate value:
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๋ˆ„์–ด์„œ ๋–ก๋จน๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
trying to say what something is worth, how much we'll enjoy it,
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
08:30
how much pleasure it will give us.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋งŒํผ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ๋ ์ง€๋Š” ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
08:33
I want to talk now about errors in value.
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์ด์ œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
How much is this Big Mac worth? Is it worth 25 dollars?
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์ด ๋น…๋งฅ ๋ฒ„๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋งŒํผ์ด์ฃ ? 25๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ?
08:39
Most of you have the intuition that it's not --
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ง๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋น„์‹ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
08:42
you wouldn't pay that for it.
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25๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
But in fact, to decide whether a Big Mac is worth 25 dollars requires
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋น…๋งฅ๋ฒ„๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ 25๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—†๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
08:48
that you ask one, and only one question, which is:
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๋‹จ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
08:51
What else can I do with 25 dollars?
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25๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:53
If you've ever gotten on one of those long-haul flights to Australia
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:57
and realized that they're not going to serve you any food,
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์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์Œ์‹์ด ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
but somebody in the row in front of you has just opened
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์•ž์ค„์— ์•‰์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
09:02
the McDonald's bag, and the smell of golden arches
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋ง‰ ๋งฅ๋„๋‚ ๋“œ ํฌ์žฅ์„ ์—ด์–ด์„œ๋Š”
09:05
is wafting over the seat, you think,
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๊ทธ ๋งฅ๋„๋‚ ๋“œ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์†”์†” ํ’๊ฒจ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:08
I can't do anything else with this 25 dollars for 16 hours.
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16์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ 25๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์ž–์•„.
09:11
I can't even set it on fire -- they took my cigarette lighter!
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ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ชปํ•ด ๋ถˆ์— ํƒœ์šธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์ง€. ๋‚ด ๋ผ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ”์œผ๋‹ˆ!
09:14
Suddenly, 25 dollars for a Big Mac might be a good deal.
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์ด์ œ 25๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋น…๋งฅ์€ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
On the other hand, if you're visiting an underdeveloped country,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ›„์ง„๊ตญ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
09:19
and 25 dollars buys you a gourmet meal, it's exorbitant for a Big Mac.
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25๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ๋Š” ํ‘ธ์งํ•œ ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๋น…๋งฅ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์•„๊น์ฃ .
09:23
Why were you all sure that the answer to the question was no,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์— ์™œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€
09:26
before I'd even told you anything about the context?
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25๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋น„์‹ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜์…จ์ฃ ?
09:29
Because most of you compared the price of this Big Mac
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚ด๋˜ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ
09:33
to the price you're used to paying. Rather than asking,
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25๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
09:36
"What else can I do with my money," comparing this investment
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"์ด ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ญ˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜?"๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
09:39
to other possible investments, you compared to the past.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
And this is a systematic error people make.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
What you knew is, you paid three dollars in the past; 25 is outrageous.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— 3๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ 25๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:50
This is an error, and I can prove it to you by showing
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์˜ค๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค์‹์˜ ๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ
09:52
the kinds of irrationalities to which it leads.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
09:54
For example, this is, of course,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด,
09:57
one of the most delicious tricks in marketing,
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๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆญ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
09:59
is to say something used to be higher,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋น„์ŒŒ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์„œ
10:01
and suddenly it seems like a very good deal.
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๊ทธ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ด ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์‹ธ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:04
When people are asked about these two different jobs:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง์žฅ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ
10:07
a job where you make 60K, then 50K, then 40K,
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ง์žฅ์€ ๋งค๋…„ 6๋งŒ๋ถˆ, 5๋งŒ๋ถˆ, 4๋งŒ๋ถˆ
10:10
a job where you're getting a salary cut each year,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๋ด‰์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ณ ,
10:12
and one in which you're getting a salary increase,
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ง์žฅ์€ ์—ฐ๋ด‰์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
10:14
people like the second job better than the first, despite the fact
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ง์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ˆ์„ ๋” ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋ฒˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์„ ํ•ด ์ค˜๋„
10:18
they're all told they make much less money. Why?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ง์—…์„ ํƒํ•˜์ง€์š”. ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
10:21
Because they had the sense that declining wages are worse
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ด์•ก์ด ๋งŽ๋”๋ผ๋„,
10:25
than rising wages, even when the total amount of wages is higher
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์›”๊ธ‰์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค๋Š”
10:29
in the declining period. Here's another nice example.
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์ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ . ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
10:33
Here's a $2,000 Hawaiian vacation package; it's now on sale for 1,600.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ 2000๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์งœ๋ฆฌ ํ•˜์™€์ด ์—ฌํ–‰ ์ƒํ’ˆ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ํ• ์ธ๊ฐ€๋กœ 1600๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ฃ .
10:38
Assuming you wanted to go to Hawaii, would you buy this package?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ•˜์™€์ด ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
10:41
Most people say they would. Here's a slightly different story:
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
$2,000 Hawaiian vacation package is now on sale for 700 dollars,
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2000๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ํ•˜์™€์ด ์—ฌํ–‰ ์ƒํ’ˆ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ• ์ธ๊ฐ€๋กœ 700๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
so you decide to mull it over for a week.
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๊ฐˆ๊นŒ ๋ง๊นŒ 1์ฃผ์ผ๊ฐ„ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€
10:51
By the time you get to the ticket agency, the best fares are gone --
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๋“œ๋””์–ด ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฌํ–‰์‚ฌ์— ๊ฐ”๋”๋‹ˆ ์‹ผ๊ฑด ๋‹ค ํŒ”๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
10:53
the package now costs 1,500. Would you buy it? Most people say, no.
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1500๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์งœ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚จ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ป€๊ฐ€์š”? ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์•ˆ ์‚ฌ์ฃ .
10:58
Why? Because it used to cost 700, and there's no way I'm paying 1,500
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”? ์ „์— 700๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ 1500๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋‚ผ ์ˆœ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:02
for something that was 700 last week.
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์ง€๋‚œ์ฃผ๊นŒ์ง€ 700๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ์š”!
11:05
This tendency to compare to the past
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€
11:07
is causing people to pass up the better deal. In other words,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋†“์น˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
a good deal that used to be a great deal is not nearly as good
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๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์—„์ฒญ ์ข‹์•˜๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ข‹์•„์ง€๋ฉด
11:14
as an awful deal that was once a horrible deal.
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๋”์ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋น ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ ๋งŒํผ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:18
Here's another example of how comparing to the past
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
11:20
can befuddle our decisions.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
Imagine that you're going to the theater.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์—ฐ๊ทน์„ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
11:26
You're on your way to the theater.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทน์žฅ์— ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
In your wallet you have a ticket, for which you paid 20 dollars.
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์ง€๊ฐ‘์—๋Š” 20๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์งœ๋ฆฌ ๊ทน์žฅํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
11:29
You also have a 20-dollar bill.
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20๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์ง€ํ๋„ ํ•œ ์žฅ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
When you arrive at the theater,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์˜ํ™”๊ด€์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
11:33
you discover that somewhere along the way you've lost the ticket.
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์ง€๊ฐ‘์— ๊ทน์žฅํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์š”. ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ธธ์— ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:36
Would you spend your remaining money on replacing it?
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๋ˆ์„ ๋‚ด๊ณ  ๊ทน์žฅํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ฌ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
11:39
Most people answer, no.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด '์•„๋‹ˆ์š”'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
Now, let's just change one thing in this scenario.
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์ž, ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
11:45
You're on your way to the theater,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทน์žฅ์— ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
and in your wallet you have two 20-dollar bills.
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์ง€๊ฐ‘์—๋Š” 20๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€ํ ๋‘ ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทน์žฅํ‘œ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์•ˆ ์ƒ€์ฃ .
11:48
When you arrive you discover you've lost one of them.
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๋„์ฐฉํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ง€ํ ๋‘ ์žฅ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ์žฅ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
Would you spend your remaining 20 dollars on a ticket?
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๋‚จ์€ 20๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“์„ ์‚ฌ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
11:52
Well, of course, I went to the theater to see the play.
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๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด์ฃ . ์—ฐ๊ทน์„ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๊ทน์žฅ์— ์™”์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
11:55
What does the loss of 20 dollars along the way have to do?
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์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ 20๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ํ‘œ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์—†์ž–์•„์š”?
11:58
Now, just in case you're not getting it,
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ํ˜น์‹œ๋ผ๋„ ์ œ ๋ง์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์…จ์„๊นŒ ํ•ด์„œ
12:01
here's a schematic of what happened, OK?
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๊ทธ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
12:03
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:04
Along the way, you lost something.
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๊ทน์žฅ์— ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋„์ค‘์— ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
12:06
In both cases, it was a piece of paper.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ข…์ด ํ•œ ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
In one case, it had a U.S. president on it; in the other case it didn't.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ•˜๋‚˜์—๋Š” ์—†๋„ค์š”.
12:12
What the hell difference should it make?
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
12:14
The difference is that when you lost the ticket you say to yourself,
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๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๊ทน์žฅํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์žƒ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ทน์žฅํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ ค๊ณ 
12:17
I'm not paying twice for the same thing.
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๋ˆ์„ ๋‘๋ฒˆ ๋‚ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:19
You compare the cost of the play now -- 40 dollars --
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ฐ๊ทน์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ, ์ฆ‰ 40๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ
12:22
to the cost that it used to have -- 20 dollars -- and you say it's a bad deal.
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์›๋ž˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ธ 20๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ต์šธํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
12:27
Comparing with the past causes many of the problems
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์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
12:31
that behavioral economists and psychologists identify
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ํ–‰๋™๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด
12:34
in people's attempts to assign value.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
But even when we compare with the possible, instead of the past,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ๋„
12:41
we still make certain kinds of mistakes.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
12:43
And I'm going to show you one or two of them.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋‘๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:45
One of the things we know about comparison:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ต์— ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
12:48
that when we compare one thing to the other, it changes its value.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:51
So in 1992, this fellow, George Bush, for those of us who were
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1992๋…„์— ์ง„๋ณด์ฃผ์˜์  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
12:55
kind of on the liberal side of the political spectrum,
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์กฐ์ง€ ๋ถ€์‹œ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„
12:58
didn't seem like such a great guy.
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๋ณ„๋กœ ํƒํƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
13:00
Suddenly, we're almost longing for him to return.
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ธธ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ„์ ˆํžˆ ๋ฐ”๋žฌ์ฃ .
13:04
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
13:07
The comparison changes how we evaluate him.
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๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พผ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:10
Now, retailers knew this long before anybody else did, of course,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์†Œ๋งค์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋จผ์ € ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด์„œ๋Š”
13:14
and they use this wisdom to help you --
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง€ํ˜œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
13:16
spare you the undue burden of money.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ˆ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋„˜์ฒ˜๋‚˜์„œ ๊ณ ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ฃผ์ฃ .
13:18
And so a retailer, if you were to go into a wine shop
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์™€์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ
13:21
and you had to buy a bottle of wine,
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์™€์ธ ํ•œ ๋ณ‘์„ ์‚ฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
and you see them here for eight, 27 and 33 dollars, what would you do?
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8๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, 27๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, 33๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์™€์ธ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค๊ฑธ ์‚ฌ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
13:26
Most people don't want the most expensive,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ œ์ผ ๋น„์‹ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜
13:28
they don't want the least expensive.
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์ œ์ผ ์‹ผ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
13:30
So, they will opt for the item in the middle.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ์™€์ธ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:32
If you're a smart retailer, then, you will put a very expensive item
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์žฅ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ง ์ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์ธ์€
13:35
that nobody will ever buy on the shelf,
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์‚ฌ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น„์‹ผ ์™€์ธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ๋†“๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
13:37
because suddenly the $33 wine doesn't look as expensive in comparison.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ทธ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ 33๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์™€์ธ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋น„์‹ธ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์„ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
13:43
So I'm telling you something you already knew:
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์•„์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
13:44
namely, that comparison changes the value of things.
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๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พผ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
Here's why that's a problem:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
13:49
the problem is that when you get that $33 bottle of wine home,
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์ผ๋‹จ 33๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์™€์ธ์„ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์™€์ธ์€ ์™€์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
13:55
it won't matter what it used to be sitting on the shelf next to.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์™€์ธ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
13:59
The comparisons we make when we are appraising value,
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ํ•œ ์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ 
14:04
where we're trying to estimate how much we'll like things,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•  ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ
14:08
are not the same comparisons we'll be making when we consume them.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•  ๋•Œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ต๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ฃ .
14:11
This problem of shifting comparisons can bedevil
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์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
14:15
our attempts to make rational decisions.
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ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:18
Let me just give you an example.
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์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
14:19
I have to show you something from my own lab, so let me sneak this in.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ œ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ๊ฑด๋ฐ ์ž ๊น ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
14:23
These are subjects coming to an experiment to be asked
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์‹คํ—˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์˜จ ํ”ผ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋“ค์€
14:25
the simplest of all questions:
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:27
How much will you enjoy eating potato chips one minute from now?
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1๋ถ„ ํ›„์— ๊ฐ์ž์นฉ์„ ๋จน์œผ๋ฉด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
14:31
They're sitting in a room with potato chips in front of them.
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ํ”ผ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋“ค ์•ž์—๋Š” ๊ฐ์ž์นฉ์ด ๋†“์—ฌ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:34
For some of the subjects, sitting in the far corner of a room
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์–ด๋–ค ํ”ผ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์˜ ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋””๋ฐ” ์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ ›์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
14:37
is a box of Godiva chocolates, and for others is a can of Spam.
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์–ด๋–ค ํ”ผ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์ŠคํŒธ(ํ–„)์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
In fact, these items that are sitting in the room change
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์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์— ์–ด๋–ค ์Œ์‹์ด ๋†“์—ฌ์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ๊ฐ€
14:46
how much the subjects think they're going to enjoy the potato chips.
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ํ”ผ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ์ž์นฉ์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ฆ๊ธธ์ง€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
14:49
Namely, those who are looking at Spam
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์ฆ‰, ์ŠคํŒธ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”ผ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋“ค์€
14:51
think potato chips are going to be quite tasty;
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๊ฐ์ž์นฉ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋ง›์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:53
those who are looking at Godiva chocolate
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๊ณ ๋””๋ฐ” ์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ ›์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”ผ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋“ค์€
14:55
think they won't be nearly so tasty.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ง›์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
14:57
Of course, what happens when they eat the potato chips?
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ํ”ผ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ž์นฉ์„ ๋จน์œผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
14:59
Well, look, you didn't need a psychologist to tell you that
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๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์ง€๊ณ , ์งญ์งคํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐ”์‚ญ๋ฐ”์‚ญํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ง›์žˆ๋Š”
15:02
when you have a mouthful of greasy, salty, crispy, delicious snacks,
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๊ฐ์ž์นฉ์„ ๋จน๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๋•Œ ๋ฐฉ ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„์— ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋˜์ง€
15:06
what's sitting in the corner of the room
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์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
15:07
makes not a damn bit of difference to your gustatory experience.
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์˜ ๋„์›€์ด ์—†์ด๋„ ๋ป”ํžˆ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ž–์•„์š”.
15:12
Nonetheless, their predictions are perverted by a comparison
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ”ผ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋น„๊ต๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ž˜๋ชป ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
15:16
that then does not carry through and change their experience.
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๊ทธ ๋น„๊ต๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ž์นฉ์„ ๋จน์„๋•Œ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Œ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ ์š”.
15:20
You've all experienced this yourself, even if you've never come
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ €ํฌ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์— ๊ฐ์ž์นฉ์„ ๋จน์œผ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์…”๋„
15:22
into our lab to eat potato chips. So here's a question:
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ๋ฌธ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”.
15:25
You want to buy a car stereo.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์˜ค๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
15:27
The dealer near your house sells this particular stereo for 200 dollars,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ง‘ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ๋”œ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ 200๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ํŒŒ๋Š”๋ฐ
15:32
but if you drive across town, you can get it for 100 bucks.
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๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
So would you drive to get 50 percent off, saving 100 dollars?
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๋ฐ˜๊ฐ’์— ์‚ฌ์„œ 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
15:38
Most people say they would.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:40
They can't imagine buying it for twice the price
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๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
15:42
when, with one trip across town, they can get it for half off.
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๋ฐ˜๊ฐ’์— ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‘๋ฐฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์‚ด ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ฃ .
15:46
Now, let's imagine instead you wanted to buy a car that had a stereo,
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์ž, ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์˜ค๋””์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
15:50
and the dealer near your house had it for 31,000.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ง‘ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋”œ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๊ฐ’์€ 31,000๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:52
But if you drove across town, you could get it for 30,900.
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ์—์„œ๋Š” 30,900๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:57
Would you drive to get it? At this point, 0.003 savings -- the 100 dollars.
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์ฐจ ๊ฐ’์˜ 0.3ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ฆ‰, 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ป€๊ฐ€์š”?
16:01
Most people say, no, I'm going to schlep across town
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด "์•„๋‡จ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:03
to save 100 bucks on the purchase of a car?
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์ž๋™์ฐจ ๊ฐ’์—์„œ ๊ณ ์ž‘ 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์•„๋ผ๋ ค๊ณ  ๊ท€์ฐฎ๊ฒŒ ๋„์‹œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
16:06
This kind of thinking drives economists crazy, and it should.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:10
Because this 100 dollars that you save -- hello! --
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” -- ์ด ๋ฐ”๋ณด์•ผ! --
16:14
doesn't know where it came from.
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์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์„œ ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹จ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
16:16
It doesn't know what you saved it on.
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๊ทธ ๋ˆ์€ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ ˆ์•ฝ๋๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”.
16:18
When you go to buy groceries with it, it doesn't go,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‹๋ฃŒํ’ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐˆ๋•Œ,
16:20
I'm the money saved on the car stereo, or,
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๋‚œ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์˜ค๋””์˜ค์—์„œ ์•„๊ปด์ง„ ๋ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
16:23
I'm the dumb money saved on the car. It's money.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ฐจ ์‚ด ๋•Œ ์ ˆ์•ฝ๋œ ๋ˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ˆ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
16:27
And if a drive across town is worth 100 bucks, it's worth 100 bucks
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๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€์„œ 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
16:30
no matter what you're saving it on. People don't think that way.
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๊ทธ ๋ˆ์„ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ธ๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
16:33
That's why they don't know whether their mutual fund manager
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํŽ€๋“œ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €๊ฐ€
16:35
is taking 0.1 percent or 0.15 percent of their investment,
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์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ 0.1%๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ 0.15%๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ
16:40
but they clip coupons to save one dollar off of toothpaste.
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์น˜์•ฝ ๊ฐ’์—์„œ 1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ• ์ธ ์ฟ ํฐ์„ ์ฑ™๊ธฐ์ฃ .
16:43
Now, you can see, this is the problem of shifting comparisons,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ธ๋ฐ
16:46
because what you're doing is, you're comparing the 100 bucks
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์ฆ‰, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๊ณผ
16:49
to the purchase that you're making,
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100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
16:51
but when you go to spend that money you won't be making that comparison.
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๊ทธ ๋ˆ์„ ์“ธ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
16:55
You've all had this experience.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:57
If you're an American, for example, you've probably traveled in France.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
17:01
And at some point you may have met a couple
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์—ฌํ–‰ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์—์„œ ์˜จ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ณ ๋Š”
17:03
from your own hometown, and you thought,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:04
"Oh, my God, these people are so warm. They're so nice to me.
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"์ด๋Ÿฐ, ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ์ •์ด ๋„˜์น˜๋Š”๊ตฐ. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์นœ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‚˜?
17:09
I mean, compared to all these people who hate me
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์–ด๋กœ ๋งํ•ด๋„ ๋‚  ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ 
17:11
when I try to speak their language and hate me more when I don't,
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๋ถˆ์–ด๋ฅผ ์•ˆํ•˜๋ฉด ๋” ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ข‹์•„"
17:14
these people are just wonderful." And so you tour France with them,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
17:17
and then you get home and you invite them over for dinner,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ๋Š” ์ €๋… ์‹์‚ฌ์— ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:19
and what do you find?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
17:20
Compared to your regular friends,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
17:22
they are boring and dull, right? Because in this new context,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ฏธ์—†๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
17:26
the comparison is very, very different. In fact, you find yourself
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ง‘์—์„œ์™€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
17:30
disliking them enough almost to qualify for French citizenship.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์ธ ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ƒ‰๋žญํ•ด์ง„ ์ž๊ธฐ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ ,
17:34
Now, you have exactly the same problem when you shop for a stereo.
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์˜ค๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์„œ๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:37
You go to the stereo store, you see two sets of speakers --
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์˜ค๋””์˜ค ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์— 2์„ธํŠธ์˜ ์Šคํ”ผ์ปค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:40
these big, boxy, monoliths, and these little, sleek speakers,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํฐ ์ƒ์ž๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์Šคํ”ผ์ปค๊ณ , ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž‘๊ณ  ๋งค๋ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:44
and you play them, and you go, you know, I do hear a difference:
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์Œ์•…์„ ํ‹€์–ด ๋ณด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
17:46
the big ones sound a little better.
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ํฐ ์Šคํ”ผ์ปค์˜ ์Œ์งˆ์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋” ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:48
And so you buy them, and you bring them home,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํฐ ์Šคํ”ผ์ปค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์„œ ์ง‘์— ๊ฐ–๋‹ค ๋†“์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
17:50
and you entirely violate the dรฉcor of your house.
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์ง‘์•ˆ์˜ ์žฅ์‹๊ณผ ์ „ํ˜€ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
17:53
And the problem, of course, is that this comparison you made in the store
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์˜ค๋””์˜ค ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์—์„œ ํ•œ ๋น„๊ต๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
17:57
is a comparison you'll never make again.
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์ง‘์—๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:59
What are the odds that years later you'll turn on the stereo and go,
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๋ช‡๋…„ ํ›„์— ๊ทธ ์˜ค๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉฐ "์ž‘์€ ์Šคํ”ผ์ปค๋ณด๋‹ค ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ข‹๊ตฐ"
18:01
"Sounds so much better than those little ones,"
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์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
18:04
which you can't even remember hearing.
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์ž‘์€ ์Šคํ”ผ์ปค์˜ ์Œ์งˆ์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ธฐ์–ต์กฐ์ฐจ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
18:06
The problem of shifting comparisons is even more difficult
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๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ
18:09
when these choices are arrayed over time.
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์„ ํƒ ์‚ฌํ•ญ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒน๊ฒน์ด ์Œ“์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋”์šฑ ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:12
People have a lot of trouble making decisions
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
18:15
about things that will happen at different points in time.
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๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํž˜๋“ค์–ดํ•˜์ฃ .
18:18
And what psychologists and behavioral economists have discovered
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
18:20
is that by and large people use two simple rules.
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๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:23
So let me give you one very easy problem, a second very easy problem
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์•„์ฃผ ์‰ฌ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ 2๊ฐœ์™€
18:27
and then a third, hard, problem.
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ ค๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .
18:28
Here's the first easy problem:
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‰ฌ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:31
You can have 60 dollars now or 50 dollars now. Which would you prefer?
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์ง€๊ธˆ 60๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 50๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค๊ฑธ ๋ฐ›์œผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
18:34
This is what we call a one-item IQ test, OK?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ 1๋ฌธ์ œ IQ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
18:37
All of us, I hope, prefer more money, and the reason is,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ˆ์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
18:40
we believe more is better than less.
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
18:43
Here's the second problem:
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:44
You can have 60 dollars today or 60 dollars in a month. Which would you prefer?
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์˜ค๋Š˜ 60๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•œ๋‹ฌ ๋’ค์— 60๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์–ธ์ œ ๋ฐ›์œผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
18:48
Again, an easy decision,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์‰ฌ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ฃ .
18:50
because we all know that now is better than later.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์ค‘๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ซ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
18:54
What's hard in our decision-making is when these two rules conflict.
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์„ ํƒ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์ถฉ๋Œํ•  ๋•Œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:57
For example, when you're offered 50 dollars now or 60 dollars in a month.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์ง€๊ธˆ 50๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•œ๋‹ฌ ๋’ค์— 60๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
19:01
This typifies a lot of situations in life in which you will gain
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์ด๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ถ์—์„œ ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ
19:04
by waiting, but you have to be patient.
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๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์ด๋“์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฐธ์„์„ฑ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:07
What do we know? What do people do in these kinds of situations?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ๊นŒ์š”? ๋ณดํ†ต ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
19:10
Well, by and large people are enormously impatient.
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๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ฐธ์„์„ฑ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:14
That is, they require interest rates in the hundred
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ž์œจ์ด 100%๋‚˜ 1000% ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋˜์–ด์•ผ
19:17
or thousands of percents in order to delay gratification
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๋‹น์žฅ ๋ˆ์„ ์•ˆ๋ฐ›๊ณ  10๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ ค๊ณ 
19:21
and wait until next month for the extra 10 dollars.
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๋‹ค์Œ๋‹ฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:25
Maybe that isn't so remarkable, but what is remarkable is
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ๋„ ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
19:28
how easy it is to make this impatience go away by simply changing
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์„ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
19:32
when the delivery of these monetary units will happen.
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์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์„์„ฑ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:36
Imagine that you can have 50 dollars in a year -- that's 12 months --
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1๋…„ ํ›„์— 50๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ ์ง€
19:39
or 60 dollars in 13 months.
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13๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„์— 60๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
19:42
What do we find now?
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํƒํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
19:43
People are gladly willing to wait: as long as they're waiting 12,
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๊ธฐ๊บผํžˆ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ชฝ์„ ํƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:46
they might as well wait 13.
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12๊ฐœ์›”์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด์™•์ด๋ฉด 13๊ฐœ์›” ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์ž๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
19:48
What makes this dynamic inconsistency happen?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ ์—†๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
19:51
Comparison. Troubling comparison. Let me show you.
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๋น„๊ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ต๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ธ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:55
This is just a graph showing the results that I just suggested
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์ด๊ฑด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋˜ ๋‹ต๋“ค์„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๊ฑด๋ฐ,
19:58
you would show if I gave you time to respond, which is,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์œผ์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์…จ์„๊บผ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
20:00
people find that the subjective value of 50 is higher
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” 50๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š”
20:03
than the subjective value of 60 when they'll be delivered in now
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ํ•œ๋‹ฌ ํ›„์— ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” 60๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ณด๋‹ค
20:07
or one month, respectively -- a 30-day delay --
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๋” ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 30์ผ์ด ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ ์š”.
20:09
but they show the reverse pattern when you push the entire decision
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ˆ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‹œ์ผ์„ 1๋…„ํ›„๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๋ฉด
20:13
off into the future a year.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:16
Now, why in the world do you get this pattern of results?
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๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
20:20
These guys can tell us.
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์ด ๋‘ ์ฒญ๋…„์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์ค„ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
20:21
What you see here are two lads,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‘ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์ค‘
20:24
one of them larger than the other: the fireman and the fiddler.
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์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€์ด ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:27
They are going to recede towards the vanishing point in the horizon,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์ง€ํ‰์„ ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ ์  ๋ฉ€์–ด์ ธ๊ฐ€์ง€์š”.
20:30
and I want you to notice two things.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์ฃผ์‹œ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:32
At no point will the fireman look taller than the fiddler. No point.
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์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ์ปค๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜. ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์—†์ฃ .
20:38
However, the difference between them seems to be getting smaller.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ‚ค์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ ์  ์ž‘์•„๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:41
First it's an inch in your view, then it's a quarter-inch,
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์ฒ˜์Œ์—” ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ 1์ธ์น˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณง 1/2์ธ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ ,
20:44
then a half-inch, and then finally they go off the edge of the earth.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1/4์ธ์น˜๋กœ ์ž‘์•„์กŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ง€ํ‰์„  ๋„ˆ๋จธ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ฒŒ๋˜์ฃ .
20:48
Here are the results of what I just showed you.
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„์‹ํ™” ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:51
This is the subjective height --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ
20:53
the height you saw of these guys at various points.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:56
And I want you to see that two things are true.
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๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ฃผ์˜ํ•˜์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
20:58
One, the farther away they are, the smaller they look;
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์ฒซ์งธ๋Š”, ๋ฉ€์–ด์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ์ž‘์•„๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
21:01
and two, the fireman is always bigger than the fiddler.
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๋‘˜์งธ๋Š”, ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
21:03
But watch what happens when we make some of them disappear. Right.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ตฐ๋ฐ ๊ตฐ๋ฐ ๋น ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”์ง€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
21:09
At a very close distance, the fiddler looks taller than the fireman,
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์—์„œ๋Š”, ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€๋ณด๋‹ค ์ปค ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:12
but at a far distance
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์„œ๋Š”
21:14
their normal, their true, relations are preserved.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ํ‚ค ๋†’์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์ฃ .
21:17
As Plato said, what space is to size, time is to value.
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ํ”Œ๋ผํ†ค์ด ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด, ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:22
These are the results of the hard problem I gave you:
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๊นŒ ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:27
60 now or 50 in a month?
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์ง€๊ธˆ 50๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„๊นŒ, ํ•œ๋‹ฌ ๋’ค์— 60๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„๊นŒ?
21:29
And these are subjective values,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์ด๊ณ 
21:30
and what you can see is, our two rules are preserved.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์œ„์˜ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
21:32
People always think more is better than less:
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ ์€ ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ซ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:34
60 is always better than 50,
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60๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ 50๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ซ๊ณ 
21:36
and they always think now is better than later:
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์ด ๋‚˜์ค‘๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ซ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:38
the bars on this side are higher than the bars on this side.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์™ผ์ชฝ์˜ ๋ง‰๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์˜ ๋ง‰๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์ฃ .
21:41
Watch what happens when we drop some out.
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๋ง‰๋Œ€ ๋ช‡๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋นผ๋‚ด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
21:44
Suddenly we have the dynamic inconsistency that puzzled us.
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์—†์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹นํ™ฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:47
We have the tendency for people to go for 50 dollars now
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ•œ๋‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹น์žฅ 50๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๊ฑธ
21:51
over waiting a month, but not if that decision is far in the future.
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์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด ์„ ํƒ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ฃ .
21:54
Notice something interesting that this implies -- namely, that
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์•”์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
21:58
when people get to the future, they will change their minds.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:02
That is, as that month 12 approaches, you will say,
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์ฆ‰, 12๋‹ฌ์งธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
22:05
what was I thinking, waiting an extra month for 60 dollars?
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"๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์ง€! 60๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐ›๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ฌ์„ ๋” ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด์•ผ?
22:08
I'll take the 50 dollars now.
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๋‹น์žฅ 50๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ๋‹ค" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
22:11
Well, the question with which I'd like to end is this:
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋ฆด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:14
If we're so damn stupid, how did we get to the moon?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋‹ฌ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ”์„๊นŒ์š”?
22:17
Because I could go on for about two hours with evidence
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ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ™•๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
22:20
of people's inability to estimate odds and inability to estimate value.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด๋Šฅํ•œ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 2์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:26
The answer to this question, I think, is an answer you've already heard
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€, ์•„๋งˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ TED ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๊ณ„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
22:28
in some of the talks, and I dare say you will hear again:
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋” ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
22:30
namely, that our brains were evolved for a very different world
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ๊ณผ๋Š”
22:34
than the one in which we are living.
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์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง„ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:36
They were evolved for a world
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋Š”
22:38
in which people lived in very small groups,
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์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ์„œ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ด๊ณ ,
22:40
rarely met anybody who was terribly different from themselves,
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์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ,
22:43
had rather short lives in which there were few choices
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์„ ํƒ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†๋Š” ์งง์€ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด๋ฉฐ,
22:46
and the highest priority was to eat and mate today.
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๋จน๋Š”๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:51
Bernoulli's gift, Bernoulli's little formula, allows us, it tells us
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๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ˆ„์ด์˜ ์„ ๋ฌผ, ์ฆ‰ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ˆ„์ด์˜ ๊ณต์‹์€
22:56
how we should think in a world for which nature never designed us.
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์ด ๋ถ€์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€์•ผํ• ์ง€ ๋งํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:01
That explains why we are so bad at using it, but it also explains
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ณต์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„œํˆฌ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ์™œ
23:05
why it is so terribly important that we become good, fast.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ณต์‹์— ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ ธ ์ž˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๊ฐ€๋„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:10
We are the only species on this planet
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ
23:12
that has ever held its own fate in its hands.
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์šด๋ช…์„ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ผ๋ฌด์ดํ•œ ์ข…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:16
We have no significant predators,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๋‹คํ•  ํฌ์‹์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ,
23:18
we're the masters of our physical environment;
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์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ์„œ
23:20
the things that normally cause species to become extinct
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ข…์ด ๋ฉธ์ข…๋  ์œ„ํ—˜๋„
23:23
are no longer any threat to us.
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๋” ์ด์ƒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:26
The only thing -- the only thing -- that can destroy us and doom us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒŒ๋ฉธ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ, ์˜ค์ง ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
23:31
are our own decisions.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด์ฃ .
23:33
If we're not here in 10,000 years, it's going to be because
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๋งŒ๋…„ ํ›„์— ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
23:37
we could not take advantage of the gift given to us
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์•„๋งˆ๋„ 1738๋…„์— ์ Š์€ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์ธ์ด
23:41
by a young Dutch fellow in 1738,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ค€ ์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋‚ญ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ
23:44
because we underestimated the odds of our future pains
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณผ์†Œํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ 
23:48
and overestimated the value of our present pleasures.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:52
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
23:53
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
24:03
Chris Anderson: That was remarkable.
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:06
We have time for some questions for Dan Gilbert. One and two.
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์งˆ์˜์‘๋‹ต์„ ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ข€ ์žˆ๋„ค์š”. ํ•œ ๋ถ„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•œ ๋ถ„.
24:11
Bill Lyell: Would you say that this mechanism
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๋นŒ ๋ฆฌ์—˜: ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์‹  ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€
24:14
is in part how terrorism actually works to frighten us,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
24:18
and is there some way that we could counteract that?
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
24:22
Dan Gilbert: I actually was consulting recently
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๋Œ„ ๊ธธ๋ฒ„ํŠธ: ์ „ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ตœ๊ทผ์—
24:23
with the Department of Homeland Security, which generally believes
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๊ตญํ† ์•ˆ์ „๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
24:26
that American security dollars should go to making borders safer.
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์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ด
24:30
I tried to point out to them that terrorism was a name
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๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
24:33
based on people's psychological reaction to a set of events,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š”, ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด๋ž€ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์—
24:37
and that if they were concerned about terrorism they might ask
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์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ตญํ† ์•ˆ์ „๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
24:39
what causes terror and how can we stop people from being terrified,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ผ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ํ–‰์œ„ ์ž์ฒด๋„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
24:42
rather than -- not rather than, but in addition to
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๊ทธ์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ณตํฌ๊ฐ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ ,
24:45
stopping the atrocities that we're all concerned about.
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๊ณตํฌ์— ๋น ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
24:48
Surely the kinds of play that at least American media give to --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์—์„œ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๋ฉด
24:54
and forgive me, but in raw numbers these are very tiny accidents.
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๋ฏธ์•ˆํ•œ ์–˜๊ธฐ์ง€๋งŒ(๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„) ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ด์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์•„์š”.
24:59
We already know, for example, in the United States,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์„œ์›Œ์„œ
25:01
more people have died as a result of not taking airplanes --
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๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฃผํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€
25:05
because they were scared -- and driving on highways,
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๊ตํ†ต์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
25:07
than were killed in 9/11. OK?
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9/11 ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
25:09
If I told you that there was a plague
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋…„์— ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ
25:11
that was going to kill 15,000 Americans next year,
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15,000๋ช…์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด ์ฃฝ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
25:14
you might be alarmed if you didn't find out it was the flu.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ฑฑ์ •๋˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋…๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:17
These are small-scale accidents, and we should be wondering
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ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์žฌํ•ด๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
25:20
whether they should get the kind of play,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์—์„œ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์ง€๊ธˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
25:22
the kind of coverage, that they do.
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ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ค„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฐ˜๋ฌธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:24
Surely that causes people to overestimate the likelihood
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ž‰๋ณด๋„๋Š” ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
25:27
that they'll be hurt in these various ways,
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์—
25:29
and gives power to the very people who want to frighten us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณตํฌ๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋ ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํž˜์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:31
CA: Dan, I'd like to hear more on this. So, you're saying
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๋Œ„, ๊ทธ ๋ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ตฐ์š”.
25:33
that our response to terror is, I mean, it's a form of mental bug?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ •์‹ ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
25:37
Talk more about it.
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์ข€ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ง์”€ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹œ์ฃ .
25:38
DG: It's out-sized. I mean, look.
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๋Œ„ ๊ธธ๋ฒ„ํŠธ: ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ณผ์žฅ๋๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
25:41
If Australia disappears tomorrow,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๋‚ด์ผ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด
25:43
terror is probably the right response.
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๊ณตํฌ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ๋งŒ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
25:45
That's an awful large lot of very nice people. On the other hand,
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ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์—๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ด๊ณ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
25:50
when a bus blows up and 30 people are killed,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—, ๋ฒ„์Šค์—์„œ ํญํƒ„์ด ํ„ฐ์ ธ 30๋ช…์ด ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
25:53
more people than that were killed
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๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ „๋ฒจํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋งค์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ
25:55
by not using their seatbelts in the same country.
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์ฃฝ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ž‘์ง€์š”.
25:58
Is terror the right response?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ๋„ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณตํฌ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
25:59
CA: What causes the bug? Is it the drama of the event --
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณตํฌ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋‚˜์š”?
26:03
that it's so spectacular?
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฐ€์š”?
26:04
Is it the fact that it's an intentional attack by, quote, outsiders?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ '์™ธ๋ถ€์ธ'๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ์˜์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ด๋ผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฐ€์š”?
26:07
What is it?
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ์ฃ ?
26:08
DG: Yes. It's a number of things, and you hit on several of them.
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๋Œ„ ๊ธธ๋ฒ„ํŠธ: ๋„ค, ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์‹  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
26:11
First, it's a human agent trying to kill us --
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์ฒซ์งธ๋Š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
26:13
it's not a tree falling on us by accident.
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๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ ์ธ๋ช…ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ž–์•„์š”.
26:16
Second, these are enemies who may want to strike and hurt us again.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋˜ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์น˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
26:19
People are being killed for no reason instead of good reason --
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ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฃฝ์œผ๋ฉด ์“ธ๋ชจ์—†๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ฃ  --
26:22
as if there's good reason, but sometimes people think there are.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ฃฝ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด๋ผ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
26:25
So there are a number of things that together
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ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ
26:27
make this seem like a fantastic event, but let's not play down
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๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
26:30
the fact that newspapers sell when people see something in it
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์‹ ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋˜๋ฉด
26:34
they want to read. So there's a large role here played by the media,
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์‹ ๋ฌธ ์žฅ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์žŠ์–ด์„œ๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
26:37
who want these things to be
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๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ๋†€์Œ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
26:39
as spectacular as they possibly can.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ณด๋„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
26:43
CA: I mean, what would it take to persuade our culture to downplay it?
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๋ณด๋„๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
26:49
DG: Well, go to Israel. You know,
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๋Œ„ ๊ธธ๋ฒ„ํŠธ: ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ .
26:50
go to Israel. And a mall blows up,
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์‡ผํ•‘์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ ํญํƒ„์ด ํ„ฐ์ง€๋ฉด ๋ฌผ๋ก 
26:52
and then everybody's unhappy about it, and an hour-and-a-half later --
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์ข‹์•„ํ•  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํ•œ๋ช…๋„ ์—†์ฃ  --
26:55
at least when I was there, and I was 150 feet from the mall
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์€ ์ €๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ฝ 50๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์‡ผํ•‘์„ผํ„ฐ์— ํญํƒ„์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ํ›„
26:58
when it blew up -- I went back to my hotel
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ํ•œ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ˜์ฏค ๋’ค์— ํ˜ธํ…”๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๋Š”๋ฐ
27:00
and the wedding that was planned was still going on.
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๊ณ„ํš๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:03
And as the Israeli mother said,
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๊ทธ ํ”ผ๋กœ์—ฐ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š”
27:04
she said, "We never let them win by stopping weddings."
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"๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์„ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฑด ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒ”๋“ค์ด ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์—์š”. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‘์ง€ ์•Š์„๊ฑฐ์—์š”." ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
27:08
I mean, this is a society that has learned --
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์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์€
27:09
and there are others too -- that has learned to live
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์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์˜ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ๊ฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
27:11
with a certain amount of terrorism and not be quite as upset by it,
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ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ™์ด, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด๋„ ๋ ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”,
27:16
shall I say, as those of us who have not had many terror attacks.
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ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋งŒํผ ๋‹นํ™ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
27:19
CA: But is there a rational fear that actually,
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์„œ์›Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š”
27:22
the reason we're frightened about this is because we think that
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ํฐ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ํ–‰์œ„(ํ•ต)๊ฐ€ ํ„ฐ์งˆ๊นŒ๋ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ณตํฌ๊ฐ์ด
27:25
the Big One is to come?
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์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
27:26
DG: Yes, of course. So, if we knew that this was the worst attack
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DG: ๋„ค, ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ต ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ฉด,
27:30
there would ever be, there might be more and more buses of 30 people --
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30๋ช…์”ฉ ์ฃฝ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
27:34
we would probably not be nearly so frightened.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฒ„์Šค ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์„œ์›Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ฃ .
27:36
I don't want to say -- please, I'm going to get quoted somewhere
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ œ๋ฐœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์˜คํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์•„์ฃผ์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
27:38
as saying, "Terrorism is fine and we shouldn't be so distressed."
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"ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๊ณ , ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ›์„ ํ•„์š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
27:42
That's not my point at all.
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์ œ ๋ง์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:44
What I'm saying is that, surely, rationally,
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์ œ ๋ง์˜ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ์š”์ ์€
27:46
our distress about things that happen, about threats,
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์œ„ํ˜‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€
27:50
should be roughly proportional to the size of those threats
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
27:53
and threats to come.
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๋” ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š๋ƒ ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
27:55
I think in the case of terrorism, it isn't.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
27:58
And many of the things we've heard about from our speakers today --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์ž๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
28:00
how many people do you know got up and said,
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๋งŽ์€ ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์•„์นจ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ
28:02
Poverty! I can't believe what poverty is doing to us.
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"๋นˆ๊ณค์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋‹ค! ๋นˆ๊ณค์ด ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค"
28:06
People get up in the morning; they don't care about poverty.
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๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ช‡๋ช…์ด๋‚˜ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋นˆ๊ณค์— ๋ฌด๊ด€์‹ฌํ•ด์š”.
28:08
It's not making headlines, it's not making news, it's not flashy.
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๋นˆ๊ณค์€ ํ—ค๋“œ๋ผ์ธ๋„, ๋‰ด์Šค๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐ‹๋ฐ‹ํ•˜๊ณ ,
28:10
There are no guns going off.
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์ด์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์•ˆ ๋‚˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
28:12
I mean, if you had to solve one of these problems, Chris,
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์ œ๋ง์€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ๋นˆ๊ณค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์—†์•จ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค,
28:14
which would you solve? Terrorism or poverty?
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๋ญ˜ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ฒ ์–ด์š”? ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ์š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋นˆ๊ณค์„์š”?
28:16
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
28:20
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
28:22
That's a tough one.
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ์–˜๊ธฐ์ฃ .
28:24
CA: There's no question.
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CA: ๋‹ต์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋„ค์š”.
28:25
Poverty, by an order of magnitude, a huge order of magnitude,
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์–ด๋–ค ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์›์žํญํƒ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
28:29
unless someone can show that there's, you know,
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์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ ๋นˆ๊ณค์ด ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ณด๋‹ค
28:32
terrorists with a nuke are really likely to come.
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋ฐฐ ์•„๋‹ˆ ์ˆ˜๋งŒ๋ฐฐ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
28:36
The latest I've read, seen, thought
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋ณด๊ณ , ์ฝ๊ณ , ๋˜ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„๋Œ€๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด,
28:38
is that it's incredibly hard for them to do that.
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์›์žํญํƒ„์„ ํ„ฐํŠธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
28:42
If that turns out to be wrong, we all look silly,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๋ง์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ข€ ๋ฐ”๋ณด๊ฐ™์ด ๋“ค๋ฆด์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ,
28:44
but with poverty it's a bit --
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๋นˆ๊ณค์€ ์ข€...
28:46
DG: Even if that were true, still more people die from poverty.
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๋Œ„ ๊ธธ๋ฒ„ํŠธ: ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„ ๋นˆ๊ณค์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ฃ .
28:53
CA: We've evolved to get all excited
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„ 
28:54
about these dramatic attacks. Is that because in the past,
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ํฅ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ง„ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ๋•Œ
28:57
in the ancient past, we just didn't understand things like disease
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋ผ๋“ ์ง€ ๋นˆ๊ณค์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
29:00
and systems that cause poverty and so forth,
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์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
29:02
and so it made no sense for us as a species to put any energy
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์ดํ•ด๋„ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ
29:06
into worrying about those things?
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์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
29:08
People died; so be it.
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๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฃฝ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ฃฝ๋‚˜๋ณด๋‹ค ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
29:10
But if you got attacked, that was something you could do something about.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
29:12
And so we evolved these responses.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”๋๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
29:14
Is that what happened?
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์ œ ๋ง์ด ๋งž๋‚˜์š”?
29:15
DG: Well, you know, the people who are most skeptical
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๋Œ„ ๊ธธ๋ฒ„ํŠธ: ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„
29:18
about leaping to evolutionary explanations for everything
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์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์—์„œ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ์ผ ํšŒ์˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
29:20
are the evolutionary psychologists themselves.
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์ง„ํ™”์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:22
My guess is that there's nothing quite that specific
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
29:25
in our evolutionary past. But rather, if you're looking for
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋งบ๋Š”๊ฑด ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
29:27
an evolutionary explanation, you might say
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์ง„ํ™”์ ์ธ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์›ํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
29:29
that most organisms are neo-phobic -- that is, they're a little scared
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„
29:33
of stuff that's new and different.
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์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
29:34
And there's a good reason to be,
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋กœ๋Š” ์ƒ์†Œํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š”
29:36
because old stuff didn't eat you. Right?
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์ž๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žก์•„๋จน์œผ๋ ค ํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ž–์•„์š”?
29:37
Any animal you see that you've seen before is less likely
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์ „์— ๋งˆ์ฃผ์นœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
29:40
to be a predator than one that you've never seen before.
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์ƒ์ „ ๋ณธ์ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํฌ์‹์ž์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
29:43
So, you know, when a school bus is blown up and we've never seen this before,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•™๊ต ๋ฒ„์Šค์—์„œ ํญํƒ„์ด ํ„ฐ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
29:46
our general tendency is to orient towards
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ
29:48
that which is new and novel is activated.
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์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
29:53
I don't think it's quite as specific a mechanism
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์ €๋Š” ์•ค๋”์Šจ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์•”์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
29:55
as the one you alluded to, but maybe a more fundamental one underlying it.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:01
Jay Walker: You know, economists love to talk about
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์ œ์ด ์›Œ์ปค: ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜
30:06
the stupidity of people who buy lottery tickets. But I suspect
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์–ด๋ฆฌ์„์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
30:10
you're making the exact same error you're accusing those people of,
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์ €๋Š” ๋Œ„์”จ๋„ ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜์‹œ๋Š”๊ฒŒ
30:13
which is the error of value.
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์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:14
I know, because I've interviewed
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์ „ ์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ
30:15
about 1,000 lottery buyers over the years.
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์•ฝ 1000๋ช…์˜ ๋ณต๊ถŒ ๊ตฌ๋งค์ž๋“ค์„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
30:17
It turns out that the value of buying a lottery ticket is not winning.
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๋ณต๊ถŒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๊ผญ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
30:21
That's what you think it is. All right?
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์ด๊ธฐ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์…จ์„ ๋“ฏ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
30:23
The average lottery buyer buys about 150 tickets a year,
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ๋ณต๊ถŒ ๊ตฌ๋งค์ž๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์•ฝ 150์žฅ์˜ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
30:26
so the buyer knows full well that he or she is going to lose,
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๋ป”ํžˆ ์žƒ์„ ์ค„ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:30
and yet she buys 150 tickets a year. Why is that?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 150์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์ฃ . ์™œ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
30:33
It's not because she is stupid or he is stupid.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„์–ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:37
It's because the anticipation of possibly winning
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ด๊ธธ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
30:40
releases serotonin in the brain, and actually provides a good feeling
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๋‡Œ์—์„œ ์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ์ด ๋ถ„๋น„๋ผ์„œ
30:44
until the drawing indicates you've lost.
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์ถ”์ฒจ์ด ๋๋‚ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹์•„์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
30:46
Or, to put it another way, for the dollar investment,
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๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, 5๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋ฉด
30:49
you can have a much better feeling than flushing the money
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๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ข‹์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
30:52
down the toilet, which you cannot have a good feeling from.
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ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์— ํ˜๋ ค๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์„ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
30:55
Now, economists tend to --
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ --
30:57
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
31:00
-- economists tend to view the world
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-- ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
31:01
through their own lenses, which is:
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉฐ
31:03
this is just a bunch of stupid people.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
31:05
And as a result, many people look at economists as stupid people.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
31:09
And so fundamentally, the reason we got to the moon is,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋งํ•ด์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
31:12
we didn't listen to the economists. Thank you very much.
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ . ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:15
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
31:20
DG: Well, no, it's a great point. It remains to be seen
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๋Œ„ ๊ธธ๋ฒ„ํŠธ: ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:23
whether the joy of anticipation is exactly equaled
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๋ณต๊ถŒ์— ๋‹น์ฒจ๋  ํฌ๋ง์˜ ๊ธฐ์จ๊ณผ ๋‹น์ฒจ ์‹คํŒจ ํ›„ ์‹ค๋ง์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
31:27
by the amount of disappointment after the lottery. Because remember,
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๊ฐ๊ฐ ์–ด๋–ค์ง€๋Š” ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ด์•ผ ์•Œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด์•ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€,
31:30
people who didn't buy tickets don't feel awful the next day either,
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๋ณต๊ถŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ์ค‘์— ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
31:33
even though they don't feel great during the drawing.
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๋‹น์ฒจ ์‹คํŒจ ํ›„์— ๊ธฐ๋ถ„ ๋‚˜๋น ํ•  ์ผ๋„ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€์š”.
31:35
I would disagree that people know they're not going to win.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ณต๊ถŒ์—์„œ ์ด๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹จ๊ฑธ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:37
I think they think it's unlikely, but it could happen,
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ํ™•์œจ์€ ๋‚ฎ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ๋”ธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
31:40
which is why they prefer that to the flushing.
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ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์—์„œ ํ˜๋ ค๋ณด๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ฃ .
31:43
But certainly I see your point: that there can be
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณต๊ถŒ์— ๋‹น์ฒจ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ ์ด์™ธ์—๋„
31:46
some utility to buying a lottery ticket other than winning.
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋•๋ณด๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ €๋„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋™์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:50
Now, I think there's many good reasons not to listen to economists.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž์˜ ๋ง์„ ๊ท€๋‹ด์•„ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์—๋Š”
31:53
That isn't one of them, for me, but there's many others.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—, ์œ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ตฐ์š”.
31:56
CA: Last question.
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์งˆ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ›๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
31:58
Aubrey de Grey: My name's Aubrey de Grey, from Cambridge.
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์˜ค๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ ๋”” ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด: ์ €๋Š” ์บ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€์—์„œ ์˜จ ์˜ค๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ ๋”” ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:01
I work on the thing that kills more people than anything else kills --
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์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ œ์ผ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
32:05
I work on aging -- and I'm interested in doing something about it,
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์ฆ‰, ๋…ธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ ๋“ค์œผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
32:07
as we'll all hear tomorrow.
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์ „ ๋…ธํ™” ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:08
I very much resonate with what you're saying,
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์ €๋Š” ๋Œ„์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
32:11
because it seems to me that the problem
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋กœ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋…ธํ™” ๋ฐฉ์ง€์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ํž˜๋“  ์ด์œ ๋Š”
32:13
with getting people interested in doing anything about aging
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๋…ธํ™”๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฃฝ์„ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด
32:16
is that by the time aging is about to kill you it looks like cancer
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์•”์ด๋ผ๋˜์ง€ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ณ‘์— ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฃฝ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:19
or heart disease or whatever. Do you have any advice?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ์–ธํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
32:22
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
32:25
DG: For you or for them?
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๋Œ„ ๊ธธ๋ฒ„ํŠธ: ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”? ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”?
32:26
AdG: In persuading them.
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์˜ค๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ ๋”” ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด: ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋“์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
32:27
DG: Ah, for you in persuading them.
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๋Œ„ ๊ธธ๋ฒ„ํŠธ: ์•„, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋“ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋ผ..
32:29
Well, it's notoriously difficult to get people to be farsighted.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ธด ์•ˆ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋„๋ก ์„ค๋“์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ์–ด๋ ต์ฃ .
32:32
But one thing that psychologists have tried that seems to work
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
32:36
is to get people to imagine the future more vividly.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ฃ .
32:39
One of the problems with making decisions about the far future
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ
32:42
and the near future is that we imagine the near future
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๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋จผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ณด๋‹ค
32:45
much more vividly than the far future.
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๋” ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
32:47
To the extent that you can equalize the amount of detail
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„
32:51
that people put into the mental representations
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๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์†์—
32:53
of near and far future, people begin to make decisions
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๊ทธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฉ€๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด
32:55
about the two in the same way.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
32:57
So, would you like to have an extra 100,000 dollars when you're 65
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, '65์„ธ๋•Œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ 10๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€'๋ผ๊ณ 
33:02
is a question that's very different than,
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
33:03
imagine who you'll be when you're 65: will you be living,
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด 65์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ผ์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ์ง€: ์‚ด์•„์žˆ์„์ง€,
33:07
what will you look like, how much hair will you have,
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๋ชจ์Šต์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ณ , ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์–‘์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ณ , ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ž‘ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์„์ง€,
33:09
who will you be living with.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฑธ ์ „๋ถ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ํ›„ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—๋Š” ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
33:10
Once we have all the details of that imaginary scenario,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์†์—์„œ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
33:13
suddenly we feel like it might be important to save
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์€ํ‡ดํ•œ ํ›„์— ์—ฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
33:15
so that that guy has a little retirement money.
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ €๊ธˆ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
33:18
But these are tricks around the margins.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฑด ๊ฒ‰์น˜๋ ˆ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:20
I think in general you're battling a very fundamental human tendency,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์„ฑํ–ฅ๊ณผ
33:23
which is to say, "I'm here today,
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์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐ–์—์š”. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:25
and so now is more important than later."
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"๋‚œ ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ํ˜„์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€."
33:28
CA: Dan, thank you. Members of the audience,
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๋Œ„, ์ฒญ์ค‘์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:30
that was a fantastic session. Thank you.
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๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
33:31
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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