Benoit Mandelbrot: Fractals and the art of roughness

457,507 views ใƒป 2010-07-06

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Hanan Amar
00:15
Thank you very much.
0
15260
2000
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
00:17
Please excuse me for sitting; I'm very old.
1
17260
3000
ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืชืกืœื—ื• ืœื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘; ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื–ืงืŸ.
00:20
(Laughter)
2
20260
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:22
Well, the topic I'm going to discuss
3
22260
2000
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื• ืื“ื•ืŸ
00:24
is one which is, in a certain sense, very peculiar
4
24260
3000
ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ
00:27
because it's very old.
5
27260
2000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืฉืŸ.
00:29
Roughness is part of human life
6
29260
3000
ื—ื™ืกืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
00:32
forever and forever,
7
32260
2000
ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“.
00:34
and ancient authors have written about it.
8
34260
3000
ื•ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื•.
00:37
It was very much uncontrollable,
9
37260
2000
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉืœื˜.
00:39
and in a certain sense,
10
39260
2000
ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
00:41
it seemed to be the extreme of complexity,
11
41260
3000
ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
00:44
just a mess, a mess and a mess.
12
44260
2000
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืœื’ืŸ, ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื•ืื™ ืกื“ืจ.
00:46
There are many different kinds of mess.
13
46260
2000
ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ ืกื“ืจ.
00:48
Now, in fact,
14
48260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื”,
00:50
by a complete fluke,
15
50260
2000
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืœื’ืžืจื™,
00:52
I got involved many years ago
16
52260
3000
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช
00:55
in a study of this form of complexity,
17
55260
3000
ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
00:58
and to my utter amazement,
18
58260
2000
ื•ืœืชื“ื”ืžืชื™,
01:00
I found traces --
19
60260
2000
ืžืฆืืชื™ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื,
01:02
very strong traces, I must say --
20
62260
2000
ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ --
01:04
of order in that roughness.
21
64260
3000
ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืกืคื•ืก.
01:07
And so today, I would like to present to you
22
67260
2000
ืื– ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื
01:09
a few examples
23
69260
2000
ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
01:11
of what this represents.
24
71260
2000
ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’.
01:13
I prefer the word roughness
25
73260
2000
ืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื—ืกืคื•ืก
01:15
to the word irregularity
26
75260
2000
ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื“ืจ
01:17
because irregularity --
27
77260
2000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื“ืจ --
01:19
to someone who had Latin
28
79260
2000
ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืœืžื“ ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช
01:21
in my long-past youth --
29
81260
2000
ื‘ื ืขื•ืจื™ ืฉื—ืœืคื• --
01:23
means the contrary of regularity.
30
83260
2000
ืคืจื•ืฉื• ื”ื”ืคืš ืžืกื“ื™ืจื•ืช.
01:25
But it is not so.
31
85260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืš.
01:27
Regularity is the contrary of roughness
32
87260
3000
ืกื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืคืš ืžื—ื™ืกืคื•ืก
01:30
because the basic aspect of the world
33
90260
2000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื˜ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
01:32
is very rough.
34
92260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ืกืคืก.
01:34
So let me show you a few objects.
35
94260
3000
ืื– ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืขืฆืžื™ื.
01:37
Some of them are artificial.
36
97260
2000
ื—ืœืงื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
01:39
Others of them are very real, in a certain sense.
37
99260
3000
ื•ื—ืœืงื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
01:42
Now this is the real. It's a cauliflower.
38
102260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™. ื–ื• ื›ืจื•ื‘ื™ืช.
01:45
Now why do I show a cauliflower,
39
105260
3000
ืื– ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ืจื•ื‘ื™ืช,
01:48
a very ordinary and ancient vegetable?
40
108260
3000
ื™ืจืง ืจื’ื™ืœ ื•ืขืชื™ืง?
01:51
Because old and ancient as it may be,
41
111260
3000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ืง,
01:54
it's very complicated and it's very simple,
42
114260
3000
ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜
01:57
both at the same time.
43
117260
2000
ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
01:59
If you try to weigh it -- of course it's very easy to weigh it,
44
119260
3000
ืื ืชื ืกื• ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืื•ืชื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืื•ืชื•.
02:02
and when you eat it, the weight matters --
45
122260
3000
ื•ื›ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืžืฉื ื”.
02:05
but suppose you try to
46
125260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื ื ื™ื— ื•ืชื ืกื•
02:08
measure its surface.
47
128260
2000
ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
02:10
Well, it's very interesting.
48
130260
2000
ืื–, ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
02:12
If you cut, with a sharp knife,
49
132260
3000
ืื ืชื—ืชื›ื• ื‘ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื—ื“,
02:15
one of the florets of a cauliflower
50
135260
2000
ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชืคืจื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื•ื‘ื™ืช
02:17
and look at it separately,
51
137260
2000
ื•ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื ืคืจื“,
02:19
you think of a whole cauliflower, but smaller.
52
139260
3000
ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืจื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ.
02:22
And then you cut again,
53
142260
2000
ื•ื›ืฉืชื—ืชื›ื• ืฉื•ื‘,
02:24
again, again, again, again, again, again, again, again,
54
144260
3000
ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
02:27
and you still get small cauliflowers.
55
147260
2000
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื›ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
02:29
So the experience of humanity
56
149260
2000
ืื– ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช
02:31
has always been that there are some shapes
57
151260
3000
ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช
02:34
which have this peculiar property,
58
154260
2000
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
02:36
that each part is like the whole,
59
156260
3000
ืฉื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืœื,
02:39
but smaller.
60
159260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:41
Now, what did humanity do with that?
61
161260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ?
02:44
Very, very little.
62
164260
3000
ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื˜.
02:47
(Laughter)
63
167260
3000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:50
So what I did actually is to
64
170260
3000
ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ื”
02:53
study this problem,
65
173260
3000
ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”,
02:56
and I found something quite surprising.
66
176260
3000
ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข.
02:59
That one can measure roughness
67
179260
3000
ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกืคื•ืก
03:02
by a number, a number,
68
182260
3000
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืคืจ, ืžืกืคืจ,
03:05
2.3, 1.2 and sometimes much more.
69
185260
3000
2.3 , 1.2 ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:08
One day, a friend of mine,
70
188260
2000
ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™,
03:10
to bug me,
71
190260
2000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืง ืœื™,
03:12
brought a picture and said,
72
192260
2000
ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื”, ื•ืืžืจ,
03:14
"What is the roughness of this curve?"
73
194260
2000
"ืžื” ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืขืงื•ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช?"
03:16
I said, "Well, just short of 1.5."
74
196260
3000
ื•ืืžืจืชื™, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืž1.5"
03:19
It was 1.48.
75
199260
2000
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” 1.48.
03:21
Now, it didn't take me any time.
76
201260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืœื ืœืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
03:23
I've been looking at these things for so long.
77
203260
2000
ืื ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
03:25
So these numbers are the numbers
78
205260
2000
ืื– ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื
03:27
which denote the roughness of these surfaces.
79
207260
3000
ืฉืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ืกืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:30
I hasten to say that these surfaces
80
210260
2000
ืื ื™ ืžืžื”ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
03:32
are completely artificial.
81
212260
2000
ื”ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
03:34
They were done on a computer,
82
214260
2000
ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื—ืฉื‘.
03:36
and the only input is a number,
83
216260
2000
ื•ื”ืงืœื˜ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ.
03:38
and that number is roughness.
84
218260
3000
ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืกืคื•ืก.
03:41
So on the left,
85
221260
2000
ืื– ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ,
03:43
I took the roughness copied from many landscapes.
86
223260
3000
ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกืคื•ืก ืฉื”ื•ืขืชืง ืžื ื•ืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
03:46
To the right, I took a higher roughness.
87
226260
3000
ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืจืžืช ื—ื™ืกืคื•ืก ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:49
So the eye, after a while,
88
229260
2000
ืื– ื”ืขื™ืŸ, ืื—ืจื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
03:51
can distinguish these two very well.
89
231260
3000
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
03:54
Humanity had to learn about measuring roughness.
90
234260
2000
ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื—ื™ืกืคื•ืก.
03:56
This is very rough, and this is sort of smooth, and this perfectly smooth.
91
236260
3000
ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ืกืคืก, ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ื™ ื—ืœืง, ื•ื–ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื—ืœืง.
03:59
Very few things are very smooth.
92
239260
3000
ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืœืงื™ื.
04:03
So then if you try to ask questions:
93
243260
3000
ื•ืื– ืื ืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช:
04:06
"What's the surface of a cauliflower?"
94
246260
2000
ืžื” ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืจื•ื‘ื™ืช?
04:08
Well, you measure and measure and measure.
95
248260
3000
ืื–, ืืชื ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
04:11
Each time you're closer, it gets bigger,
96
251260
3000
ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:14
down to very, very small distances.
97
254260
2000
ืขื“ ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
04:16
What's the length of the coastline
98
256260
2000
ืžื” ืื•ืจืš ืงื• ื”ื—ื•ืฃ
04:18
of these lakes?
99
258260
2000
ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
04:20
The closer you measure, the longer it is.
100
260260
3000
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชืชืงืจื‘ื• ื–ื” ื™ืชืืจืš.
04:23
The concept of length of coastline,
101
263260
2000
ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืš ื—ื•ืคื™ื,
04:25
which seems to be so natural
102
265260
2000
ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™
04:27
because it's given in many cases,
103
267260
2000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื™ื,
04:29
is, in fact, complete fallacy; there's no such thing.
104
269260
3000
ื”ื•ื, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ; ืื™ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ.
04:32
You must do it differently.
105
272260
3000
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
04:35
What good is that, to know these things?
106
275260
2000
ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื‘ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื?
04:37
Well, surprisingly enough,
107
277260
2000
ืื–, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื,
04:39
it's good in many ways.
108
279260
2000
ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.
04:41
To begin with, artificial landscapes,
109
281260
2000
ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื ื•ืคื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื,
04:43
which I invented sort of,
110
283260
2000
ืฉืื ื™ ื”ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
04:45
are used in cinema all the time.
111
285260
3000
ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:48
We see mountains in the distance.
112
288260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง.
04:50
They may be mountains, but they may be just formulae, just cranked on.
113
290260
3000
ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช, ืจืง ืžื•ื“ื‘ืงื™ื.
04:53
Now it's very easy to do.
114
293260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
04:55
It used to be very time-consuming, but now it's nothing.
115
295260
3000
ื–ื” ื”ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื›ืœื•ื.
04:58
Now look at that. That's a real lung.
116
298260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื–ื”. ื–ื• ืจื™ืื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
05:01
Now a lung is something very strange.
117
301260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจื™ืื” ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
05:03
If you take this thing,
118
303260
2000
ืื ืชืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
05:05
you know very well it weighs very little.
119
305260
3000
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“.
05:08
The volume of a lung is very small,
120
308260
2000
ื ืคื— ื”ืจื™ืื” ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“.
05:10
but what about the area of the lung?
121
310260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ืื”?
05:13
Anatomists were arguing very much about that.
122
313260
3000
ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.
05:16
Some say that a normal male's lung
123
316260
3000
ื—ืœืง ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœืจื™ืืช ื’ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช
05:19
has an area of the inside
124
319260
2000
ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื
05:21
of a basketball [court].
125
321260
2000
ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืกืœ.
05:23
And the others say, no, five basketball [courts].
126
323260
3000
ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืœื, ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื.
05:27
Enormous disagreements.
127
327260
2000
ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื.
05:29
Why so? Because, in fact, the area of the lung
128
329260
3000
ืื– ืœืžื”? ืžืคื ื™, ืฉื‘ืขืฆื, ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ืื”
05:32
is something very ill-defined.
129
332260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:35
The bronchi branch, branch, branch
130
335260
3000
ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืฆืœื™ื, ืžืชืคืฆืœื™ื, ืžืชืคืฆืœื™ื.
05:38
and they stop branching,
131
338260
3000
ื•ืื– ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืฆืœ,
05:41
not because of any matter of principle,
132
341260
3000
ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
05:44
but because of physical considerations:
133
344260
3000
ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืกื™ื•ืช,
05:47
the mucus, which is in the lung.
134
347260
3000
ื”ืจื™ืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ืจื™ืื”.
05:50
So what happens is that in a way
135
350260
2000
ืื– ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืš
05:52
you have a much bigger lung,
136
352260
2000
ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืจื™ืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:54
but it branches and branches
137
354260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืฆืœืช ื•ืžืชืคืฆืœืช,
05:56
down to distances about the same for a whale, for a man
138
356260
3000
ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ื”ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืœื•ื™ื™ืชืŸ, ืœืื“ื
05:59
and for a little rodent.
139
359260
2000
ื•ืœืžื›ืจืกื ืงื˜ืŸ.
06:02
Now, what good is it to have that?
140
362260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื” ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ื›ืš?
06:05
Well, surprisingly enough, amazingly enough,
141
365260
2000
ืื–, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืชื“ื”ืžื”,
06:07
the anatomists had a very poor idea
142
367260
3000
ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืฉื’
06:10
of the structure of the lung until very recently.
143
370260
3000
ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืจื™ืื” ืขื“ ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ.
06:13
And I think that my mathematics,
144
373260
2000
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื™,
06:15
surprisingly enough,
145
375260
2000
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื,
06:17
has been of great help
146
377260
2000
ืขื–ืจื” ืžืื•ื“
06:19
to the surgeons
147
379260
2000
ืœืžื ืชื—ื™ื
06:21
studying lung illnesses
148
381260
2000
ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืจื™ืื”
06:23
and also kidney illnesses,
149
383260
2000
ื•ื’ื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืœื™ื•ืช,
06:25
all these branching systems,
150
385260
2000
ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืขืคื•ืช,
06:27
for which there was no geometry.
151
387260
3000
ืฉืื™ื• ืœื”ืŸ ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”.
06:30
So I found myself, in other words,
152
390260
2000
ืื– ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™, ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
06:32
constructing a geometry,
153
392260
2000
ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”,
06:34
a geometry of things which had no geometry.
154
394260
3000
ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”.
06:37
And a surprising aspect of it
155
397260
2000
ื•ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืœ ื–ื”
06:39
is that very often, the rules of this geometry
156
399260
3000
ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
06:42
are extremely short.
157
402260
2000
ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฆืจื™ื.
06:44
You have formulas that long.
158
404260
2000
ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช.
06:46
And you crank it several times.
159
406260
2000
ื•ืืชื ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื.
06:48
Sometimes repeatedly: again, again, again,
160
408260
2000
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
06:50
the same repetition.
161
410260
2000
ืื•ืชื” ื—ื–ืจื”.
06:52
And at the end, you get things like that.
162
412260
2000
ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
06:54
This cloud is completely,
163
414260
2000
ื”ืขื ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื’ืžืจื™,
06:56
100 percent artificial.
164
416260
3000
ื‘100 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™.
06:59
Well, 99.9.
165
419260
2000
ื˜ื•ื‘, 99.9.
07:01
And the only part which is natural
166
421260
2000
ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื•
07:03
is a number, the roughness of the cloud,
167
423260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ, ื”ื—ืกืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ืŸ,
07:05
which is taken from nature.
168
425260
2000
ืฉื ืœืงื— ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
07:07
Something so complicated like a cloud,
169
427260
2000
ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื›ืžื• ืขื ืŸ,
07:09
so unstable, so varying,
170
429260
2000
ื›ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘, ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฉืชื ื”,
07:11
should have a simple rule behind it.
171
431260
3000
ืฆืจื™ืš ื—ื•ืง ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื•.
07:14
Now this simple rule
172
434260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื–ื”
07:17
is not an explanation of clouds.
173
437260
3000
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœืขื ื ื™ื.
07:20
The seer of clouds had to
174
440260
2000
ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš
07:22
take account of it.
175
442260
2000
ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
07:24
I don't know how much advanced
176
444260
3000
ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช
07:27
these pictures are. They're old.
177
447260
2000
ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื•ืช.
07:29
I was very much involved in it,
178
449260
2000
ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื–ื”,
07:31
but then turned my attention to other phenomena.
179
451260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ืคื ืชื™ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ืื—ืจืช.
07:34
Now, here is another thing
180
454260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ
07:36
which is rather interesting.
181
456260
3000
ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
07:39
One of the shattering events
182
459260
2000
ืื—ื“ ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžื ืชืฆื™ื
07:41
in the history of mathematics,
183
461260
2000
ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
07:43
which is not appreciated by many people,
184
463260
3000
ืฉืœื ืžื•ืขืจืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื,
07:46
occurred about 130 years ago,
185
466260
2000
ืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ 130 ืฉื ื”,
07:48
145 years ago.
186
468260
2000
ืœืคื ื™ 145 ืฉื ื”.
07:50
Mathematicians began to create
187
470260
2000
ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
07:52
shapes that didn't exist.
188
472260
2000
ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
07:54
Mathematicians got into self-praise
189
474260
3000
ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชืฉื‘ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช
07:57
to an extent which was absolutely amazing,
190
477260
2000
ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
07:59
that man can invent things
191
479260
2000
ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
08:01
that nature did not know.
192
481260
2000
ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ื™ื“ืข.
08:03
In particular, it could invent
193
483260
2000
ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื
08:05
things like a curve which fills the plane.
194
485260
3000
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ.
08:08
A curve's a curve, a plane's a plane,
195
488260
2000
ืขืงื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขืงื•ืžื”, ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ,
08:10
and the two won't mix.
196
490260
2000
ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœื ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื.
08:12
Well, they do mix.
197
492260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื›ืŸ ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื.
08:14
A man named Peano
198
494260
2000
ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืคื™ืื ื•
08:16
did define such curves,
199
496260
2000
ืžืฆื ื›ืืœื• ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช,
08:18
and it became an object of extraordinary interest.
200
498260
3000
ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
08:21
It was very important, but mostly interesting
201
501260
3000
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
08:24
because a kind of break,
202
504260
2000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื–ื• ืชื’ืœื™ืช,
08:26
a separation between
203
506260
2000
ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ
08:28
the mathematics coming from reality, on the one hand,
204
508260
3000
ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“
08:31
and new mathematics coming from pure man's mind.
205
511260
3000
ื•ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื.
08:34
Well, I was very sorry to point out
206
514260
3000
ืื‘ืœ, ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืฆื˜ืขืจืชื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช
08:37
that the pure man's mind
207
517260
2000
ืฉืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ
08:39
has, in fact,
208
519260
2000
ืจืื”, ื‘ืขืฆื,
08:41
seen at long last
209
521260
2000
ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ
08:43
what had been seen for a long time.
210
523260
2000
ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
08:45
And so here I introduce something,
211
525260
2000
ืื– ื›ืืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืžืฉื”ื•,
08:47
the set of rivers of a plane-filling curve.
212
527260
3000
ืกื˜ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืงื•ืžื” ืžืžืœืืช ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ.
08:50
And well,
213
530260
2000
ื•ืื–,
08:52
it's a story unto itself.
214
532260
2000
ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•.
08:54
So it was in 1875 to 1925,
215
534260
3000
ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 1875 ืœ 1925,
08:57
an extraordinary period
216
537260
2000
ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
08:59
in which mathematics prepared itself to break out from the world.
217
539260
3000
ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœืคืจื™ืฆื” ืžื”ืขื•ืœื.
09:02
And the objects which were used
218
542260
2000
ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื•
09:04
as examples, when I was
219
544260
2000
ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™
09:06
a child and a student, as examples
220
546260
2000
ื™ืœื“ ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜,
09:08
of the break between mathematics
221
548260
3000
ืœืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
09:11
and visible reality --
222
551260
2000
ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืจืื™ืช --
09:13
those objects,
223
553260
2000
ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
09:15
I turned them completely around.
224
555260
2000
ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ืคื™ื”ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
09:17
I used them for describing
225
557260
2000
ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ื”ื ืœืชืื•ืจ
09:19
some of the aspects of the complexity of nature.
226
559260
3000
ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
09:22
Well, a man named Hausdorff in 1919
227
562260
3000
ืื–, ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืื•ืกื“ื•ืจืฃ ื‘1919
09:25
introduced a number which was just a mathematical joke,
228
565260
3000
ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช.
09:28
and I found that this number
229
568260
2000
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”
09:30
was a good measurement of roughness.
230
570260
2000
ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื—ืกืคื•ืก.
09:32
When I first told it to my friends in mathematics
231
572260
2000
ื›ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ื–ืืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื
09:34
they said, "Don't be silly. It's just something [silly]."
232
574260
3000
ื”ื ืืžืจื• "ืืœ ืชืฉื˜ืชื”. ื–ื• ืกืชื ืžืฉื”ื• [ืฉื˜ื•ืชื™]."
09:37
Well actually, I was not silly.
233
577260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื, ืœื ื”ืฉืชื˜ืชื™.
09:40
The great painter Hokusai knew it very well.
234
580260
3000
ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ื“ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื•ืงื•ืกืื™ ื™ื“ืข ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
09:43
The things on the ground are algae.
235
583260
2000
ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ื ืืฆื•ืช.
09:45
He did not know the mathematics; it didn't yet exist.
236
585260
3000
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”; ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
09:48
And he was Japanese who had no contact with the West.
237
588260
3000
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืคื ื™ ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืžืขืจื‘.
09:51
But painting for a long time had a fractal side.
238
591260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืœืฆื™ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฆื“ ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™.
09:54
I could speak of that for a long time.
239
594260
2000
ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
09:56
The Eiffel Tower has a fractal aspect.
240
596260
3000
ืœืžื’ื“ืœ ืื™ื™ืคืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื˜ ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™.
09:59
I read the book that Mr. Eiffel wrote about his tower,
241
599260
3000
ื•ืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืžืจ ืื™ื™ืคืœ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ืฉืœื•.
10:02
and indeed it was astonishing how much he understood.
242
602260
3000
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.
10:05
This is a mess, mess, mess, Brownian loop.
243
605260
3000
ื–ื” ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ, ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ, ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ, ืœื•ืœืื” ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ืช.
10:08
One day I decided --
244
608260
2000
ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™
10:10
halfway through my career,
245
610260
2000
ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™,
10:12
I was held by so many things in my work --
246
612260
3000
ืฉืงืขืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
10:15
I decided to test myself.
247
615260
3000
ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™.
10:18
Could I just look at something
248
618260
2000
ื”ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ืจืง ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•
10:20
which everybody had been looking at for a long time
249
620260
3000
ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘
10:23
and find something dramatically new?
250
623260
3000
ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื—ื“ืฉ?
10:26
Well, so I looked at these
251
626260
3000
ืื–, ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
10:29
things called Brownian motion -- just goes around.
252
629260
3000
ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ืช -- ืจืง ื”ื•ืœืš ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
10:32
I played with it for a while,
253
632260
2000
ืฉื™ื—ืงืชื™ ืขื ื–ื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื”,
10:34
and I made it return to the origin.
254
634260
3000
ื•ื’ืจืžืชื™ ืœื–ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืงื•ืจ.
10:37
Then I was telling my assistant,
255
637260
2000
ื•ืื– ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืขื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœื™,
10:39
"I don't see anything. Can you paint it?"
256
639260
2000
"ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืื” ื›ืœื•ื, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื–ื” ?"
10:41
So he painted it, which means
257
641260
2000
ืื– ื”ื•ื ืฆื‘ืข ืืช ื–ื”, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ
10:43
he put inside everything. He said:
258
643260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืœ. ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ:
10:45
"Well, this thing came out ..." And I said, "Stop! Stop! Stop!
259
645260
3000
"ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฆื..." ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, "ืขืฆื•ืจ!, ืขืฆื•ืจ!, ืขืฆื•ืจ!
10:48
I see; it's an island."
260
648260
3000
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื”, ื–ื” ืื™."
10:51
And amazing.
261
651260
2000
ื•ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
10:53
So Brownian motion, which happens to have
262
653260
2000
ืื– ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”
10:55
a roughness number of two, goes around.
263
655260
3000
ืขืจืš ื—ืกืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช.
10:58
I measured it, 1.33.
264
658260
2000
ื•ืžื“ื“ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”, 1.33.
11:00
Again, again, again.
265
660260
2000
ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
11:02
Long measurements, big Brownian motions,
266
662260
2000
ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
11:04
1.33.
267
664260
2000
1.33.
11:06
Mathematical problem: how to prove it?
268
666260
3000
ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช: ืื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื–ื”?
11:09
It took my friends 20 years.
269
669260
3000
ืœืงื— ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ 20 ืฉื ื”.
11:12
Three of them were having incomplete proofs.
270
672260
3000
ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœืžื•ืช.
11:15
They got together, and together they had the proof.
271
675260
3000
ื”ื ื—ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“, ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”.
11:19
So they got the big [Fields] medal in mathematics,
272
679260
3000
ืื– ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื“ืœื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” [ืคื™ืœื“ืก] ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
11:22
one of the three medals that people have received
273
682260
2000
ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžื“ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื•
11:24
for proving things which I've seen
274
684260
3000
ืขืœ ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืจืื™ืชื™
11:27
without being able to prove them.
275
687260
3000
ื‘ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืื•ืชืŸ.
11:30
Now everybody asks me at one point or another,
276
690260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
11:33
"How did it all start?
277
693260
2000
"ืื™ืš ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ?
11:35
What got you in that strange business?"
278
695260
3000
ืžื” ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชืš ืœืขืกืง ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื”ื–ื”?"
11:38
What got you to be,
279
698260
2000
ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
11:40
at the same time, a mechanical engineer,
280
700260
2000
ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
11:42
a geographer
281
702260
2000
ื’ืื•ื’ืจืฃ
11:44
and a mathematician and so on, a physicist?
282
704260
2000
ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ื›ื•', ืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™?
11:46
Well actually I started, oddly enough,
283
706260
3000
ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื,
11:49
studying stock market prices.
284
709260
2000
ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช.
11:51
And so here
285
711260
2000
ื•ืคื”
11:53
I had this theory,
286
713260
3000
ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื”,
11:56
and I wrote books about it --
287
716260
2000
ื•ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
11:58
financial prices increments.
288
718260
2000
ืขืœื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช.
12:00
To the left you see data over a long period.
289
720260
2000
ืžืฉืžืืœ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš.
12:02
To the right, on top,
290
722260
2000
ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืœืžืขืœื”,
12:04
you see a theory which is very, very fashionable.
291
724260
3000
ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื”.
12:07
It was very easy, and you can write many books very fast about it.
292
727260
3000
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืคืจื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
12:10
(Laughter)
293
730260
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:12
There are thousands of books on that.
294
732260
3000
ื™ืฉ ืืœืคื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
12:15
Now compare that with real price increments.
295
735260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœืขืœื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช.
12:18
Where are real price increments?
296
738260
2000
ื•ืื™ืคื” ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช?
12:20
Well, these other lines
297
740260
2000
ืื–, ื”ืงื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
12:22
include some real price increments
298
742260
2000
ืžืจืื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช
12:24
and some forgery which I did.
299
744260
2000
ื•ืงืฆืช ื–ื™ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืขืฉื™ืชื™.
12:26
So the idea there was
300
746260
2000
ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”ื™ื”
12:28
that one must be able to -- how do you say? --
301
748260
2000
ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ -- ืื™ืš ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื? --
12:30
model price variation.
302
750260
3000
ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื–ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื.
12:33
And it went really well 50 years ago.
303
753260
3000
ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื”.
12:36
For 50 years, people were sort of pooh-poohing me
304
756260
3000
ืœืžืฉืš 50 ืฉื ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื™
12:39
because they could do it much, much easier.
305
759260
2000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:41
But I tell you, at this point, people listened to me.
306
761260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื, ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœื™.
12:44
(Laughter)
307
764260
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:46
These two curves are averages:
308
766260
2000
ื”ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืžืžื•ืฆืขื™ื.
12:48
Standard & Poor, the blue one;
309
768260
2000
ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ืื ื“ ืคื•ืจ, ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื”.
12:50
and the red one is Standard & Poor's
310
770260
2000
ื•ื”ืื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ืื ื“ ืคื•ืจ,
12:52
from which the five biggest discontinuities
311
772260
3000
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื• ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช
12:55
are taken out.
312
775260
2000
ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
12:57
Now discontinuities are a nuisance,
313
777260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื“.
12:59
so in many studies of prices,
314
779260
3000
ืื– ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื,
13:02
one puts them aside.
315
782260
2000
ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืฆื“.
13:04
"Well, acts of God.
316
784260
2000
"ืืœื”, ืžืขืฉื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.
13:06
And you have the little nonsense which is left.
317
786260
3000
ื•ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืืจื•ืช.
13:09
Acts of God." In this picture,
318
789260
3000
ืžืขืฉื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื." ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
13:12
five acts of God are as important as everything else.
319
792260
3000
ื—ืžื™ืฉื” "ืžืขืฉื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื" ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ.
13:15
In other words,
320
795260
2000
ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
13:17
it is not acts of God that we should put aside.
321
797260
2000
ื–ื” ืœื ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื“.
13:19
That is the meat, the problem.
322
799260
3000
ื–ื” ื”ื‘ืฉืจ, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
13:22
If you master these, you master price,
323
802260
3000
ืื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืœื”, ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื.
13:25
and if you don't master these, you can master
324
805260
2000
ื•ืื ืœื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืœื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜
13:27
the little noise as well as you can,
325
807260
2000
ื‘ืจืขืฉื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
13:29
but it's not important.
326
809260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
13:31
Well, here are the curves for it.
327
811260
2000
ืื–, ื”ื ื” ื”ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื”.
13:33
Now, I get to the final thing, which is the set
328
813260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืกื˜
13:35
of which my name is attached.
329
815260
2000
ืฉืืœื™ื• ืฉืžื™ ืงืฉื•ืจ.
13:37
In a way, it's the story of my life.
330
817260
2000
ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™.
13:39
My adolescence was spent
331
819260
2000
ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืขื‘ืจื”
13:41
during the German occupation of France.
332
821260
2000
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช.
13:43
Since I thought that I might
333
823260
3000
ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™
13:46
vanish within a day or a week,
334
826260
3000
ืืขืœื ืชื•ืš ื™ื•ื ืื• ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
13:49
I had very big dreams.
335
829260
3000
ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
13:52
And after the war,
336
832260
2000
ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”,
13:54
I saw an uncle again.
337
834260
2000
ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžื“ื•ื“ื™.
13:56
My uncle was a very prominent mathematician, and he told me,
338
836260
2000
ื“ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™,
13:58
"Look, there's a problem
339
838260
2000
"ืชืจืื”, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื”
14:00
which I could not solve 25 years ago,
340
840260
2000
ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ 25 ืฉื ื”,
14:02
and which nobody can solve.
341
842260
2000
ื•ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืชื•ืจ.
14:04
This is a construction of a man named [Gaston] Julia
342
844260
2000
ื–ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื [ื’ืกื˜ื•ืŸ] ื’'ื•ืœื™ื”
14:06
and [Pierre] Fatou.
343
846260
2000
ื•[ืคื™ื™ืจ] ืคืื˜ื•.
14:08
If you could
344
848260
2000
ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ
14:10
find something new, anything,
345
850260
2000
ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ, ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
14:12
you will get your career made."
346
852260
2000
ืชืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœืš."
14:14
Very simple.
347
854260
2000
ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
14:16
So I looked,
348
856260
2000
ืื– ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™,
14:18
and like the thousands of people that had tried before,
349
858260
2000
ื•ื›ืžื• ืืœืคื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœืคื ื™,
14:20
I found nothing.
350
860260
3000
ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ ื›ืœื•ื.
14:23
But then the computer came,
351
863260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘,
14:25
and I decided to apply the computer,
352
865260
2000
ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘,
14:27
not to new problems in mathematics --
353
867260
3000
ืœื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” --
14:30
like this wiggle wiggle, that's a new problem --
354
870260
2000
ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื™ืฉืงื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” --
14:32
but to old problems.
355
872260
2000
ืืœ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช.
14:34
And I went from what's called
356
874260
2000
ื•ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืžืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื
14:36
real numbers, which are points on a line,
357
876260
2000
ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืงื•,
14:38
to imaginary, complex numbers,
358
878260
2000
ืœืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืžืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
14:40
which are points on a plane,
359
880260
2000
ืฉื”ื ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ,
14:42
which is what one should do there,
360
882260
2000
ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื.
14:44
and this shape came out.
361
884260
2000
ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ืฆืื”.
14:46
This shape is of an extraordinary complication.
362
886260
3000
ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืš ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
14:49
The equation is hidden there,
363
889260
2000
ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื” ืฉื,
14:51
z goes into z squared, plus c.
364
891260
3000
Z ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืœ-Z ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข, ื•ืขื•ื“ C.
14:54
It's so simple, so dry.
365
894260
2000
ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ื‘ืฉ.
14:56
It's so uninteresting.
366
896260
2000
ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
14:58
Now you turn the crank once, twice:
367
898260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืคืขื, ืคืขืžื™ื™ื,
15:01
twice,
368
901260
3000
ืคืขืžื™ื™ื,
15:04
marvels come out.
369
904260
2000
ื•ืคืœื ื™ื•ืฆื.
15:06
I mean this comes out.
370
906260
2000
ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆื.
15:08
I don't want to explain these things.
371
908260
2000
ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
15:10
This comes out. This comes out.
372
910260
2000
ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆื. ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆื.
15:12
Shapes which are of such complication,
373
912260
2000
ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืขื ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
15:14
such harmony and such beauty.
374
914260
3000
ื›ื–ืืช ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื•ื›ื–ื” ื™ื•ืคื™.
15:17
This comes out
375
917260
2000
ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆื
15:19
repeatedly, again, again, again.
376
919260
2000
ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
15:21
And that was one of my major discoveries,
377
921260
2000
ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื™
15:23
to find that these islands were the same
378
923260
2000
ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื–ื”ื™ื
15:25
as the whole big thing, more or less.
379
925260
2000
ืœืฉืœื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:27
And then you get these
380
927260
2000
ื•ืื– ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช
15:29
extraordinary baroque decorations all over the place.
381
929260
3000
ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืง ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
15:32
All that from this little formula,
382
932260
3000
ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
15:35
which has whatever, five symbols in it.
383
935260
3000
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืื•ืœื™, ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”.
15:38
And then this one.
384
938260
2000
ื•ืื– ื–ื•.
15:40
The color was added for two reasons.
385
940260
2000
ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
15:42
First of all, because these shapes
386
942260
2000
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
15:44
are so complicated
387
944260
3000
ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช,
15:47
that one couldn't make any sense of the numbers.
388
947260
3000
ืฉืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
15:50
And if you plot them, you must choose some system.
389
950260
3000
ื•ืื ืžืฉืจื˜ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื˜ื”.
15:53
And so my principle has been
390
953260
2000
ืื– ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื”
15:55
to always present the shapes
391
955260
3000
ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช
15:58
with different colorings
392
958260
2000
ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
16:00
because some colorings emphasize that,
393
960260
2000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
16:02
and others it is that or that.
394
962260
2000
ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืื• ืืช ื–ื”.
16:04
It's so complicated.
395
964260
2000
ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
16:06
(Laughter)
396
966260
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:08
In 1990, I was in Cambridge, U.K.
397
968260
2000
ื‘1990, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’' ืื ื’ืœื™ื”.
16:10
to receive a prize from the university,
398
970260
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคืจืก ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”.
16:13
and three days later,
399
973260
2000
ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื,
16:15
a pilot was flying over the landscape and found this thing.
400
975260
3000
ื˜ื™ื™ืก ื˜ืก ืžืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื•ืžืฆื ืืช ื–ื”.
16:18
So where did this come from?
401
978260
2000
ืื– ืžืื™ืคื” ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข?
16:20
Obviously, from extraterrestrials.
402
980260
2000
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื.
16:22
(Laughter)
403
982260
3000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:25
Well, so the newspaper in Cambridge
404
985260
2000
ืื– ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'
16:27
published an article about that "discovery"
405
987260
2000
ืคืจืกื ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”"ืชื’ืœื™ืช"
16:29
and received the next day
406
989260
2000
ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืœืžื—ืจืช
16:31
5,000 letters from people saying,
407
991260
2000
5000 ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืžืจื•,
16:33
"But that's simply a Mandelbrot set very big."
408
993260
3000
"ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืจื•ื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืื•ื“."
16:37
Well, let me finish.
409
997260
2000
ืื–, ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื.
16:39
This shape here just came
410
999260
2000
ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืคืฉื•ื˜
16:41
out of an exercise in pure mathematics.
411
1001260
2000
ืžืชื•ืš ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”.
16:43
Bottomless wonders spring from simple rules,
412
1003260
3000
ืคืœืื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื,
16:46
which are repeated without end.
413
1006260
3000
ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืœืœื ืกื•ืฃ.
16:49
Thank you very much.
414
1009260
2000
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
16:51
(Applause)
415
1011260
11000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7