Benoit Mandelbrot: Fractals and the art of roughness

463,435 views ・ 2010-07-06

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Taeho Kim κ²€ν† : Jonghoon JANG
00:15
Thank you very much.
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λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
Please excuse me for sitting; I'm very old.
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μ’€ 앉도둝 ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ œκ°€ λ‚˜μ΄κ°€ μ’€ λ“€μ–΄μ„œμš”.
00:20
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
00:22
Well, the topic I'm going to discuss
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였늘 μ œκ°€ μ–˜κΈ°ν•  μ£Όμ œλŠ”
00:24
is one which is, in a certain sense, very peculiar
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μ•„μ£Ό μ˜€λž˜λ˜μ–΄ μ–΄λ–€ μ˜λ―Έμ—μ„œλŠ”
00:27
because it's very old.
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맀우 이상할 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
Roughness is part of human life
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κ±°μΉ λ‹€λŠ” 것은 μΈκ°„μ˜ μ‚Άκ³Ό 떼어놓을 수 μ—†λŠ”
00:32
forever and forever,
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μΈκ°„μ˜ μ‚Άμ˜ μΌλΆ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:34
and ancient authors have written about it.
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κ³ λŒ€μ˜ μž‘κ°€λ“€λ„ 그것에 λŒ€ν•΄ μΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
It was very much uncontrollable,
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그것은 λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ κ±·μž‘μ„ 수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
and in a certain sense,
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그리고 μ–΄λ–€ μ˜λ―Έμ—μ„œ
00:41
it seemed to be the extreme of complexity,
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그것은 λ³΅μž‘μ„±μ˜ κ·Ήν•œμœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ˜€κ³ 
00:44
just a mess, a mess and a mess.
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κ·Έμ € 엉망, 엉망, μ—‰λ§μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
There are many different kinds of mess.
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엉망에도 μ’…λ₯˜κ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
Now, in fact,
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이제, 사싀은
00:50
by a complete fluke,
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μ „μ μœΌλ‘œ μš”ν–‰μ— μ˜ν•΄μ„œ
00:52
I got involved many years ago
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μ €λŠ” 였래 전에 이런 μœ ν˜•μ˜ λ³΅μž‘μ„± 연ꡬ에
00:55
in a study of this form of complexity,
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μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
and to my utter amazement,
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그리고 μ €λŠ” μˆœμ „νžˆ λ†€λΌμ›€λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œ
01:00
I found traces --
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κ·Έ 거칠은 μ†μ—μ„œ μ§ˆμ„œμ˜ 흔적을 μ°Ύμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:02
very strong traces, I must say --
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거칠기의 κ·œμΉ™μ— κ΄€ν•œ
01:04
of order in that roughness.
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μ•„μ£Ό κ°•ν•œ ν”μ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
And so today, I would like to present to you
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 였늘 μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€κ»˜
01:09
a few examples
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이것이 μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” λ°”λ₯Ό
01:11
of what this represents.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ„€λͺ… λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:13
I prefer the word roughness
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μ €λŠ” λΆˆκ·œμΉ™μ΄λΌλŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
01:15
to the word irregularity
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κ±°μΉ κΈ°λΌλŠ” 단어λ₯Ό μ„ ν˜Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
because irregularity --
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λΆˆκ·œμΉ™μ€
01:19
to someone who had Latin
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μ•„μ£Ό μ˜€λž˜μ „ μ œκ°€ 어릴 λ•Œ
01:21
in my long-past youth --
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라틴어λ₯Ό 배운 λΆ„λ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ”
01:23
means the contrary of regularity.
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κ·œμΉ™μ˜ λ°˜λŒ€λ₯Ό μ˜λ―Έν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
But it is not so.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 그것은 그렇지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
Regularity is the contrary of roughness
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μ„Έκ³„μ˜ 기본적인 양상은 ꡉμž₯히
01:30
because the basic aspect of the world
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κ±°μΉ κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
01:32
is very rough.
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κ·œμΉ™μ„±μ€ 거칠기의 λ°˜λŒ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
So let me show you a few objects.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ μ œκ°€ λͺ‡ 가지 사물을 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
Some of them are artificial.
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μΌλΆ€λŠ” 인곡의 μ‚¬λ¬Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
Others of them are very real, in a certain sense.
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λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€λŠ” ν•œνŽΈμœΌλ‘œλŠ” 정말 μ§„μ§œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
Now this is the real. It's a cauliflower.
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자 이것은 μ§„μ§œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ»¬λ¦¬ν”ŒλΌμ›Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:45
Now why do I show a cauliflower,
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μ•„μ£Ό ν‰λ²”ν•˜κ³  였래된 야채인
01:48
a very ordinary and ancient vegetable?
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μ»¬λ¦¬ν”ŒλΌμ›Œλ₯Ό μ™œ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ Έμ„κΉŒμš”?
01:51
Because old and ancient as it may be,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 였래된 μ˜›λ‚ μ˜ κ²ƒμ΄μ§€λ§Œ
01:54
it's very complicated and it's very simple,
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그것은 λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ λ³΅μž‘ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
01:57
both at the same time.
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λ™μ‹œμ— λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ λ‹¨μˆœν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
If you try to weigh it -- of course it's very easy to weigh it,
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무게λ₯Ό μž¬λŠ” 것은 λ¬Όλ‘  정말 μ‰½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
and when you eat it, the weight matters --
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그리고 λ“œμ‹€ λ•Œ, λ¬΄κ²ŒλŠ” μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
but suppose you try to
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ ν‘œλ©΄μ„ μΈ‘μ •ν•œλ‹€κ³ 
02:08
measure its surface.
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생각해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
02:10
Well, it's very interesting.
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이것은 ꡉμž₯히 ν₯λ―Έλ‘­μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
If you cut, with a sharp knife,
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μ»¬λ¦¬ν”ŒλΌμ›Œμ˜ 꽃 뢀뢄을
02:15
one of the florets of a cauliflower
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λ‚ μΉ΄λ‘œμš΄ 칼둜 μž˜λΌμ„œ
02:17
and look at it separately,
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λ”°λ‘œ 보면
02:19
you think of a whole cauliflower, but smaller.
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μž‘μ€ μ»¬λ¦¬ν”ŒλΌμ›Œλ‘œ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
And then you cut again,
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그리고 또 λ‹€μ‹œ,
02:24
again, again, again, again, again, again, again, again,
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또, 또, 또, 또, 또, 또, 또, 또 자λ₯Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
and you still get small cauliflowers.
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κ·Έλž˜λ„ μž‘μ€ μ»¬λ¦¬ν”ŒλΌμ›Œλ₯Ό μ–»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
So the experience of humanity
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κ²°κ΅­ 인간은 이와 같이
02:31
has always been that there are some shapes
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νŠΉμ΄ν•œ 속성에 μ˜ν•΄
02:34
which have this peculiar property,
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뢀뢄이 크기만 μž‘μ€
02:36
that each part is like the whole,
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전체λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό
02:39
but smaller.
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항상 κ²½ν—˜ν•΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
Now, what did humanity do with that?
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자, 인간이 κ·Έκ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 무엇을 ν–ˆλ‚˜μš”?
02:44
Very, very little.
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그닀지.
02:47
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
02:50
So what I did actually is to
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 문제λ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆκ³ ,
02:53
study this problem,
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μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ λ†€λΌμš΄ 것을
02:56
and I found something quite surprising.
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λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
That one can measure roughness
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그것은 κ±°μΉ κΈ°λ₯Ό 숫자둜,
03:02
by a number, a number,
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2.3, 1.2 λ˜λŠ” 훨씬 더 많이
03:05
2.3, 1.2 and sometimes much more.
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μΈ‘μ •ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:08
One day, a friend of mine,
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ν•˜λ£¨λŠ” μΉœκ΅¬κ°€ μ €λ₯Ό
03:10
to bug me,
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괴둭히기 μœ„ν•΄ 사진 ν•œ μž₯을
03:12
brought a picture and said,
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λ“€κ³  μ™€μ„œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:14
"What is the roughness of this curve?"
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"이 κ³‘μ„ μ˜ κ±°μΉ κΈ°λŠ” μ–Όλ§ˆμ•Ό?"
03:16
I said, "Well, just short of 1.5."
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μ €λŠ”, "음, 1.5 쑰금 λͺ» λ―ΈμΉ  λ“―."
03:19
It was 1.48.
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그것은 1.48 μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
Now, it didn't take me any time.
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μ΄μ œλŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 걸리지도 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
I've been looking at these things for so long.
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μ €λŠ” 이런 것듀을 λ„ˆλ¬΄ 많이 봐 μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
So these numbers are the numbers
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κ²°κ΅­ 이런 μˆ«μžλ“€μ€ 이런 ν‘œλ©΄μ˜
03:27
which denote the roughness of these surfaces.
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κ±°μΉ κΈ°λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” μˆ«μžλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:30
I hasten to say that these surfaces
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ν‘œλ©΄μ€
03:32
are completely artificial.
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μ™„μ „νžˆ μΈμœ„μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
They were done on a computer,
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μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λ‘œ κ·Έλ¦° κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
and the only input is a number,
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그리고 μœ μΌν•œ μž…λ ₯은 μˆ«μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
and that number is roughness.
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κ·Έ μˆ«μžκ°€ κ±°μΉ κΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:41
So on the left,
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μ™Όμͺ½μ—, μ œκ°€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν’κ²½μ—μ„œ
03:43
I took the roughness copied from many landscapes.
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λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” κ±°μΉ κΈ°λ₯Ό λ³΅μ‚¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
To the right, I took a higher roughness.
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κ·Έ 였λ₯Έμͺ½μ—, 더 높은 κ±°μΉ κΈ°λ₯Ό.
03:49
So the eye, after a while,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μž μ‹œλ§Œ 보면
03:51
can distinguish these two very well.
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눈으둜 이 λ‘˜μ„ ꡬ뢄할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
Humanity had to learn about measuring roughness.
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인간은 κ±°μΉ κΈ° 츑정에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ°°μ›Œμ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
This is very rough, and this is sort of smooth, and this perfectly smooth.
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이것은 μ•„μ£Ό κ±°μΉ κ³ , 이것은 μ•½κ°„ λ§€λ„λŸ½κ³ , 이것은 μ™„λ²½ν•˜κ²Œ λ§€λ„λŸ½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
Very few things are very smooth.
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극히 μΌλΆ€λ§Œ μ•„μ£Ό λ§€λ„λŸ½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:03
So then if you try to ask questions:
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그러면 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 물을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€:
04:06
"What's the surface of a cauliflower?"
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μ»¬λ¦¬ν”ŒλΌμ›Œμ˜ ν‘œλ©΄μ€ 무엇인가?
04:08
Well, you measure and measure and measure.
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음, 당신은 μΈ‘μ •ν•˜κ³  μΈ‘μ •ν•˜κ³  또 μΈ‘μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
Each time you're closer, it gets bigger,
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맀번 κ·Όμ ‘ν•΄ 갈수둝 κ·Έ 값은 더 컀지고,
04:14
down to very, very small distances.
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μ•„μ£Ό, μ•„μ£Ό 짧은 κ±°λ¦¬κΉŒμ§€ κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
What's the length of the coastline
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 호수의 ν•΄μ•ˆμ„ μ˜
04:18
of these lakes?
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κΈΈμ΄λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ κΉŒμš”?
04:20
The closer you measure, the longer it is.
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κ°€κΉŒμ΄μ„œ μΈ‘μ •ν• μˆ˜λ‘ 더 κΈΈμ–΄ μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
The concept of length of coastline,
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ν•΄μ•ˆμ„ μ˜ κΈΈμ΄λΌλŠ” κ°œλ…μ€
04:25
which seems to be so natural
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λ§Žμ€ κ²½μš°μ— κΈ°μ •μ‚¬μ‹€λ‘œ 여겨
04:27
because it's given in many cases,
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λ„ˆλ¬΄ μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ¬μ›Œ λ³΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ 사싀은
04:29
is, in fact, complete fallacy; there's no such thing.
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μ™„μ „νžˆ κ·Έλ¦‡λœ μƒκ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그런 것은 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
You must do it differently.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
What good is that, to know these things?
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이런 것을 μ•Œμ•„μ„œ 무슨 μ†Œμš©μ΄ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
04:37
Well, surprisingly enough,
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음, λœ»λ°–μ—λ„ λ§Žμ€ κ²½μš°μ—
04:39
it's good in many ways.
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μ†Œμš©μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
To begin with, artificial landscapes,
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μ–΄λŠ 정도 μ œκ°€ λ§Œλ“€κ³ 
04:43
which I invented sort of,
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μ˜ν™”κ΄€μ—μ„œ 항상 μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ”
04:45
are used in cinema all the time.
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인곡 풍경을 예둜 λ“€μˆ˜ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
We see mountains in the distance.
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λ¨Ό 곳에 μžˆλŠ” 산듀을 λ³Έλ‹€κ³  ν•©μ‹œλ‹€.
04:50
They may be mountains, but they may be just formulae, just cranked on.
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μ§„μ§œ 산일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ, 곡식에 μ˜ν•œ κ²°κ³ΌμΌμˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:53
Now it's very easy to do.
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자 이것은 ꡉμž₯히 ν•˜κΈ° μ‰½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:55
It used to be very time-consuming, but now it's nothing.
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μ˜ˆμ „μ—λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 많이 κ±Έλ Έμ§€λ§Œ μ΄μ œλŠ” 아무것도 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
Now look at that. That's a real lung.
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저것을 λ³΄μ„Έμš”. μ§„μ§œ νμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:01
Now a lung is something very strange.
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νλΌλŠ” 것은 정말 μ΄μƒν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:03
If you take this thing,
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λ§Œμ•½ 이것을 μΈ‘μ •ν•΄λ³Έλ‹€λ©΄
05:05
you know very well it weighs very little.
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ꡉμž₯히 κ°€λ³λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:08
The volume of a lung is very small,
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폐의 λΆ€ν”ΌλŠ” ꡉμž₯히 μž‘μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:10
but what about the area of the lung?
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 폐의 면적은 μ–΄λ–»μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
05:13
Anatomists were arguing very much about that.
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ν•΄λΆ€ν•™μžλ“€μ€ 그것을 놓고 λ§Žμ€ λ…ΌμŸμ„ λ²Œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:16
Some say that a normal male's lung
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μ–΄λ–€ μ΄λŠ” 보톡 λ‚¨μž μ„±μΈμ˜ 폐가
05:19
has an area of the inside
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농ꡬ곡 λ‚΄λΆ€ 면적과
05:21
of a basketball [court].
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κ°™λ‹€κ³  μ–˜κΈ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:23
And the others say, no, five basketball [courts].
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€, μ•„λ‹ˆλ‹€. 농ꡬ곡 λ‹€μ„― 개.
05:27
Enormous disagreements.
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ°¨μ΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:29
Why so? Because, in fact, the area of the lung
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μ™œ κ·ΈλŸ΄κΉŒμš”? 폐의 λ©΄μ μ΄λΌλŠ” 것이
05:32
is something very ill-defined.
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ꡉμž₯히 λΆˆλΆ„λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:35
The bronchi branch, branch, branch
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기관지가 κ°€μ§€μΉ˜κ³ , κ°€μ§€μΉ˜κ³ , κ°€μ§€μΉ˜κ³ .
05:38
and they stop branching,
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그리고 κ°€μ§€μΉ˜λŠ” 것이
05:41
not because of any matter of principle,
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μ–΄λ–€ 원칙 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
05:44
but because of physical considerations:
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폐 μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” μ μ•‘μ˜
05:47
the mucus, which is in the lung.
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물리적인 이유둜 멈μΆ₯λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:50
So what happens is that in a way
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λ”°λΌμ„œ 그것은 훨씬 더 큰
05:52
you have a much bigger lung,
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폐λ₯Ό κ°–κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” 이유이고,
05:54
but it branches and branches
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그것이 κ°€μ§€μΉ˜κ³ , κ°€μ§€μΉ˜λ©΄ κ²°κ΅­
05:56
down to distances about the same for a whale, for a man
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κ³ λž˜λ‚˜ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λ‚˜ μ„€μΉ˜λ₯˜λ‚˜
05:59
and for a little rodent.
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λŒ€λž΅ 같은 κΈΈμ΄μ—μ„œ 멈μΆ₯λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:02
Now, what good is it to have that?
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그럼 그것을 μ•Œμ•„μ„œ 뭐가 μ’‹μ„κΉŒμš”?
06:05
Well, surprisingly enough, amazingly enough,
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자, μ˜μ™Έλ‘œ, ꡉμž₯히 λ†€λžκ²Œλ„,
06:07
the anatomists had a very poor idea
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ν•΄λΆ€ν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ•„μ£Ό μ΅œκ·ΌκΉŒμ§€λ„ 폐의 ꡬ쑰에 λŒ€ν•΄
06:10
of the structure of the lung until very recently.
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정말 ν˜•νŽΈμ—†λŠ” 생각을 κ°–κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:13
And I think that my mathematics,
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그리고 μ €λŠ”
06:15
surprisingly enough,
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κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ  ꡬ쑰가 μ—†λŠ”
06:17
has been of great help
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κ°€μ§€μΉ˜κΈ° 체계λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έ
06:19
to the surgeons
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제 μˆ˜ν•™μ΄ 정말 λ†€λžκ²Œλ„
06:21
studying lung illnesses
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νμ§ˆν™˜κ³Ό μ‹ μž₯μ§ˆν™˜μ„
06:23
and also kidney illnesses,
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μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ”
06:25
all these branching systems,
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μ™Έκ³Ό μ „λ¬Έμ˜λ“€μ—κ²Œ
06:27
for which there was no geometry.
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λ§Žμ€ 도움을 μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:30
So I found myself, in other words,
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κ²°κ΅­ μ €λŠ”
06:32
constructing a geometry,
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κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ  ꡬ쑰가 μ—†λŠ” κ²ƒλ“€μ˜
06:34
a geometry of things which had no geometry.
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κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ  ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:37
And a surprising aspect of it
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그리고 μ΄κ²ƒμ˜ λ†€λΌμš΄ 점은
06:39
is that very often, the rules of this geometry
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거의 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ  κ·œμΉ™μ΄
06:42
are extremely short.
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ꡉμž₯히 μ§§λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:44
You have formulas that long.
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μ € 정도 길이의 κ·œμΉ™μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:46
And you crank it several times.
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그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬ 번 μ‹€ν–‰ν•΄ λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:48
Sometimes repeatedly: again, again, again,
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λ•Œλ•Œλ‘œ 반볡적으둜, λ‹€μ‹œ, λ‹€μ‹œ, λ‹€μ‹œ.
06:50
the same repetition.
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같은 λ°˜λ³΅μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:52
And at the end, you get things like that.
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μ—” 이와 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 것을 μ–»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:54
This cloud is completely,
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이 ꡬ름은 100%
06:56
100 percent artificial.
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μ™„μ „νžˆ μΈκ³΅μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:59
Well, 99.9.
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음, 99.9.
07:01
And the only part which is natural
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κ΅¬λ¦„μ˜ 거칠기인 μˆ«μžλŠ”
07:03
is a number, the roughness of the cloud,
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μžμ—°μ—μ„œ μ–»μ–΄ μœ μΌν•˜κ²Œ
07:05
which is taken from nature.
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μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ λΆ€λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:07
Something so complicated like a cloud,
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ꡬ름과 같이 μ•„μ£Ό λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ³ ,
07:09
so unstable, so varying,
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λΆˆμ•ˆμ •ν•˜λ©°, λ„ˆλ¬΄λ„ λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
07:11
should have a simple rule behind it.
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μ–΄λ–€ 것도 κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ κ·œμΉ™μ΄ μˆ¨μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:14
Now this simple rule
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이 κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ κ·œμΉ™μ΄ ꡬ름을
07:17
is not an explanation of clouds.
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μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:20
The seer of clouds had to
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ꡬ름을 λ³΄λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄
07:22
take account of it.
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이λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν–ˆμ–΄μ•Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:24
I don't know how much advanced
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μ €λŠ” 이 였래된 그림듀이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜
07:27
these pictures are. They're old.
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μ§„λ³΄λœ 것인지 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:29
I was very much involved in it,
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이것에 많이 κ΄€μ—¬λŠ” ν–ˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
07:31
but then turned my attention to other phenomena.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜„μƒμ— 관심을 돌리게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:34
Now, here is another thing
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자, μ—¬κΈ°
07:36
which is rather interesting.
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μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ ν₯미둜운 것이 또 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:39
One of the shattering events
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μˆ˜ν•™μ˜ μ—­μ‚¬μ—μ„œ
07:41
in the history of mathematics,
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μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ 좩격적이고
07:43
which is not appreciated by many people,
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λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 진가λ₯Ό μ œλŒ€λ‘œ λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ”
07:46
occurred about 130 years ago,
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130λ…„ μ „μ―€, 145λ…„ μ „μ―€
07:48
145 years ago.
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μΌμ–΄λ‚œ μ‚¬κ±΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
Mathematicians began to create
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μˆ˜ν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜
07:52
shapes that didn't exist.
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λͺ¨μ–‘듀을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:54
Mathematicians got into self-praise
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μžμ—°μ΄ λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” 것을 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄
07:57
to an extent which was absolutely amazing,
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발λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ”
07:59
that man can invent things
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λ†€λΌμš΄ 사싀에
08:01
that nature did not know.
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μˆ˜ν•™μžλ“€μ€ μžν™”μžμ°¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:03
In particular, it could invent
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특히, 그런 방식을 μ΄μš©ν•΄ 면을 μ±„μš°λŠ” 곑선
08:05
things like a curve which fills the plane.
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같은 것을 발λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:08
A curve's a curve, a plane's a plane,
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곑선은 곑선이고, 면은 면이지
08:10
and the two won't mix.
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λ‘˜μ€ μ„žμ΄μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:12
Well, they do mix.
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μ•„λ‹ˆ κ·Έ λ‘˜μ€ μ„žμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:14
A man named Peano
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νŽ˜μ•„λ…ΈλΌλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄
08:16
did define such curves,
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그런 곑선을 μ •μ˜ν–ˆκ³ 
08:18
and it became an object of extraordinary interest.
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λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ ν₯미둜운 것이 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:21
It was very important, but mostly interesting
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그것은 ꡉμž₯히 μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ³ 
08:24
because a kind of break,
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ν˜„μ‹€λ‘œλΆ€ν„°μ˜ μˆ˜ν•™κ³Ό
08:26
a separation between
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μˆœμ „νžˆ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 생각에 μ˜ν•œ
08:28
the mathematics coming from reality, on the one hand,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μˆ˜ν•™μ„ λΆ„λ¦¬ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ
08:31
and new mathematics coming from pure man's mind.
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μ•„μ£Ό ν₯λ―Έλ‘­μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:34
Well, I was very sorry to point out
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μΈκ°„μ˜ μˆœμˆ˜ν•œ 지성이
08:37
that the pure man's mind
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μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ λ³΄μ•„μ™”λ˜ 것을
08:39
has, in fact,
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μ΄μ œμ„œμ•Ό μ œλŒ€λ‘œ
08:41
seen at long last
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보게 λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 점을
08:43
what had been seen for a long time.
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μ§€μ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:45
And so here I introduce something,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ 면을 μ±„μš°λŠ” κ³‘μ„ μ˜
08:47
the set of rivers of a plane-filling curve.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ 집합에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ†Œκ°œν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:50
And well,
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그리고,
08:52
it's a story unto itself.
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κ·Έ 자체의 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:54
So it was in 1875 to 1925,
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λ•ŒλŠ” 1875λ…„λΆ€ν„° 1925λ…„,
08:57
an extraordinary period
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μˆ˜ν•™μ΄ 슀슀둜 μ„ΈμƒμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°
08:59
in which mathematics prepared itself to break out from the world.
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λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ€€λΉ„ν•œ λ†€λΌμš΄ μ‹œκΈ°μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:02
And the objects which were used
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ œκ°€ 어릴 λ•Œ,
09:04
as examples, when I was
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그리고 학생 λ•Œ
09:06
a child and a student, as examples
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μˆ˜ν•™κ³Ό ν˜„μ‹€μ„
09:08
of the break between mathematics
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λΆ„λ¦¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
09:11
and visible reality --
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μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ˜ 것듀을
09:13
those objects,
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μ €λŠ” μ™„μ „νžˆ
09:15
I turned them completely around.
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λ’€λ°”κΏ”λ†¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:17
I used them for describing
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μ €λŠ” 그것듀을 μžμ—°μ˜ 일뢀 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ
09:19
some of the aspects of the complexity of nature.
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츑면을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:22
Well, a man named Hausdorff in 1919
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1919년에 ν•˜μš°μŠ€λ„λ₯΄ν”„λΌλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 수λ₯Ό
09:25
introduced a number which was just a mathematical joke,
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μ†Œκ°œν–ˆλŠ”λ° 그것은 수리적인 μž₯λ‚œμ— λΆˆκ³Όν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:28
and I found that this number
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €λŠ” 이 μˆ˜κ°€ κ±°μΉ κΈ°λ₯Ό μΈ‘μ •ν•˜κΈ°μ—
09:30
was a good measurement of roughness.
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μ’‹λ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:32
When I first told it to my friends in mathematics
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μ œκ°€ μ²˜μŒμ— μˆ˜ν•™κ³Ό μΉœκ΅¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜μž, μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ‹΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:34
they said, "Don't be silly. It's just something [silly]."
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"바보 같은 μ†Œλ¦¬ ν•˜μ§€λ§ˆ. 그것은 κ·Έλƒ₯ 바보 같은 짓이야."
09:37
Well actually, I was not silly.
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사싀, μ €λŠ” 바보가 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:40
The great painter Hokusai knew it very well.
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μœ„λŒ€ν•œ ν™”κ°€ ν˜ΈμΏ μ‚¬μ΄λŠ” 그것을 잘 μ•Œμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:43
The things on the ground are algae.
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λ°”λ‹₯에 μžˆλŠ” 것은 μ‘°λ₯˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:45
He did not know the mathematics; it didn't yet exist.
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κ·ΈλŠ” μˆ˜ν•™μ„ λͺ°λžκ³  그땐 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€λ„ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:48
And he was Japanese who had no contact with the West.
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그리고 κ·ΈλŠ” 일본인으둜 μ„œμ–‘κ³Ό ꡐλ₯˜κ°€ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:51
But painting for a long time had a fractal side.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 였랜 μ‹œκ°„ 그림을 κ·Έλ € ν”„λž™νƒˆμ μΈ 양상을 λ μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:54
I could speak of that for a long time.
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μ €λŠ” 그것에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ 이야기할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:56
The Eiffel Tower has a fractal aspect.
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μ—νŽ νƒ‘λ„ ν”„λž™νƒˆμ μΈ 양상을 λ±λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:59
I read the book that Mr. Eiffel wrote about his tower,
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μ €λŠ” μ—νŽ  선생이 μžμ‹ μ˜ 탑에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ“΄ 책을 μ½μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:02
and indeed it was astonishing how much he understood.
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그의 μ΄ν•΄λŠ” 맀우 λ†€λΌμš΄ μˆ˜μ€€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:05
This is a mess, mess, mess, Brownian loop.
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이것은 엉망, 엉망, 엉망, 브라운 λ£¨ν”„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:08
One day I decided --
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제 μΈμƒμ˜ μ€‘κ°„μ―€μ—μ„œ μ œκ°€
10:10
halfway through my career,
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제 일의 λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ§Žμ€ 뢀뢄에 μ§‘μ°©ν•΄μ„œ,
10:12
I was held by so many things in my work --
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ν•˜λ£¨λŠ” 제 슀슀둜λ₯Ό
10:15
I decided to test myself.
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μ‹œν—˜ν•΄ 보기둜 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:18
Could I just look at something
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λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ
10:20
which everybody had been looking at for a long time
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μ°Ύμ•„μ™”λ˜ 것을 μ œκ°€ κ·Έλƒ₯ λ΄μ„œ
10:23
and find something dramatically new?
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μ „ν˜€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 것을 발견 ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
10:26
Well, so I looked at these
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” 브라운 μš΄λ™μ΄λΌ λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ”
10:29
things called Brownian motion -- just goes around.
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λΆˆκ·œμΉ™ν•œ μš΄λ™μ„ μ³λ‹€λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:32
I played with it for a while,
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μ €λŠ” 이것을 κ°–κ³  잠깐 놀닀가
10:34
and I made it return to the origin.
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μ›μ μœΌλ‘œ λ˜λŒλ €λ†¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:37
Then I was telling my assistant,
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그리고 μ‘°κ΅μ—κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:39
"I don't see anything. Can you paint it?"
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"λ‚˜λŠ” 아무것도 μ•ˆ λ³΄μ΄λŠ”λ°, 이것을 그렀쀄 수 μžˆλ‹ˆ?"
10:41
So he painted it, which means
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·ΈλŠ” 그것을 κ·Έλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ‹€μ‹œ λ§ν•΄μ„œ,
10:43
he put inside everything. He said:
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λͺ¨λ“  것을 λ„£κ³  κ·Έκ°€ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:45
"Well, this thing came out ..." And I said, "Stop! Stop! Stop!
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"μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€..." 그리고 μ œκ°€ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:48
I see; it's an island."
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"멈좰! 멈좰! 멈좰! 보인닀. 그것은 섬이야."
10:51
And amazing.
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그리고 λ†€λΌμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:53
So Brownian motion, which happens to have
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κ²°κ΅­ 브라운 μš΄λ™μ€
10:55
a roughness number of two, goes around.
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κ±°μΉ κΈ° μˆ˜κ°€ 2인 λΆˆκ·œμΉ™ μš΄λ™μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:58
I measured it, 1.33.
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μ €λŠ” 그것을 μΈ‘μ •ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 1.33
11:00
Again, again, again.
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λ‹€μ‹œ, λ‹€μ‹œ, λ‹€μ‹œ
11:02
Long measurements, big Brownian motions,
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였랜 μΈ‘μ •, 큰 브라운 μš΄λ™,
11:04
1.33.
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1.33.
11:06
Mathematical problem: how to prove it?
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μˆ˜ν•™μ  문제: μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 증λͺ…ν•˜μ£ ?
11:09
It took my friends 20 years.
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제 μΉœκ΅¬λ“€μ€ 20년이 κ±Έλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:12
Three of them were having incomplete proofs.
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κ·Έ 쀑에 셋은 λ―Έμ™„μ„± 증λͺ…μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:15
They got together, and together they had the proof.
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그듀은 ν•¨κ»˜, λͺ¨μ—¬μ„œ 증λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:19
So they got the big [Fields] medal in mathematics,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 그듀은 μˆ˜ν•™ λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ μœ„λŒ€ν•œ 상[ν•„μ¦ˆμƒ]을 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:22
one of the three medals that people have received
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μ…‹ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 메달은
11:24
for proving things which I've seen
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μ œκ°€ 관찰은 ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ 증λͺ…ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ 것을
11:27
without being able to prove them.
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증λͺ…ν•œ μ—…μ μœΌλ‘œ μˆ˜μ—¬λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:30
Now everybody asks me at one point or another,
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이제 λͺ¨λ“  뢄듀이 ν•œ μ‹œμ μ—μ„œ λ˜λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹œμ μ— μ €ν•œν…Œ λ¬»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:33
"How did it all start?
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"이 λͺ¨λ“  것이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
11:35
What got you in that strange business?"
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μ΄μƒν•œ 것에 λΉ μ§€μ…¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?"
11:38
What got you to be,
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무엇이 μ €λ₯Ό λ™μ‹œμ—
11:40
at the same time, a mechanical engineer,
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기계 κ³΅ν•™μžμ΄λ©° μ§€λ¦¬ν•™μžμ΄λ©°
11:42
a geographer
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μˆ˜ν•™μžμ΄λ©° λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μž
11:44
and a mathematician and so on, a physicist?
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λ“±μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
11:46
Well actually I started, oddly enough,
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사싀 μ €λŠ” 주식 μ‹œμž₯ 가격을 κ³΅λΆ€ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
11:49
studying stock market prices.
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ꡉμž₯히 νŠΉμ΄ν•˜κ²Œ μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:51
And so here
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ”
11:53
I had this theory,
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제 이둠이 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
11:56
and I wrote books about it --
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κ·Έκ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 책듀을 μΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:58
financial prices increments.
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금육의 λ¬Όκ°€ μƒμŠΉ.
12:00
To the left you see data over a long period.
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μ’ŒμΈ‘μ— 였랜 κΈ°κ°„μ˜ 정보가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:02
To the right, on top,
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였λ₯Έμͺ½ μœ„μ— μ•„μ£Ό, μ•„μ£Ό
12:04
you see a theory which is very, very fashionable.
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μ„Έλ ¨λœ 이둠을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:07
It was very easy, and you can write many books very fast about it.
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그것은 μ•„μ£Ό 쉬웠고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ„ 그에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ§Žμ€ 책을 금방 μ“Έ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:10
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
12:12
There are thousands of books on that.
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그것에 λŒ€ν•΄ 수천 κ°€μ§€μ˜ 책듀이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:15
Now compare that with real price increments.
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그럼 그것과 μ‹€μ œ λ¬Όκ°€ μƒμŠΉμ„ 비ꡐ해 보면
12:18
Where are real price increments?
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μ‹€μ œ λ¬Όκ°€ μƒμŠΉμ€ μ–΄λ”” μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
12:20
Well, these other lines
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음, μ—¬κΈ° λ‹€λ₯Έ 선듀이
12:22
include some real price increments
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일뢀 μ‹€μ œ λ¬Όκ°€ μƒμŠΉκ³Ό
12:24
and some forgery which I did.
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μ €μ˜ μ‘°μž‘μ„ μ•½κ°„ ν¬ν•¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:26
So the idea there was
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κ²°κ΅­ λͺ©μ μ€ λˆ„κ΅¬λ“ ,
12:28
that one must be able to -- how do you say? --
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ–˜κΈ° ν• κΉŒμš”?, λ¬Όκ°€ 변동을
12:30
model price variation.
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λͺ¨ν˜•ν™” ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:33
And it went really well 50 years ago.
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그리고 그것은 50λ…„ 전에 μ•„μ£Ό 잘 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:36
For 50 years, people were sort of pooh-poohing me
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50λ…„κ°„ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 훨씬 μ‰½κ²Œ ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
12:39
because they could do it much, much easier.
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μ €μ—κ²Œ 콧방귀λ₯Ό λ€Œμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:41
But I tell you, at this point, people listened to me.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이제 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ •λ§λ‘œ μ €μ—κ²Œ κ·€ κΈ°μšΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:44
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
12:46
These two curves are averages:
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이 두 곑선은 ν‰κ· μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:48
Standard & Poor, the blue one;
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νŒŒλž€ 선은 S&P.
12:50
and the red one is Standard & Poor's
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그리고 λΉ¨κ°„ 선은 S&Pμ—μ„œ
12:52
from which the five biggest discontinuities
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κ°€μž₯ 큰 λ‹€μ„― 개의 λΆˆμ—°μ†μ„
12:55
are taken out.
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λΊ€ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:57
Now discontinuities are a nuisance,
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λΆˆμ—°μ†μ€ κ³¨μΉ«κ±°λ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:59
so in many studies of prices,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ¬Όκ°€ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ
13:02
one puts them aside.
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그것듀을 μ œμ³λ†“μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:04
"Well, acts of God.
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"κΈ€μŽ„, λΆˆκ°€ν•­λ ₯.
13:06
And you have the little nonsense which is left.
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그리고 μ•½κ°„ ν—ˆνŠΌμ†Œλ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:09
Acts of God." In this picture,
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λΆˆκ°€ν•­λ ₯." 이 μ‚¬μ§„μ—μ„œ
13:12
five acts of God are as important as everything else.
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λ‹€μ„― 개의 λΆˆκ°€ν•­λ ₯이 λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨λ“  것과 같이 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:15
In other words,
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λ‹€μ‹œ λ§ν•΄μ„œ λΆˆκ°€ν•­λ ₯이라고
13:17
it is not acts of God that we should put aside.
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μ œμ³λ†“μ•„μ„œλŠ” μ•ˆ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:19
That is the meat, the problem.
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그것이 κ³¨μžμ΄λ©΄μ„œ λ¬Έμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:22
If you master these, you master price,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ΄κ²ƒμ˜ 달인이 되면 λ¬Όκ°€μ˜ 달인이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:25
and if you don't master these, you can master
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그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 이것듀을 ν†΅λ‹¬ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λ©΄
13:27
the little noise as well as you can,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ‚¬μ†Œν•œ 작음만의 달인이 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:29
but it's not important.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이것은 μ€‘μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:31
Well, here are the curves for it.
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자, μ—¬κΈ° 그것을 μœ„ν•œ κ³‘μ„ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:33
Now, I get to the final thing, which is the set
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이제,λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ
13:35
of which my name is attached.
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제 이름이 뢙여진 μ§‘ν•©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:37
In a way, it's the story of my life.
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μ–΄λ–€ λ©΄μ—μ„œλŠ” 제 인생 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:39
My adolescence was spent
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μ €λŠ” 독일 μΉ˜ν•˜μ˜ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ—μ„œ
13:41
during the German occupation of France.
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제 μ²­μ†Œλ…„κΈ°λ₯Ό λ³΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:43
Since I thought that I might
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그랬기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ €λŠ” ν•˜λ£¨ λ˜λŠ” 일주일 μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ
13:46
vanish within a day or a week,
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μ‚¬λΌμ§ˆ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:49
I had very big dreams.
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μ €λŠ” 큰 κΏˆμ„ κ°€μ‘Œμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:52
And after the war,
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μ „μŸμ΄ λλ‚œ 이후에
13:54
I saw an uncle again.
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μ €λŠ” λ‹€μ‹œ μ‚Όμ΄Œμ„ λ§Œλ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:56
My uncle was a very prominent mathematician, and he told me,
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제 μ‚Όμ΄Œμ€ ꡉμž₯히 유λͺ…ν•œ μˆ˜ν•™μžμ˜€μœΌλ©° 제게 λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:58
"Look, there's a problem
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"봐라, μ§€λ‚œ 25λ…„κ°„,
14:00
which I could not solve 25 years ago,
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λ‚˜μ™€ κ·Έ λˆ„κ΅¬λ„
14:02
and which nobody can solve.
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풀지 λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆλ‹€.
14:04
This is a construction of a man named [Gaston] Julia
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이것은 κ°€μŠ€ν†΅ μ₯˜λ¦¬μ•„와
14:06
and [Pierre] Fatou.
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피에λ₯΄ νŒŒνˆ¬κ°€ λ§Œλ“  μž‘λ„ λ¬Έμ œλ‹€.
14:08
If you could
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λ§Œμ•½ λ„€κ°€ μ–΄λ–€ 것이든
14:10
find something new, anything,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 것을 μ°ΎλŠ”λ‹€λ©΄
14:12
you will get your career made."
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μΆœμ„Έν•  것이닀."
14:14
Very simple.
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μ•„μ£Ό κ°„λ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:16
So I looked,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•˜κ³ ,
14:18
and like the thousands of people that had tried before,
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κ·Έ 전에 μ‹œλ„ν–ˆλ˜ 수천 λͺ…κ³Ό λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ
14:20
I found nothing.
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아무 것도 λͺ» μ°Ύμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:23
But then the computer came,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이후에 컴퓨터가 λ‚˜μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:25
and I decided to apply the computer,
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그리고 이와 같이
14:27
not to new problems in mathematics --
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κΏˆν‹€κΏˆν‹€ν•œ(λ²ˆμ—­μž: ν”„λ ‰νƒˆ)
14:30
like this wiggle wiggle, that's a new problem --
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μ•„λ‹Œ 였래된 λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„
14:32
but to old problems.
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컴퓨터에 μ μš©ν•΄λ³΄κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:34
And I went from what's called
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” λˆ„κ΅¬λ“  κ·Έλž¬μ–΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•˜λŠ”
14:36
real numbers, which are points on a line,
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μ„  μœ„μ˜ 점으둜 이루어진
14:38
to imaginary, complex numbers,
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μ‹€μˆ˜μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° ν—ˆμˆ˜κΉŒμ§€
14:40
which are points on a plane,
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λ©΄ μœ„μ˜ 점인 λ³΅μ†Œμˆ˜λ₯Ό
14:42
which is what one should do there,
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μ μš©ν•΄ 보기둜 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:44
and this shape came out.
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결과적으둜 이런 λͺ¨μ–‘이 λ‚˜μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:46
This shape is of an extraordinary complication.
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이 λͺ¨μ–‘은 보기 λ“œλ¬Όκ²Œ λ³΅μž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:49
The equation is hidden there,
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여기에 등식이 μˆ¨μ–΄μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:51
z goes into z squared, plus c.
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zλŠ” z 제곱 λ”ν•˜κΈ° c.
14:54
It's so simple, so dry.
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λ„ˆλ¬΄ κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜κ³  μž¬λ―Έμ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:56
It's so uninteresting.
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λ„ˆλ¬΄ ν₯미둭지 λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:58
Now you turn the crank once, twice:
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ 등식을 돌리면 ν•œ 번, λ‘λ²ˆ,
15:01
twice,
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두 번 돌리면
15:04
marvels come out.
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경이둜운 κ²°κ³Όκ°€ λ‚˜μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:06
I mean this comes out.
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제 말은 이게 λ‚˜μ˜¨λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:08
I don't want to explain these things.
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이것을 μ„€λͺ… λ“œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹Άμ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:10
This comes out. This comes out.
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이것이 λ‚˜μ˜€κ³ , 이것이 λ‚˜μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:12
Shapes which are of such complication,
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ꡉμž₯히 λ³΅μž‘ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ ꡉμž₯히 μ‘°ν™”λ‘­κ³ 
15:14
such harmony and such beauty.
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ꡉμž₯히 μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ λͺ¨μ–‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:17
This comes out
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이것이 λ‚˜μ˜€κ³ 
15:19
repeatedly, again, again, again.
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반볡적으둜, λ‹€μ‹œ, λ‹€μ‹œ, λ‹€μ‹œ.
15:21
And that was one of my major discoveries,
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그리고 저것이 μ €μ˜ μ€‘μš”ν•œ
15:23
to find that these islands were the same
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λ°œκ²¬μ€‘ ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ 섬듀이 전체와 거의
15:25
as the whole big thing, more or less.
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κ°™λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ°ΎλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:27
And then you get these
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그러면 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 이와 같이 λ†€λΌμš΄
15:29
extraordinary baroque decorations all over the place.
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λ°”λ‘œν¬ μž₯식을 사방에 μ–»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:32
All that from this little formula,
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λͺ¨λ“  것이 단지 λ‹€μ„― 개의 기호둜 이루어진
15:35
which has whatever, five symbols in it.
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이 μž‘μ€ κ³΅μ‹μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ‚˜μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:38
And then this one.
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그리고 이것.
15:40
The color was added for two reasons.
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두 가지 이유둜 색을 μž…ν˜”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:42
First of all, because these shapes
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λ¨Όμ €, λͺ¨μ–‘듀이
15:44
are so complicated
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λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•΄μ„œ
15:47
that one couldn't make any sense of the numbers.
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μˆ˜λ“€μ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ°κ°€ μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:50
And if you plot them, you must choose some system.
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λ§Œμ•½ κ·Έλž˜ν”„λ₯Ό 그리고자 ν•˜λ©΄ νŠΉμ • 체계λ₯Ό 선택해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:53
And so my principle has been
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” 항상 λͺ¨μ–‘을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Ό λ•Œ
15:55
to always present the shapes
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각각 λ‹€λ₯Έ 색을 μ΄μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:58
with different colorings
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 색을 μ΄μš©ν•˜λ©΄
16:00
because some colorings emphasize that,
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μ–΄λ–€ 색은 이것을 κ°•μ‘°ν•˜κ³ 
16:02
and others it is that or that.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 색은 λ‹€λ₯Έ 것을 λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:04
It's so complicated.
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λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:06
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
16:08
In 1990, I was in Cambridge, U.K.
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1990λ…„ μ €λŠ” λŒ€ν•™μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 상을 λ°›κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
16:10
to receive a prize from the university,
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영ꡭ μΌ€μž„λΈŒλ¦¬μ§€μ— κ°”μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:13
and three days later,
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그리고 3일 후에, ν•œ 비행사가
16:15
a pilot was flying over the landscape and found this thing.
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ν•˜λŠ˜ μœ„λ₯Ό λ‚ λ‹€κ°€ 이것을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:18
So where did this come from?
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이것은 μ–΄λ””μ—μ„œ μ™”μ„κΉŒμš”?
16:20
Obviously, from extraterrestrials.
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λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ, μ™Έκ³„μ—μ„œ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:22
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
16:25
Well, so the newspaper in Cambridge
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μΌ€μž„λΈŒλ¦¬μ§€μ— μžˆλŠ”
16:27
published an article about that "discovery"
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μ‹ λ¬Έμ‚¬μ—μ„œ κ·Έ "발견"에 λŒ€ν•œ 기사λ₯Ό κ²Œμž¬ν•˜κ³ 
16:29
and received the next day
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λ‹€μŒλ‚  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„°,
16:31
5,000 letters from people saying,
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"그것은 단지 μ•„μ£Ό 큰 만델브둜트 집합이닀."
16:33
"But that's simply a Mandelbrot set very big."
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라고 ν•˜λŠ” 5μ²œμ—¬ν†΅μ˜ νŽΈμ§€λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:37
Well, let me finish.
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자, λ§ˆλ¬΄λ¦¬ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:39
This shape here just came
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이 λͺ¨μ–‘은 μˆœμ „νžˆ μˆ˜ν•™μ μΈ
16:41
out of an exercise in pure mathematics.
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과정을 톡해 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:43
Bottomless wonders spring from simple rules,
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끝없이 λ°˜λ³΅λ˜λŠ” 이 λ‹¨μˆœν•œ κ·œμΉ™μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°
16:46
which are repeated without end.
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λ¬΄ν•œν•œ ν˜ΈκΈ°μ‹¬μ΄ λ‚˜μ˜€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:49
Thank you very much.
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λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:51
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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