Nikolai Begg: A tool to fix one of the most dangerous moments in surgery

134,136 views ใƒป 2014-07-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Bob Prottas Reviewer: Ariana Bleau Lugo
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Oren Szekatch
00:12
The first time I stood in the operating room
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืขืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—
00:14
and watched a real surgery,
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ื•ืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืืžื™ืชื™,
00:16
I had no idea what to expect.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœืžื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช.
00:19
I was a college student in engineering.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื”.
00:21
I thought it was going to be like on TV.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.
00:23
Ominous music playing in the background,
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืจืงืข,
00:25
beads of sweat pouring down the surgeon's face.
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ืื’ืœื™ ื–ื™ืขื” ื ืฉืคื›ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืžื ืชื—ื™ื.
00:28
But it wasn't like that at all.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื›ื”.
00:30
There was music playing on this day,
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืชื ื’ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื,
00:32
I think it was Madonna's greatest hits. (Laughter)
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื•ื ื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:34
And there was plenty of conversation,
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช,
00:36
not just about the patient's heart rate,
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ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”,
00:38
but about sports and weekend plans.
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ืืœื ืขืœ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
00:41
And since then, the more surgeries I watched,
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ื•ืžืื–, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื,
00:43
the more I realized this is how it is.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
00:45
In some weird way, it's just another day at the office.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“.
00:48
But every so often
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื
00:50
the music gets turned down,
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ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื•ื—ืœืฉืช,
00:52
everyone stops talking,
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ,
00:53
and stares at exactly the same thing.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
00:56
And that's when you know that something absolutely critical
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™
00:58
and dangerous is happening.
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ื•ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืงื•ืจื”.
01:01
The first time I saw that
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”
01:02
I was watching a type of surgery
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ืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื—
01:03
called laparoscopic surgery
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืคืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™
01:05
And for those of you who are unfamiliar,
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ื•ืœืืœื” ืžื›ื ืฉืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
01:08
laparoscopic surgery, instead of the large
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ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืคืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ืชื›ื™ื
01:10
open incision you might be used to with surgery,
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ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ืจื’ืœื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—,
01:13
a laparoscopic surgery is where the surgeon creates
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ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืคืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื• ื”ืžื ืชื— ื™ื•ืฆืจ
01:15
these three or more small incisions in the patient.
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ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืชื›ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœื”.
01:18
And then inserts these long, thin instruments
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ื•ืื– ืžื—ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:21
and a camera,
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ื•ืžืฆืœืžื”,
01:22
and actually does the procedure inside the patient.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืœื”.
01:26
This is great because there's much less risk of infection,
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ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื,
01:28
much less pain, shorter recovery time.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืื‘, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืœืžื” ืงืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:32
But there is a trade-off,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช,
01:34
because these incisions are created
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืชื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื
01:36
with a long, pointed device
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ืขื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืจื•ืš ื•ืžื—ื•ื“ื“
01:38
called a trocar.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื˜ืจื•ืงืืจ.
01:40
And the way the surgeon uses this device
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ
01:42
is that he takes it
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื•
01:44
and he presses it into the abdomen
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ื•ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ
01:46
until it punctures through.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ืจืจ.
01:49
And now the reason why everyone in the operating room
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—
01:52
was staring at that device on that day
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ื‘ื”ื• ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื
01:54
was because he had to be absolutely careful
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื
01:58
not to plunge it through
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ืœื ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื“ืจืš
01:59
and puncture it into the organs and blood vessels below.
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ื•ืœื ืงื‘ ืื™ืชื• ืื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืžืชื—ืช.
02:03
But this problem should seem pretty familiar to all of you
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื›ื•ืœื›ื
02:05
because I'm pretty sure you've seen it somewhere else.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
02:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:10
Remember this?
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
02:11
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
02:15
You knew that at any second
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ืืชื ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื”
02:17
that straw was going to plunge through,
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ื”ืงืฉ ื™ืคืจื•ืฅ,
02:19
and you didn't know if it was going to go out the other side
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ื•ืืชื ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื ืื ื–ื” ื™ืฆื ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™
02:21
and straight into your hand,
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ื•ื™ืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื“,
02:22
or if you were going to get juice everywhere,
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ืื• ืื ื™ืฉืคืจื™ืฅ ืœื›ื ืžื™ืฅ ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ,
02:24
but you were terrified. Right?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:27
Every single time you did this,
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื ืืช ื–ื”,
02:29
you experienced the same fundamental physics
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช
02:32
that I was watching in the operating room that day.
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ื‘ื” ืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื.
02:35
And it turns out it really is a problem.
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืขื™ื”.
02:37
In 2003, the FDA actually came out and said
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003, ื”-FDA ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฆืื• ื•ืืžืจื•
02:40
that trocar incisions might be the most dangerous step
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ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ื›ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืงืืจ ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ
02:43
in minimally invasive surgery.
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ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช.
02:45
Again in 2009, we see a paper that says
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืืžืจ ืฉืื•ืžืจ
02:48
that trocars account for over half
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ืฉื˜ืจื•ืงืืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™
02:50
of all major complications in laparoscopic surgery.
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืคืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™.
02:54
And, oh by the way,
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
02:55
this hasn't changed for 25 years.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘-25 ืฉื ื”.
02:58
So when I got to graduate school,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™,
03:00
this is what I wanted to work on.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื•.
03:02
I was trying to explain to a friend of mine
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™
03:04
what exactly I was spending my time doing,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื•ืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื™,
03:06
and I said,
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™,
03:08
"It's like when you're drilling through a wall
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"ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื›ืฉืืชื” ืงื•ื“ื— ื‘ืงื™ืจ
03:10
to hang something in your apartment.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืœื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœืš.
03:13
There's that moment when the drill first punctures through the wall
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื” ื›ืฉื”ืžืงื“ื— ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื™ืจ,
03:17
and there's this plunge. Right?
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ืคื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:23
And he looked at me and he said,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ ื•ืืžืจ,
03:25
"You mean like when they drill into people's brains?"
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"ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ืงื•ื“ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื“ื?"
03:28
And I said, "Excuse me?" (Laughter)
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, "ืกืœื™ื—ื”?" (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:31
And then I looked it up and they do drill into people's brains.
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ื•ืื– ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื•ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ื“ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:34
A lot of neurosurgical procedures
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื ื™ื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
03:36
actually start with a drill incision through the skull.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ืงื“ื™ื—ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช.
03:40
And if the surgeon isn't careful,
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ื•ืื ื”ืžื ืชื— ืœื ื ื–ื”ืจ,
03:41
he can plunge directly into the brain.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื“ื•ื— ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—.
03:45
So this is the moment when I started thinking,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘.
03:47
okay, cranial drilling, laparoscopic surgery,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืงื“ื™ื—ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืคืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™,
03:50
why not other areas of medicine?
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ืœืžื” ืœื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืื”?
03:52
Because think about it, when was the last time you went to the doctor
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืžืชื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื ืœืจื•ืคื
03:54
and you didn't get stuck with something? Right?
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ื•ืœื ื ืชืงืขืชื ืขื ืžืฉื”ื•? ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:57
So the truth is
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ืื– ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื
03:58
in medicine puncture is everywhere.
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ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”, ื ื™ืงื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
04:01
And here are just a couple of the procedures that I've found
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืžืฆืืชื™
04:03
that involve some tissue puncture step.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉืœื‘ ื ื™ืงื•ื‘ ืจืงืžื”.
04:07
And if we take just three of them โ€”
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ื•ืื ื ื™ืงื— ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื --
04:09
laparoscopic surgery, epidurals, and cranial drilling โ€”
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ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืคืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™, ื–ืจื™ืงื•ืช ืืคื™ื“ื•ืจืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ืงื“ื™ื—ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช --
04:13
these procedures account for over 30,000 complications
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืืœืฃ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื
04:17
every year in this country alone.
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
04:20
I call that a problem worth solving.
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ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ.
04:22
So let's take a look at some of the devices
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื
04:25
that are used in these types of procedures.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื.
04:27
I mentioned epidurals. This is an epidural needle.
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ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ื–ืจื™ืงื•ืช ืืคื™ื“ื•ืจืœื™ื•ืช, ื–ื• ื”ืžื—ื˜ ื”ืืคื™ื“ื•ืจืœื™ืช.
04:30
It's used to puncture through the ligaments in the spine
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืกื—ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”
04:33
and deliver anesthesia during childbirth.
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ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืจื“ืžื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœื™ื“ื”.
04:35
Here's a set of bone marrow biopsy tools.
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ื”ื ื” ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืคืกื™ื™ืช ืžื— ืขืฆื.
04:38
These are actually used to burrow into the bone
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื•ื— ืœืชื•ืš ืขืฆื
04:40
and collect bone marrow or sample bone lesions.
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ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื— ืขืฆื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื’ื•ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื.
04:43
Here's a bayonette from the Civil War.
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ื”ื ื” ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืžืžืœื—ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
04:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:48
If I had told you it was a medical puncture device
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ื–ื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืœื ื™ืงื•ื‘
04:51
you probably would have believed me.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื™.
04:53
Because what's the difference?
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ?
04:55
So, the more I did this research
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ืื–, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืจื—ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”
04:57
the more I thought there has to be
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
04:59
a better way to do this.
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ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
05:01
And for me the key to this problem
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ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
05:03
is that all these different puncture devices
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
05:06
share a common set of fundamental physics.
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ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.
05:09
So what are those physics?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื•?
05:11
Let's go back to drilling through a wall.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื— ื‘ืงื™ืจ.
05:12
So you're applying a force on a drill towards the wall.
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ืื– ืืชื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื“ื— ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืจ.
05:16
And Newton says the wall is going to apply force back,
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ื•ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืงื™ืจ ื™ืคืขื™ืœ ื›ื•ื— ื—ื–ืจื”,
05:19
equal and opposite.
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ืฉื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืคื•ืš.
05:21
So, as you drill through the wall,
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ืื–, ื›ืฉืืชื ืงื•ื“ื—ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืจ,
05:23
those forces balance.
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ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืื–ื ื™ื.
05:25
But then there's that moment
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืข
05:26
when the drill first punctures through the other side of the wall,
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ื‘ื• ื”ืžืงื“ื— ืคื•ืจืฅ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ,
05:28
and right at that moment the wall can't push back anymore.
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื”ืงื™ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื—ื–ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:31
But your brain hasn't reacted to that change in force.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื—.
05:35
So for that millisecond,
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ืื– ืœืžื™ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื”ื™ื,
05:36
or however long it takes you to react, you're still pushing,
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ืื• ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืœื›ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘, ืืชื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื,
05:38
and that unbalanced force causes an acceleration,
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืœื ืžืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืชืื•ืฆื”,
05:41
and that is the plunge.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื ืคื™ืœื”.
05:44
But what if right at the moment of puncture
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื”
05:48
you could pull that tip back,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ืงืฆื” ื—ื–ืจื”,
05:49
actually oppose the forward acceleration?
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืชืื•ืฆื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”?
05:52
That's what I set out to do.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
05:55
So imagine you have a device
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ืื– ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ
05:56
and it's got some kind of sharp tip to cut through tissue.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื™ืŸ ืงืฆื” ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืจืงืžื”.
05:59
What's the simplest way you could pull that tip back?
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ืžื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ืงืฆื” ื—ื–ืจื”?
06:02
I chose a spring.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื‘ืงืคื™ืฅ.
06:04
So when you extend that spring, you extend that tip out
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ืื– ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืคื™ืฅ, ืืชื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
06:07
so it's ready to puncture tissue,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ืงื‘ ืจืงืžื•ืช,
06:09
the spring wants to pull the tip back.
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ื”ืงืคื™ืฅ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ืงืฆื” ื—ื–ืจื”.
06:10
How do you keep the tip in place
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ืื™ืš ืืชื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืฆื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื
06:12
until the moment of puncture?
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ืขื“ ืจื’ืข ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื”?
06:15
I used this mechanism.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
06:17
When the tip of the device is pressed against tissue,
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ื›ืฉื”ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื ืœื—ืฅ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจืงืžื”,
06:20
the mechanism expands outwards and wedges in place against the wall.
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ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ื ื“ื—ืฃ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ.
06:23
And the friction that's generated
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ
06:25
locks it in place and prevents the spring from retracting the tip.
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ื ื•ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ืงืคื™ืฅ ืžืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฆื”.
06:28
But right at the moment of puncture,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื”,
06:30
the tissue can't push back on the tip anymore.
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ื”ืจื™ืงืžื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืงืฆื” ื—ื–ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:32
So the mechanism unlocks and the spring retracts the tip.
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ืื– ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื•ื”ืงืคื™ืฅ ืžื•ืฉืš ืื—ื•ืจื” ืืช ื”ืงืฆื”.
06:35
Let me show you that happening in slow motion.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื•ืื˜ืช.
06:37
This is about 2,000 frames a second,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืคืจื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”,
06:39
and I'd like you to notice the tip
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืงืฆื”
06:41
that's right there on the bottom, about to puncture through tissue.
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ืฉืžืžืฉ ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช, ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื ืงื‘ ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืงืžื”.
06:43
And you'll see that right at the moment of puncture,
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ื•ืชืจืื• ืฉืžืžืฉ ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื”,
06:48
right there, the mechanism unlocks and retracts that tip back.
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ืžืžืฉ ืฉื, ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื•ืžื•ืฉืš ืืช ื”ืงืฆื” ื—ื–ืจื”.
06:51
I want to show it to you again, a little closer up.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงืจื•ื‘.
06:54
You're going to see the sharp bladed tip,
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ืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ื—ื“,
06:56
and right when it punctures that rubber membrane
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื“ืจ ืืช ืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ื”ื’ื•ืžื™
06:58
it's going to disappear into this white blunt sheath.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืœื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื ื“ืŸ ื”ืงื”ื” ื”ืœื‘ืŸ.
07:02
Right there.
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ืžืžืฉ ืคื”.
07:04
That happens within four 100ths of a second after puncture.
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื”.
07:09
And because this device is designed to address the physics of puncture
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื”
07:12
and not the specifics of cranial drilling
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ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื“ื™ื—ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช
07:14
or laparoscopic surgery, or another procedure,
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ืื• ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืคืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™, ืื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื—ืจ,
07:16
it's applicable across these different medical disciplines
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
07:19
and across different length scales.
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ื•ืœืจื—ื‘ื™ ืงื ื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
07:22
But it didn't always look like this.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืจืื” ื›ื›ื”.
07:24
This was my first prototype.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
07:26
Yes, those are popsicle sticks,
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ื›ืŸ, ืืœื” ืžืงืœื•ืช ืืจื˜ื™ืง,
07:29
and there's a rubber band at the top.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืžื™ื” ื‘ืงืฆื”.
07:31
It took about 30 minutes to do this, but it worked.
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ื–ื” ืœืงื— ื‘ืขืจืš 30 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“.
07:34
And it proved to me that my idea worked
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœื™ ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“
07:36
and it justified the next couple years of work on this project.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
07:39
I worked on this because
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ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™
07:41
this problem really fascinated me.
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ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืจื™ืชืงื” ืื•ืชื™.
07:43
It kept me up at night.
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื™ ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
07:45
But I think it should fascinate you too,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจืชืง ื’ื ืืชื›ื,
07:48
because I said puncture is everywhere.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื ื™ืงื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
07:50
That means at some point it's going to be your problem too.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
07:54
That first day in the operating room
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—
07:56
I never expected to find myself on the other end of a trocar.
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ืœื ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื— ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืงืืจ.
07:59
But last year, I got appendicitis when I was visiting Greece.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื—ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ืืคื ื“ืฆื™ื˜ ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
08:03
So I was in the hospital in Athens,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืชื•ื ื”,
08:04
and the surgeon was telling me
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ื•ื”ืžื ืชื— ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™
08:06
he was going to perform a laparoscopic surgery.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืžื“ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืคืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™.
08:08
He was going to remove my appendix through these tiny incisions,
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ื”ื•ื ืขืžื“ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืชื›ื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
08:11
and he was talking about what I could expect for the recovery,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœืžื”,
08:14
and what was going to happen.
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ื•ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
08:15
He said, "Do you have any questions?" And I said, "Just one, doc.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืฉืืœื•ืช?" ื•ืืžืจืชื™ , "ืจืง ืื—ืช, ื“ื•ืง,
08:17
What kind of trocar do you use?"
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืงืืจ ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ?"
08:21
So my favorite quote about laparoscopic surgery
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ืื– ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ ืขืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืคืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™
08:24
comes from a Doctor H. C. Jacobaeus:
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”. ืก. ื’'ืงื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืก:
08:27
"It is puncture itself that causes risk."
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"ื–ื” ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ."
08:31
That's my favorite quote because H.C. Jacobaeus
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ื–ื” ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”. ืก. ื’'ืงื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืก
08:34
was the first person to ever perform laparoscopic surgery on humans,
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ ืคืขื ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืคืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
08:38
and he wrote that in 1912.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1912.
08:41
This is a problem that's been injuring and even killing people for over 100 years.
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ืื– ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืคืฆืขื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืจื’ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื”.
08:47
So it's easy to think that for every major problem out there
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ืื– ื–ื” ืงืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื
08:49
there's some team of experts working around the clock to solve it.
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ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืขื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”.
08:53
The truth is that's not always the case.
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืžืงืจื”.
08:57
We have to be better at finding those problems
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
08:59
and finding ways to solve them.
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ.
09:02
So if you come across a problem that grabs you,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื›ื“ืช ืืชื›ื,
09:05
let it keep you up at night.
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ืชื ื• ืœื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœื›ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
09:07
Allow yourself to be fascinated,
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ืชื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืชืงื™ื,
09:09
because there are so many lives to save.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ.
09:12
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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