Nikolai Begg: A tool to fix one of the most dangerous moments in surgery

134,096 views ใƒป 2014-07-15

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Bob Prottas Reviewer: Ariana Bleau Lugo
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: K Bang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Gemma Lee
00:12
The first time I stood in the operating room
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹ค์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€
00:14
and watched a real surgery,
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์‹ค์ œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ฐธ๊ด€ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
00:16
I had no idea what to expect.
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์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋Š๋‚Œ์ผ์ง€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
I was a college student in engineering.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณต๋Œ€ ํ•™์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
I thought it was going to be like on TV.
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์ €๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด TV ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด
00:23
Ominous music playing in the background,
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๋ถˆ๊ธธํ•œ ์Œ์•…์ด ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์— ๊น”๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
00:25
beads of sweat pouring down the surgeon's face.
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์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์—๋Š” ๋•€๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:28
But it wasn't like that at all.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ „ํ˜€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
There was music playing on this day,
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๊ทธ๋‚  ์Œ์•…์ด ์žˆ๊ธด ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:32
I think it was Madonna's greatest hits. (Laughter)
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๋งˆ๋ˆ๋‚˜์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ณก์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”. (์›ƒ์Œ)
00:34
And there was plenty of conversation,
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๋งŽ์€ ๋Œ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ฐ”์ง€๋งŒ
00:36
not just about the patient's heart rate,
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ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋ฐ•๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
00:38
but about sports and weekend plans.
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์Šคํฌ์ธ ์™€ ์ฃผ๋ง ๊ณ„ํš์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
And since then, the more surgeries I watched,
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๊ทธ ํ›„๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์ฐธ๊ด€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก
00:43
the more I realized this is how it is.
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์ ์  ๋” ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
In some weird way, it's just another day at the office.
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์ข€ ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์˜ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
00:48
But every so often
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ
00:50
the music gets turned down,
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์Œ์•… ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ 
00:52
everyone stops talking,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ 
00:53
and stares at exactly the same thing.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‘์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
And that's when you know that something absolutely critical
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ 
00:58
and dangerous is happening.
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์œ„ํ•จํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
The first time I saw that
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฑธ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ,
01:02
I was watching a type of surgery
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์ €๋Š” ๋ณต๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„
01:03
called laparoscopic surgery
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์ฐธ๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
And for those of you who are unfamiliar,
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์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
01:08
laparoscopic surgery, instead of the large
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๋ณต๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด๋ž€
01:10
open incision you might be used to with surgery,
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
01:13
a laparoscopic surgery is where the surgeon creates
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ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ 3๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜
01:15
these three or more small incisions in the patient.
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์ž‘์€ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
And then inserts these long, thin instruments
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๊ตฌ๋ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Š˜๊ณ  ๊ธด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์™€
01:21
and a camera,
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์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๊ณ 
01:22
and actually does the procedure inside the patient.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ชธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
This is great because there's much less risk of infection,
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๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—์š”.
01:28
much less pain, shorter recovery time.
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ํ†ต์ฆ๋„ ์ ๊ณ  ํšŒ๋ณต ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋„ ๋” ์งง์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
But there is a trade-off,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ“๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
because these incisions are created
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
01:36
with a long, pointed device
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ํˆฌ๊ด€์นจ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”
01:38
called a trocar.
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๊ธธ๊ณ  ๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
01:40
And the way the surgeon uses this device
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์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ
01:42
is that he takes it
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
01:44
and he presses it into the abdomen
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๋ณต๋ถ€์— ๋ฐ€์–ด๋„ฃ์–ด
01:46
until it punctures through.
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๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
And now the reason why everyone in the operating room
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹ค์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
01:52
was staring at that device on that day
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๊ทธ๋‚  ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‘์‹œํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
01:54
was because he had to be absolutely careful
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์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ฐ— ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ
01:58
not to plunge it through
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๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์„ ๋•Œ
01:59
and puncture it into the organs and blood vessels below.
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๊ทธ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์™€ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
But this problem should seem pretty familiar to all of you
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์•„์ฃผ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
because I'm pretty sure you've seen it somewhere else.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์–ด๋””์„ ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์…จ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
02:08
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:10
Remember this?
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์ด๊ฑฐ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ์ฃ ?
02:11
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
02:15
You knew that at any second
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์–ด๋Š ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์—๋“ 
02:17
that straw was going to plunge through,
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์ € ๋นจ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋‚ผ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
02:19
and you didn't know if it was going to go out the other side
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋šซ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์™€
02:21
and straight into your hand,
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์†์„ ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
02:22
or if you were going to get juice everywhere,
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์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์— ์ฅฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ํŠ€๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
but you were terrified. Right?
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๊ฒ๋‚˜์‹œ์ฃ ?
02:27
Every single time you did this,
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์ด๊ฑธ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
02:29
you experienced the same fundamental physics
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์„,
02:32
that I was watching in the operating room that day.
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๊ทธ๋‚  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹ค์—์„œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
And it turns out it really is a problem.
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์ •๋ง ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žฌ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
02:37
In 2003, the FDA actually came out and said
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ 2003๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹์•ฝ์ฒญ์ด ๋‚˜์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
that trocar incisions might be the most dangerous step
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์™ธ๊ณผ์  ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์—์„œ๋Š” ํˆฌ๊ด€์นจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€
02:43
in minimally invasive surgery.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
Again in 2009, we see a paper that says
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2009๋…„์— ๋˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
that trocars account for over half
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ํˆฌ๊ด€์นจ์ด ๋ณต๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ค‘์š” ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์˜ ์›์ธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ
02:50
of all major complications in laparoscopic surgery.
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๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค.
02:54
And, oh by the way,
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์•„, ์–ด์จ‹๋“ 
02:55
this hasn't changed for 25 years.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ 25๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ณ€ํ•จ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
So when I got to graduate school,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•  ๋•Œ,
03:00
this is what I wanted to work on.
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์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
I was trying to explain to a friend of mine
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์€ ์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์—
03:04
what exactly I was spending my time doing,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
03:06
and I said,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
"It's like when you're drilling through a wall
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"๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋งˆ์น˜ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์— ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ๋ ค๊ณ 
03:10
to hang something in your apartment.
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๋ฒฝ์„ ๋šซ์„ ๋•Œ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•ด."
03:13
There's that moment when the drill first punctures through the wall
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๋“œ๋ฆด์ด ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋šซ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์žˆ์ž–์•„์š”.
03:17
and there's this plunge. Right?
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์‘ฅ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
03:23
And he looked at me and he said,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๊ทธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ €๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
"You mean like when they drill into people's brains?"
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"์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋šซ๋Š”, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ?"
03:28
And I said, "Excuse me?" (Laughter)
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ . "๋ญ๋ผ๊ตฌ?" (์›ƒ์Œ)
03:31
And then I looked it up and they do drill into people's brains.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋“œ๋ฆด๋กœ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋šซ๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
03:34
A lot of neurosurgical procedures
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๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ณผ์  ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค
03:36
actually start with a drill incision through the skull.
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
And if the surgeon isn't careful,
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์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด
03:41
he can plunge directly into the brain.
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๋‡Œ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋น ์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
03:45
So this is the moment when I started thinking,
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์ด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
okay, cranial drilling, laparoscopic surgery,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€. ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ ๋šซ๊ธฐ, ๋ณต๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:50
why not other areas of medicine?
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ? ๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
03:52
Because think about it, when was the last time you went to the doctor
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”๋˜ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
03:54
and you didn't get stuck with something? Right?
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€์— ๋ง‰ํžˆ์ง„ ์•Š์œผ์…จ์ฃ ?
03:57
So the truth is
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์ง„์‹ค์€
03:58
in medicine puncture is everywhere.
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์˜๋ฃŒ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋šซ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋””์—๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
And here are just a couple of the procedures that I've found
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
that involve some tissue puncture step.
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์กฐ์ง์„ ๋šซ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
04:07
And if we take just three of them โ€”
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์— ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด --
04:09
laparoscopic surgery, epidurals, and cranial drilling โ€”
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๋ณต๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ˆ˜์ˆ , ๊ฒฝ๋ง‰์™ธ ๋งˆ์ทจ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ๋šซ๊ธฐ --
04:13
these procedures account for over 30,000 complications
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณผ์ •๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋งŒ 1๋…„์— 3๋งŒ๊ฑด ์ด์ƒ์˜
04:17
every year in this country alone.
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ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
I call that a problem worth solving.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด๋ณผ ๋งŒํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
So let's take a look at some of the devices
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๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹ค๊นŒ์š”.
04:25
that are used in these types of procedures.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
I mentioned epidurals. This is an epidural needle.
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๊ฒฝ๋ง‰์™ธ ๋งˆ์ทจ๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฒฝ๋ง‰์™ธ ๋งˆ์ทจ์šฉ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
It's used to puncture through the ligaments in the spine
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์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ๋ผˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ธ๋Œ€์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋‚ด๊ณ 
04:33
and deliver anesthesia during childbirth.
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์ถœ์‚ฐ ์ค‘์— ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์ฃ .
04:35
Here's a set of bone marrow biopsy tools.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณจ์ˆ˜ ์ฑ„์ทจ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์—์š”.
04:38
These are actually used to burrow into the bone
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ๋šซ๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€
04:40
and collect bone marrow or sample bone lesions.
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๊ณจ์ˆ˜๋‚˜ ๋ผˆ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
Here's a bayonette from the Civil War.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚จ๋ถ์ „์Ÿ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ด๊ฒ€์ด์—์š”.
04:45
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:48
If I had told you it was a medical puncture device
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜ํ•™์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:51
you probably would have believed me.
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์•„๋งˆ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฏฟ์œผ์…จ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
04:53
Because what's the difference?
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๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์ž–์•„์š”?
04:55
So, the more I did this research
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก
04:57
the more I thought there has to be
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์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฑธ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด
04:59
a better way to do this.
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์žˆ์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๊นŠ์–ด๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
And for me the key to this problem
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์ œ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์—ด์‡ ๋Š”
05:03
is that all these different puncture devices
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฒœ๊ณต ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด
05:06
share a common set of fundamental physics.
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๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
So what are those physics?
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๊ทธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฒ•์น™์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
05:11
Let's go back to drilling through a wall.
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๋ฒฝ์„ ๋šซ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„ ๊ฐ€๋ณด์ฃ .
05:12
So you're applying a force on a drill towards the wall.
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๋ฒฝ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆด์— ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
And Newton says the wall is going to apply force back,
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๋‰ดํŠผ ๋ฒ•์น™์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฒฝ์— ๋ฐ˜์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ํž˜์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
equal and opposite.
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์–‘ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ํž˜์ด ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ์š”.
05:21
So, as you drill through the wall,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋šซ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š”
05:23
those forces balance.
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๊ทธ ๋‘ ํž˜์ด ํ‰ํ˜•์„ ์ด๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
But then there's that moment
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฒฝ์ด ๋šซ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„,
05:26
when the drill first punctures through the other side of the wall,
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๋ฒฝ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋‚ด๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„,
05:28
and right at that moment the wall can't push back anymore.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ๋ฒฝ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ํž˜์ด ์—†์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
But your brain hasn't reacted to that change in force.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํž˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
So for that millisecond,
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋ถ„์˜ 1์ดˆ,
05:36
or however long it takes you to react, you're still pushing,
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ํ˜น์€ ์–ผ๋งˆ ๋™์•ˆ์ด ๋๋“ , ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:38
and that unbalanced force causes an acceleration,
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๊ทธ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์˜ ํž˜์ด ๊ฐ€์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
05:41
and that is the plunge.
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ‘น! ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
But what if right at the moment of puncture
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ๋šซ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„,
05:48
you could pull that tip back,
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์นจ์„ ๋’ค๋กœ ๋นผ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
05:49
actually oppose the forward acceleration?
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์†๋„์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:52
That's what I set out to do.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
So imagine you have a device
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์ž ์ด์ œ, ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
05:56
and it's got some kind of sharp tip to cut through tissue.
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๊ทธ ์•ž์— ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋šซ๋Š” ๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ์นจ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
05:59
What's the simplest way you could pull that tip back?
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๊ทธ ์นจ์„ ๋‹น๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
06:02
I chose a spring.
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์ €๋Š” ์šฉ์ˆ˜์ฒ ์„ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
So when you extend that spring, you extend that tip out
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์ € ์šฉ์ˆ˜์ฒ ์„ ๋Š˜์ด๋ฉด ์นจ์ด ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™€์„œ
06:07
so it's ready to puncture tissue,
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์กฐ์ง์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋šซ์„ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
06:09
the spring wants to pull the tip back.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์นจ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด๋‹น๊ธฐ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:10
How do you keep the tip in place
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ € ์นจ์ด ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋‚ผ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€
06:12
until the moment of puncture?
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์ œ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
06:15
I used this mechanism.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
When the tip of the device is pressed against tissue,
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๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์นจ ๋์ด ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅผ ๋•Œ,
06:20
the mechanism expands outwards and wedges in place against the wall.
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๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ํŽผ์ณ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ฒฉ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ฒฝ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
And the friction that's generated
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๋ฒฝ์— ๋‹ฟ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์ด
06:25
locks it in place and prevents the spring from retracting the tip.
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์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์œผ๋ฉฐ ์šฉ์ˆ˜์ฒ ์ด ์นจ์„ ์žก์•„๋‹น๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š”๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
But right at the moment of puncture,
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๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ๋šซ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„,
06:30
the tissue can't push back on the tip anymore.
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์กฐ์ง์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์นจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํž˜์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
So the mechanism unlocks and the spring retracts the tip.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ’€๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์šฉ์ˆ˜์ฒ ์ด ์นจ์„ ์žก์•„๋‹น๊ธฐ์ฃ .
06:35
Let me show you that happening in slow motion.
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๋Š๋ฆฐ ์˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
This is about 2,000 frames a second,
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์ดˆ๋‹น ์•ฝ 2์ฒœ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์ธ๋ฐ
06:39
and I'd like you to notice the tip
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์นจ์„ ๋ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
06:41
that's right there on the bottom, about to puncture through tissue.
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์นจ์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ง‰ ์กฐ์ง์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
And you'll see that right at the moment of puncture,
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค ์‹œํ”ผ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ๋šซ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„,
06:48
right there, the mechanism unlocks and retracts that tip back.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ’€๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์นจ์„ ์žก์•„๋‹น๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
I want to show it to you again, a little closer up.
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์ข€ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
You're going to see the sharp bladed tip,
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๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ์นจ์˜ ๋‚  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ณด์ด๊ณ 
06:56
and right when it punctures that rubber membrane
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๊ณ ๋ฌด ํŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ์กฐ์ง ๋ชจํ˜•์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„,
06:58
it's going to disappear into this white blunt sheath.
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๋‚  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ํฐ์ƒ‰ ์šฉ๊ธฐ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
Right there.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด์ฃ .
07:04
That happens within four 100ths of a second after puncture.
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์ €๋Ÿฐ ์›€์ง์ž„์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ๋šซ๋ฆฐ ํ›„, 4/100 ์ดˆ ์•ˆ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
And because this device is designed to address the physics of puncture
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฒœ๊ณต์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
07:12
and not the specifics of cranial drilling
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๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ์ฒœ๊ณต์ด๋‚˜
07:14
or laparoscopic surgery, or another procedure,
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๋ณต๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ํ˜น์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผ์ •์— ํŠน์„ฑํ™”๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ์„œ
07:16
it's applicable across these different medical disciplines
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์˜์—ญ์—
07:19
and across different length scales.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
But it didn't always look like this.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ฃ .
07:24
This was my first prototype.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ €์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ์ œํ’ˆ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
Yes, those are popsicle sticks,
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๋„ค ์ €๊ฑด ์•„์ด์Šคํฌ๋ฆผ ๋ง‰๋Œ€์˜ˆ์š”.
07:29
and there's a rubber band at the top.
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์œ„๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ค„์„ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
It took about 30 minutes to do this, but it worked.
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ 30๋ถ„ ์ฏค ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
And it proved to me that my idea worked
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์ด ์‹œ์ œํ’ˆ์ด ์ œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
and it justified the next couple years of work on this project.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•œ๋‘ํ•ด ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์ œ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ •๋‹นํ™”์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:39
I worked on this because
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์€
07:41
this problem really fascinated me.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
It kept me up at night.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐค์„ ์ƒˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:45
But I think it should fascinate you too,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋“œ๋ ค์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
because I said puncture is everywhere.
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์ฆ‰, ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์ ์—๋Š” ์ €๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๊ฒช๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
That means at some point it's going to be your problem too.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฒœ๊ณต์€ ์–ด๋””์„œ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
07:54
That first day in the operating room
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ๊ทธ ์ฒซ ๋‚ ,
07:56
I never expected to find myself on the other end of a trocar.
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ๊ด€์นจ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ํŽธ์— ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ๋„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
But last year, I got appendicitis when I was visiting Greece.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ž‘๋…„์— ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์— ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ ๋งน์žฅ์—ผ์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
So I was in the hospital in Athens,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์— ์ž…์›ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:04
and the surgeon was telling me
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์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋ณต๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ• ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ 
08:06
he was going to perform a laparoscopic surgery.
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๋งํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
He was going to remove my appendix through these tiny incisions,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž‘์€ ์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งน์žฅ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
08:11
and he was talking about what I could expect for the recovery,
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๊ทธ ๋ถ„์€ ํšŒ๋ณต ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ 
08:14
and what was going to happen.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
He said, "Do you have any questions?" And I said, "Just one, doc.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์งˆ๋ฌธ์žˆ์œผ์„ธ์š”?" ์ €๋Š” "ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์ฃ ."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
08:17
What kind of trocar do you use?"
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"์–ด๋–ค ํˆฌ๊ด€์นจ์„ ์“ฐ์„ธ์š”?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
So my favorite quote about laparoscopic surgery
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๋ณต๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…์–ธ์€
08:24
comes from a Doctor H. C. Jacobaeus:
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H.C. ์ œ์ด์ฝ”๋น„์–ด์Šค ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
"It is puncture itself that causes risk."
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"์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ฒœ๊ณต ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
08:31
That's my favorite quote because H.C. Jacobaeus
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…์–ธ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:34
was the first person to ever perform laparoscopic surgery on humans,
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ถ„์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณต๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
08:38
and he wrote that in 1912.
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๊ทธ๋ถ„์€ 1912๋…„์— ๊ทธ๋ง์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
This is a problem that's been injuring and even killing people for over 100 years.
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ, 100๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋„ ์ž…๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
So it's easy to think that for every major problem out there
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์„ธ์ƒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
08:49
there's some team of experts working around the clock to solve it.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
The truth is that's not always the case.
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์ง„์‹ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
We have to be better at finding those problems
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ 
08:59
and finding ways to solve them.
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๋˜ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
So if you come across a problem that grabs you,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ๋ถ™์žก๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
09:05
let it keep you up at night.
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๊ทธ ์ผ์— ๋ฐค์„ ์ƒˆ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
09:07
Allow yourself to be fascinated,
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์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์›Œ์ง€๋„๋ก ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
09:09
because there are so many lives to save.
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์„ธ์ƒ์—๋Š” ๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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