Nikolai Begg: A tool to fix one of the most dangerous moments in surgery

134,353 views

2014-07-15 ・ TED


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Nikolai Begg: A tool to fix one of the most dangerous moments in surgery

134,353 views ・ 2014-07-15

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Translator: Bob Prottas Reviewer: Ariana Bleau Lugo
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λ²ˆμ—­: K Bang κ²€ν† : Gemma Lee
00:12
The first time I stood in the operating room
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μ œκ°€ μˆ˜μˆ μ‹€μ— λ“€μ–΄κ°€
00:14
and watched a real surgery,
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μ‹€μ œ μˆ˜μˆ μ„ 처음 μ°Έκ΄€ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
00:16
I had no idea what to expect.
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μ €λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ λŠλ‚ŒμΌμ§€ μ „ν˜€ μ˜ˆμƒν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
I was a college student in engineering.
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μ €λŠ” κ³΅λŒ€ ν•™μƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
I thought it was going to be like on TV.
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μ €λŠ” 수술이 TV μ—μ„œ λ³΄λŠ” 것과 같이
00:23
Ominous music playing in the background,
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λΆˆκΈΈν•œ μŒμ•…μ΄ 배경에 깔리고
00:25
beads of sweat pouring down the surgeon's face.
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μ˜μ‚¬μ˜ μ–Όκ΅΄μ—λŠ” λ•€λ°©μšΈμ΄ ν˜λŸ¬λ‚΄λ¦΄ 것이라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
00:28
But it wasn't like that at all.
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그런데 μ „ν˜€ 그렇지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
There was music playing on this day,
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κ·Έλ‚  μŒμ•…μ΄ 있긴 ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
00:32
I think it was Madonna's greatest hits. (Laughter)
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λ§ˆλˆλ‚˜μ˜ 졜고 μΈκΈ°κ³‘μ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”. (μ›ƒμŒ)
00:34
And there was plenty of conversation,
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λ§Žμ€ λŒ€ν™”κ°€ μ˜€κ°”μ§€λ§Œ
00:36
not just about the patient's heart rate,
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ν™˜μžμ˜ 심μž₯ 박동에 λŒ€ν•œ 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
00:38
but about sports and weekend plans.
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μŠ€ν¬μΈ μ™€ 주말 κ³„νšμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ“€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
And since then, the more surgeries I watched,
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κ·Έ ν›„λ‘œ μ œκ°€ 더 λ§Žμ€ μˆ˜μˆ μ„ μ°Έκ΄€ν• μˆ˜λ‘
00:43
the more I realized this is how it is.
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점점 더 수술이 κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•„κ°€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
In some weird way, it's just another day at the office.
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μ’€ μ΄μƒν•˜κ²Œ λ§ν•˜λ©΄, 일상적인 μ‚¬λ¬΄μ‹€μ˜ λΆ„μœ„κΈ°μ™€ κ°™μ•„μš”.
00:48
But every so often
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그런데 가끔씩
00:50
the music gets turned down,
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μŒμ•… μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ 쀄어듀고
00:52
everyone stops talking,
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λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό λ©ˆμΆ”κ³ 
00:53
and stares at exactly the same thing.
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λͺ¨λ‘ λ‹€ λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 것을 μ‘μ‹œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
And that's when you know that something absolutely critical
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그것이 λ°”λ‘œ 무언가 μ ˆλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ³ 
00:58
and dangerous is happening.
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μœ„ν•¨ν•œ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆμ„ λ•ŒλΌλŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
The first time I saw that
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μ œκ°€ 그런걸 처음 봀을 λ•Œ,
01:02
I was watching a type of surgery
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μ €λŠ” 볡강경 μˆ˜μˆ μ΄λΌλŠ” 과정을
01:03
called laparoscopic surgery
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μ°Έκ΄€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
And for those of you who are unfamiliar,
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잘 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ‹œλŠ” 뢄듀을 μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
01:08
laparoscopic surgery, instead of the large
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볡강경 μˆ˜μˆ μ΄λž€
01:10
open incision you might be used to with surgery,
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μˆ˜μˆ ν•  λ•Œ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” μ»€λ‹€λž€ 절개 λŒ€μ‹ μ—
01:13
a laparoscopic surgery is where the surgeon creates
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ν™˜μžμ—κ²Œ 3개 μ΄μƒμ˜
01:15
these three or more small incisions in the patient.
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μž‘μ€ μ ˆκ°œλΆ€λ₯Ό 톡해 ν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜μˆ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
And then inserts these long, thin instruments
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ꡬ멍으둜 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ κ°€λŠ˜κ³  κΈ΄ 기ꡬ와
01:21
and a camera,
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카메라λ₯Ό λ„£κ³ 
01:22
and actually does the procedure inside the patient.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” ν™˜μžμ˜ λͺΈ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μž‘μ—…μ„ μ§„ν–‰ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
This is great because there's much less risk of infection,
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κ°μ—Όμ˜ μœ„ν—˜μ΄ 훨씬 적기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 이건 정말 λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—μš”.
01:28
much less pain, shorter recovery time.
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톡증도 적고 회볡 기간도 더 μ§§μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:32
But there is a trade-off,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λŒ“κ°€κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
because these incisions are created
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이런 절개λ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ”λ°
01:36
with a long, pointed device
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νˆ¬κ΄€μΉ¨μ΄λΌκ³  ν•˜λŠ”
01:38
called a trocar.
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κΈΈκ³  λ‚ μΉ΄λ‘œμš΄ 도ꡬλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
01:40
And the way the surgeon uses this device
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μ˜μ‚¬λŠ” 이 기ꡬλ₯Ό
01:42
is that he takes it
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가지고
01:44
and he presses it into the abdomen
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볡뢀에 λ°€μ–΄λ„£μ–΄
01:46
until it punctures through.
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ꡬ멍을 λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
And now the reason why everyone in the operating room
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μˆ˜μˆ μ‹€μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
01:52
was staring at that device on that day
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κ·Έλ‚  이 기ꡬλ₯Ό μ‘μ‹œν–ˆλ˜ μ΄μœ λŠ”
01:54
was because he had to be absolutely careful
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μ˜μ‚¬κ°€ μ‚΄κ°— μ•„λž˜λ‘œ
01:58
not to plunge it through
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기ꡬλ₯Ό 넣을 λ•Œ
01:59
and puncture it into the organs and blood vessels below.
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κ·Έ μ•„λž˜μ— μžˆλŠ” μž₯기와 ν˜ˆκ΄€μ— ꡬ멍을 내지 μ•Šλ„λ‘ ν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
But this problem should seem pretty familiar to all of you
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이런 λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ—κ²Œ μ•„μ£Ό μ΅μˆ™ν•˜μ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
because I'm pretty sure you've seen it somewhere else.
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λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ μ–΄λ””μ„ κ°€ 보셨을 κ±°μ—μš”.
02:08
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
02:10
Remember this?
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이거 κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ‹œμ£ ?
02:11
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
02:15
You knew that at any second
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μ–΄λŠ μˆœκ°„μ—λ“ 
02:17
that straw was going to plunge through,
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μ € λΉ¨λŒ€κ°€ ꡬ멍을 λ‚Όκ±°λΌλŠ” 것은 μ•„μ‹œκ² μ§€λ§Œ
02:19
and you didn't know if it was going to go out the other side
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그것이 λ°˜λŒ€ μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ 뚫고 λ‚˜μ™€
02:21
and straight into your hand,
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손을 찌λ₯΄κ±°λ‚˜
02:22
or if you were going to get juice everywhere,
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사방에 μ₯¬μŠ€λ₯Ό νŠ€κ²Œ ν•  μ§€λŠ” λͺ¨λ₯΄μ…¨μ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
but you were terrified. Right?
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κ²λ‚˜μ‹œμ£ ?
02:27
Every single time you did this,
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이걸 ν•  λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
02:29
you experienced the same fundamental physics
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기본적인 물리학을,
02:32
that I was watching in the operating room that day.
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κ·Έλ‚  μ œκ°€ μˆ˜μˆ μ‹€μ—μ„œ κ²½ν—˜ν–ˆλ˜ 기본적인 물리학을 κ²½ν—˜ν•˜μ…¨μ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
And it turns out it really is a problem.
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정말 μ‹¬κ°ν•œ λ¬Έμ œλΌλŠ” 것을 재빨리 μ•Œκ²Œ 되죠.
02:37
In 2003, the FDA actually came out and said
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 2003λ…„ λ―Έκ΅­ 식약청이 λ‚˜μ„œ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
that trocar incisions might be the most dangerous step
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μ΅œμ†Œν•œμ˜ 외과적 μˆ˜μˆ μ—μ„œλŠ” νˆ¬κ΄€μΉ¨μ„ μ΄μš©ν•œ μ ˆκ°œκ°€
02:43
in minimally invasive surgery.
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κ°€μž₯ μœ„ν—˜ν•œ 단계일 수 μžˆλ‹€.
02:45
Again in 2009, we see a paper that says
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2009년에 또 λ‹€μ‹œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이런 논문을 λŒ€ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
that trocars account for over half
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νˆ¬κ΄€μΉ¨μ΄ 볡강경 μˆ˜μˆ μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ€‘μš” ν•©λ³‘μ¦μ˜ 원인 κ°€μš΄λ°
02:50
of all major complications in laparoscopic surgery.
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반 이상을 μ°¨μ§€ν•œλ‹€.
02:54
And, oh by the way,
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μ•„, 어쨋든
02:55
this hasn't changed for 25 years.
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이런 상황은 25λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ 변함이 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
So when I got to graduate school,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ 학ꡐλ₯Ό μ‘Έμ—…ν•  λ•Œ,
03:00
this is what I wanted to work on.
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이 λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ μΌν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
I was trying to explain to a friend of mine
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ν•œλ²ˆμ€ 제 μΉœκ΅¬μ—κ²Œ μ œκ°€ μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ μ–΄λ–€ 일에
03:04
what exactly I was spending my time doing,
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μ‹œκ°„μ„ 보내고 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
03:06
and I said,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:08
"It's like when you're drilling through a wall
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"그건 마치 μ•„νŒŒνŠΈμ— λ­”κ°€λ₯Ό κ±Έλ €κ³ 
03:10
to hang something in your apartment.
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벽을 λš«μ„ λ•Œμ™€ λΉ„μŠ·ν•΄."
03:13
There's that moment when the drill first punctures through the wall
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λ“œλ¦΄μ΄ 벽을 뚫고 λ‚˜κ°€λŠ” κ·Έ μˆœκ°„ μžˆμž–μ•„μš”.
03:17
and there's this plunge. Right?
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μ‘₯ λ“€μ–΄κ°€λŠ” κ·Έ μˆœκ°„ λ§μ΄μ—μš”.
03:23
And he looked at me and he said,
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그러자 κ·Έ μΉœκ΅¬λŠ” μ €λ₯Ό 보며 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
"You mean like when they drill into people's brains?"
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"μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄ μ‚¬λžŒ 머리λ₯Ό λš«λŠ”, 그런 κ±Έ λ§ν•˜λŠ”κ±°λ‹ˆ?"
03:28
And I said, "Excuse me?" (Laughter)
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μ œκ°€ λ‹€μ‹œ λ§ν–ˆμ£ . "뭐라ꡬ?" (μ›ƒμŒ)
03:31
And then I looked it up and they do drill into people's brains.
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κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λ‚˜μ„œ λ³΄λ‹ˆ μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄ λ“œλ¦΄λ‘œ 머리에 ꡬ멍을 λš«λ”λΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
03:34
A lot of neurosurgical procedures
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λ§Žμ€ 신경외과적 과정은 사싀
03:36
actually start with a drill incision through the skull.
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머리에 ꡬ멍을 λ‚΄λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
And if the surgeon isn't careful,
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μ˜μ‚¬κ°€ μ‘°μ‹¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄
03:41
he can plunge directly into the brain.
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λ‡Œ μ†μœΌλ‘œ 빠질 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€μš”.
03:45
So this is the moment when I started thinking,
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이 μˆœκ°„ μ €λŠ” μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:47
okay, cranial drilling, laparoscopic surgery,
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그렇지. λ‘κ°œκ³¨μ— ꡬ멍 뚫기, 볡강경 수술 등이 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
03:50
why not other areas of medicine?
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 의료 λΆ„μ•ΌλŠ” μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒ? λΌκ³ μš”.
03:52
Because think about it, when was the last time you went to the doctor
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ μ˜μ‚¬λ₯Ό 보러 κ°”λ˜ λ•Œλ₯Ό 생각해보면
03:54
and you didn't get stuck with something? Right?
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뭔가에 λ§‰νžˆμ§„ μ•ŠμœΌμ…¨μ£ ?
03:57
So the truth is
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진싀은
03:58
in medicine puncture is everywhere.
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의료적인 κ΅¬λ©λš«κΈ°λŠ” μ–΄λ””μ—λ‚˜ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
And here are just a couple of the procedures that I've found
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이것은 μ œκ°€ μ•Œμ•„λ‚Έ λͺ‡ 가지 κ³Όμ •μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:03
that involve some tissue puncture step.
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쑰직을 λš«μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” 과정을 ν¬ν•¨ν•˜λŠ” 것듀이죠.
04:07
And if we take just three of them β€”
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κ·Έ 쀑에 μ„Έ κ°€μ§€λ§Œ 보면 --
04:09
laparoscopic surgery, epidurals, and cranial drilling β€”
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볡강경 수술, 경막외 마취, 그리고 λ‘κ°œκ³¨ 뚫기 --
04:13
these procedures account for over 30,000 complications
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이런 과정듀은 이 λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œλ§Œ 1년에 3만건 μ΄μƒμ˜
04:17
every year in this country alone.
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합병증을 μœ λ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
I call that a problem worth solving.
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μ €λŠ” 그런 것을 ν•΄λ³Ό λ§Œν•œ 문제라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
So let's take a look at some of the devices
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기ꡬ λͺ‡ 가지λ₯Ό λ³΄μ‹€κΉŒμš”.
04:25
that are used in these types of procedures.
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이런 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” κΈ°κ΅¬λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
I mentioned epidurals. This is an epidural needle.
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경막외 마취λ₯Ό λ§μ”€λ“œλ ΈλŠ”λ°μš”. 이것이 경막외 마취용 λ°”λŠ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
It's used to puncture through the ligaments in the spine
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μ΄κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ“±λΌˆ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ μΈλŒ€μ— ꡬ멍을 λ‚΄κ³ 
04:33
and deliver anesthesia during childbirth.
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μΆœμ‚° 쀑에 마취제λ₯Ό νˆ¬μ—¬ν•˜μ£ .
04:35
Here's a set of bone marrow biopsy tools.
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이것은 골수 μ±„μ·¨μš© κΈ°κ΅¬μ—μš”.
04:38
These are actually used to burrow into the bone
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이 κΈ°κ΅¬λŠ” μ •λ§λ‘œ 뼈λ₯Ό 뚫고 λ“€μ–΄κ°€
04:40
and collect bone marrow or sample bone lesions.
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κ³¨μˆ˜λ‚˜ 뼈의 병변을 μ±„μ·¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:43
Here's a bayonette from the Civil War.
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이것은 λ‚¨λΆμ „μŸ λ‹Ήμ‹œμ˜ μ΄κ²€μ΄μ—μš”.
04:45
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:48
If I had told you it was a medical puncture device
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μ œκ°€ 이것을 μ˜ν•™μš© 기ꡬ라고 λ§μ”€λ“œλ Έλ‹€λ©΄
04:51
you probably would have believed me.
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μ•„λ§ˆ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ―ΏμœΌμ…¨κ² μ£ .
04:53
Because what's the difference?
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별 차이가 μ—†μž–μ•„μš”?
04:55
So, the more I did this research
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연ꡬλ₯Ό ν•˜λ©΄ ν• μˆ˜λ‘
04:57
the more I thought there has to be
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이런걸 ν•˜λŠ”λ° 더 λ‚˜μ€ 방법이
04:59
a better way to do this.
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μžˆμ–΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 생각이 κΉŠμ–΄κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:01
And for me the key to this problem
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제게 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ 이 문제의 μ—΄μ‡ λŠ”
05:03
is that all these different puncture devices
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이런 λͺ¨λ‘ λ‹€λ₯Έ 천곡 기ꡬ듀이
05:06
share a common set of fundamental physics.
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λ™μΌν•œ λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μ˜ κΈ°λ³Έ 법칙을 λ”°λ₯Έλ‹€λŠ” μ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:09
So what are those physics?
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κ·Έ λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μ˜ κΈ°λ³Έ 법칙은 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
05:11
Let's go back to drilling through a wall.
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벽을 λš«μ€ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ˜λŒμ•„ 가보죠.
05:12
So you're applying a force on a drill towards the wall.
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벽을 ν–₯ν•΄ λ“œλ¦΄μ— νž˜μ„ κ°€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:16
And Newton says the wall is going to apply force back,
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λ‰΄νŠΌ 법칙에 μ˜ν•˜λ©΄ 벽에 λ°˜μž‘μš©μ˜ 힘이 μž‘μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:19
equal and opposite.
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μ–‘ λ°©ν–₯의 힘이 λ™μΌν•˜κ²Œμš”.
05:21
So, as you drill through the wall,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 벽을 λš«μ„ λ•ŒλŠ”
05:23
those forces balance.
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κ·Έ 두 힘이 ν‰ν˜•μ„ μ΄λ£Ήλ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:25
But then there's that moment
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그런데 벽이 λš«λ¦¬λŠ” μˆœκ°„,
05:26
when the drill first punctures through the other side of the wall,
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벽이 처음으둜 λ°˜λŒ€νŽΈμ— ꡬ멍을 λ‚΄λŠ” μˆœκ°„,
05:28
and right at that moment the wall can't push back anymore.
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λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ μˆœκ°„μ—λŠ” λ²½μ—μ„œ μ˜€λŠ” λ°˜μž‘μš©μ˜ 힘이 μ—†μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:31
But your brain hasn't reacted to that change in force.
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λ¨Έλ¦¬λŠ” 그런 힘의 변화에 λ°˜μ‘ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:35
So for that millisecond,
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μˆ˜μ²œλΆ„μ˜ 1초,
05:36
or however long it takes you to react, you're still pushing,
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ν˜Ήμ€ μ–Όλ§ˆ λ™μ•ˆμ΄ 됐든, μ‚¬λžŒμ€ μ—¬μ „νžˆ νž˜μ„ κ°€ν•˜κ³  있죠.
05:38
and that unbalanced force causes an acceleration,
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κ·Έ λΆˆκ· ν˜•μ˜ 힘이 가속도λ₯Ό λ‚΄κ²Œ 되고
05:41
and that is the plunge.
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κ·Έ λ•Œλ¬Έμ— ν‘Ή! λ“€μ–΄κ°€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:44
But what if right at the moment of puncture
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그런데 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ꡬ멍이 λš«λ¦¬λŠ” μˆœκ°„,
05:48
you could pull that tip back,
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침을 λ’€λ‘œ λΉΌλ‚Ό 수 있으면 μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
05:49
actually oppose the forward acceleration?
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜μ•„κ°€λŠ” 가속도에 λ°˜ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠.
05:52
That's what I set out to do.
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그것이 μ œκ°€ μ§‘μ€‘ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•œ λΆ€λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:55
So imagine you have a device
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자 이제, μ–΄λ–€ 기ꡬ가 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
05:56
and it's got some kind of sharp tip to cut through tissue.
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κ·Έ μ•žμ— 쑰직을 λš«λŠ” λ‚ μΉ΄λ‘œμš΄ 침이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  해보죠.
05:59
What's the simplest way you could pull that tip back?
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κ·Έ 침을 λ‹ΉκΈΈ 수 μžˆλŠ” κ°€μž₯ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 방법이 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
06:02
I chose a spring.
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μ €λŠ” μš©μˆ˜μ² μ„ μ„ νƒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:04
So when you extend that spring, you extend that tip out
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μ € μš©μˆ˜μ² μ„ 늘이면 침이 λ°–μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜μ™€μ„œ
06:07
so it's ready to puncture tissue,
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쑰직에 ꡬ멍을 λš«μ„ μ€€λΉ„κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κ°€
06:09
the spring wants to pull the tip back.
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λ‹€μ‹œ 침을 λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ λŒμ–΄λ‹ΉκΈ°λ €κ³  ν•˜μ£ .
06:10
How do you keep the tip in place
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그러면 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ € 침이 ꡬ멍을 λ‚Ό λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€
06:12
until the moment of puncture?
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제자리λ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν• κΉŒμš”?
06:15
I used this mechanism.
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μ €λŠ” 이런 기계적 방법을 μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:17
When the tip of the device is pressed against tissue,
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기ꡬ의 μΉ¨ 끝이 쑰직을 λˆ„λ₯Ό λ•Œ,
06:20
the mechanism expands outwards and wedges in place against the wall.
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기ꡬ가 λ°–μœΌλ‘œ νŽΌμ³μ§€λ©΄μ„œ 경첩 뢀뢄이 벽을 ν–₯ν•΄ 자리λ₯Ό μž‘μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:23
And the friction that's generated
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벽에 닿은 뢀뢄이 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 마찰λ ₯이
06:25
locks it in place and prevents the spring from retracting the tip.
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자리λ₯Ό 작으며 용수철이 침을 μž‘μ•„λ‹ΉκΈ°λŠ” 것을 λ§‰λŠ”κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:28
But right at the moment of puncture,
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ꡬ멍이 λš«λ¦¬λŠ” μˆœκ°„,
06:30
the tissue can't push back on the tip anymore.
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쑰직은 더 이상 침을 톡해 νž˜μ„ μ „λ‹¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:32
So the mechanism unlocks and the spring retracts the tip.
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그러면 μž₯μΉ˜κ°€ ν’€λ¦¬λ©΄μ„œ 용수철이 침을 μž‘μ•„λ‹ΉκΈ°μ£ .
06:35
Let me show you that happening in slow motion.
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느린 μ˜μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:37
This is about 2,000 frames a second,
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μ΄ˆλ‹Ή μ•½ 2천 ν”„λ ˆμž„μΈλ°
06:39
and I'd like you to notice the tip
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ 침을 λ΄μ£Όμ„Έμš”.
06:41
that's right there on the bottom, about to puncture through tissue.
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침은 λ°”λ‹₯에 있으며 μ§€κΈˆ 막 쑰직에 ꡬ멍을 λ‚΄λ €λŠ” μˆœκ°„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:43
And you'll see that right at the moment of puncture,
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λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€ μ‹œν”Ό ꡬ멍이 λš«λ¦¬λŠ” λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ μˆœκ°„,
06:48
right there, the mechanism unlocks and retracts that tip back.
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λ°”λ‘œ 이 μˆœκ°„μ— μž₯μΉ˜κ°€ ν’€λ¦¬λ©΄μ„œ 침을 μž‘μ•„λ‹ΉκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:51
I want to show it to you again, a little closer up.
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μ’€ 더 κ°€κΉŒμ΄μ—μ„œ λ‹€μ‹œ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:54
You're going to see the sharp bladed tip,
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λ‚ μΉ΄λ‘œμš΄ 침의 λ‚  뢀뢄이 보이고
06:56
and right when it punctures that rubber membrane
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고무 판으둜 된 쑰직 λͺ¨ν˜•μ— ꡬ멍을 λ‚΄λŠ” λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ μˆœκ°„,
06:58
it's going to disappear into this white blunt sheath.
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λ‚  뢀뢄이 흰색 용기 μ†μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬λΌμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:02
Right there.
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λ°”λ‘œ 이 μˆœκ°„μ΄μ£ .
07:04
That happens within four 100ths of a second after puncture.
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μ €λŸ° μ›€μ§μž„μ€ ꡬ멍이 뚫린 ν›„, 4/100 초 μ•ˆμ— μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:09
And because this device is designed to address the physics of puncture
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이 κΈ°κ΅¬λŠ” 천곡이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 물리학을 λ°˜μ˜ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
07:12
and not the specifics of cranial drilling
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λ‘κ°œκ³¨ μ²œκ³΅μ΄λ‚˜
07:14
or laparoscopic surgery, or another procedure,
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볡강경 ν˜Ήμ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 과정에 νŠΉμ„±ν™”λœ 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌμ„œ
07:16
it's applicable across these different medical disciplines
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 의료 μ˜μ—­μ—
07:19
and across different length scales.
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 크기둜 μ μš©ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:22
But it didn't always look like this.
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ 항상 이런 λͺ¨μ–‘을 κ°–κ³  μžˆμ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ£ .
07:24
This was my first prototype.
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이것은 μ €μ˜ 첫 번째 μ‹œμ œν’ˆμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:26
Yes, those are popsicle sticks,
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λ„€ 저건 μ•„μ΄μŠ€ν¬λ¦Ό λ§‰λŒ€μ˜ˆμš”.
07:29
and there's a rubber band at the top.
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μœ„λ‘œλŠ” 고무쀄을 μΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:31
It took about 30 minutes to do this, but it worked.
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이걸 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 데 30λΆ„ μ―€ κ±Έλ ΈλŠ”λ° 잘 μž‘λ™ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:34
And it proved to me that my idea worked
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이 μ‹œμ œν’ˆμ΄ 제 아이디어가 μž‘λ™ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 증λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:36
and it justified the next couple years of work on this project.
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그리고 κ·Έ λ‹€μŒ ν•œλ‘ν•΄ λ™μ•ˆμ˜ 제 ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈλ₯Ό μ •λ‹Ήν™”μ‹œμΌœμ£Όμ—ˆμ£ .
07:39
I worked on this because
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μ œκ°€ μ—¬κΈ° 맀달린 것은
07:41
this problem really fascinated me.
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이런 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μ •λ§λ‘œ 제 ν₯λ―Έλ₯Ό λŒμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:43
It kept me up at night.
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μ œκ°€ 밀을 μƒˆκ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
07:45
But I think it should fascinate you too,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€λ„ ν₯미둭게 ν•΄λ“œλ €μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:48
because I said puncture is everywhere.
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즉, μ–΄λŠ μ‹œμ μ—λŠ” 저것이 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ„ κ²ͺλŠ” λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 될 κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
That means at some point it's going to be your problem too.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ²œκ³΅μ€ μ–΄λ””μ„œλ‚˜ μ‚¬μš©λ˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
07:54
That first day in the operating room
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μˆ˜μˆ μ‹€μ—μ„œ 보낸 κ·Έ 첫 λ‚ ,
07:56
I never expected to find myself on the other end of a trocar.
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μ €λŠ” μ œκ°€ νˆ¬κ΄€μΉ¨μ˜ λ°˜λŒ€ νŽΈμ— 있게 λ˜λ¦¬λΌκ³ λŠ” 상상도 λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:59
But last year, I got appendicitis when I was visiting Greece.
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그런데 μž‘λ…„μ— μ œκ°€ κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μ— 갔을 λ•Œ λ§Ήμž₯염에 κ±Έλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:03
So I was in the hospital in Athens,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ•„ν…Œλ„€μ— μžˆλŠ” 병원에 μž…μ›ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
08:04
and the surgeon was telling me
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μ˜μ‚¬κ°€ 제게 볡강경 μˆ˜μˆ μ„ 할거라고
08:06
he was going to perform a laparoscopic surgery.
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말해 μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:08
He was going to remove my appendix through these tiny incisions,
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이런 μž‘μ€ 절개λ₯Ό 톡해 λ§Ήμž₯을 μ œκ±°ν•˜κ² λ‹€κ³  ν•˜λ”κ΅°μš”.
08:11
and he was talking about what I could expect for the recovery,
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κ·Έ 뢄은 회볡 기간에 λŒ€ν•΄ 제게 말해 μ£Όμ—ˆκ³ 
08:14
and what was going to happen.
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μ–΄λ–€ 일이 일어날 것인지도 μ•Œλ €μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:15
He said, "Do you have any questions?" And I said, "Just one, doc.
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κ·Έκ°€ λ¬Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "μ§ˆλ¬ΈμžˆμœΌμ„Έμš”?" μ €λŠ” "ν•˜λ‚˜ 있죠."라고 ν–ˆκ³ 
08:17
What kind of trocar do you use?"
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"μ–΄λ–€ νˆ¬κ΄€μΉ¨μ„ μ“°μ„Έμš”?"라고 λ¬Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:21
So my favorite quote about laparoscopic surgery
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볡강경 μˆ˜μˆ μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μ œκ°€ κ°€μž₯ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” λͺ…언은
08:24
comes from a Doctor H. C. Jacobaeus:
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H.C. μ œμ΄μ½”λΉ„μ–΄μŠ€ μ„ μƒλ‹˜μ—κ²Œμ„œ λ‚˜μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:27
"It is puncture itself that causes risk."
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"μœ„ν—˜μ΄ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ 천곡 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€."
08:31
That's my favorite quote because H.C. Jacobaeus
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그것은 μ œκ°€ κ°€μž₯ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” λͺ…μ–Έμ΄μ—ˆλŠ”λ°
08:34
was the first person to ever perform laparoscopic surgery on humans,
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κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ” κ·Έ 뢄이 μΈκ°„μ—κ²Œ 볡강경 μˆ˜μˆ μ„ μ‹œλ„ν•œ 첫 번째 μ˜μ‚¬μ˜€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
08:38
and he wrote that in 1912.
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그뢄은 1912년에 그말을 λ‚¨κ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:41
This is a problem that's been injuring and even killing people for over 100 years.
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κ·Έ κΈ°κ°„ λ™μ•ˆ, 100λ…„ 이상 이 문제둜 μƒμ²˜λ„ μž…κ³  μ‚¬λ§μžλ„ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:47
So it's easy to think that for every major problem out there
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세상에 μžˆλŠ” μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•΄
08:49
there's some team of experts working around the clock to solve it.
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항상 κ·Έκ±Έ ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λ €λŠ” μ „λ¬Έκ°€ 집단이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ° μ‰½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:53
The truth is that's not always the case.
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진싀은 항상 κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λŠ” μ•Šλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:57
We have to be better at finding those problems
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그런 문제λ₯Ό 더 잘 μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄κ³ 
08:59
and finding ways to solve them.
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또 κ·Έκ±Έ ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λŠ” 방법도 μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:02
So if you come across a problem that grabs you,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ„ λΆ™μž‘λŠ” λ¬Έμ œμ™€ 마주치게 되면
09:05
let it keep you up at night.
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κ·Έ 일에 밀을 μƒˆλ³΄λ„λ‘ ν•˜μ„Έμš”.
09:07
Allow yourself to be fascinated,
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자기 μžμ‹ μ΄ 슀슀둜 ν₯λ―Έλ‘œμ›Œμ§€λ„λ‘ ν•˜μ„Έμš”.
09:09
because there are so many lives to save.
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μ„Έμƒμ—λŠ” ꡬ해야 ν•  생λͺ…이 μ•„μ£Ό 많기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:12
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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