Rachel Pike: The science behind a climate headline

15,901 views ใƒป 2009-11-13

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ
00:16
I'd like to talk to you today about the scale of the scientific effort
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ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™
00:19
that goes into making the headlines you see in the paper.
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ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ.
00:22
Headlines that look like this when they have to do with climate change;
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ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืš ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื™ื,
ื•ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืš ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืื• ืขืจืคื™ื—.
00:25
and like this when they have to do with air quality or smog.
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00:28
They're two branches of the same field of atmospheric science.
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ืืœื” ืฉื ื™ ืขื ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
00:31
Recently, the headlines looked like this
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื ืจืื• ื›ืš ื›ืฉื” IPPC,
00:33
when the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, or IPCC,
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ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ืžื™,
ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื™ืช.
00:36
put out their report
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00:37
on the state of understanding of the atmospheric system.
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ื“ื•ื— ื–ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ ืข"ื™ 620 ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
00:40
That report was written by 620 scientists from 40 countries.
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ืž 40 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
00:43
They wrote almost 1,000 pages on the topic,
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ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ 1000 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.
00:45
and all of those pages were reviewed
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ืข"ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 400
00:47
by another 400-plus scientists and reviewers
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืž 113 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
00:49
from 113 countries.
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00:51
It's a big community;
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ื–ืืช ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื›"ื› ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื”,
00:52
such a big community, in fact,
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00:54
that our annual gathering is the largest scientific meeting in the world.
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ืฉื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:57
Over 15,000 scientists go to San Francisco every year for that.
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ืžืขืœ 15,000 ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืกืŸ-ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•.
01:00
Every one of those scientists is in a research group,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื—ืงืจ,
ื•ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ื–ื• ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื.
01:03
and every research group studies a wide variety of topics.
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ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืืฆืœื ื• ื‘ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’' ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ืืœ-ื ื™ื ื™ื•,
01:06
For us at Cambridge, it's as varied as the El Niรฑo Oscillation,
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ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
01:09
which affects weather and climate,
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01:10
to the assimilation of satellite data,
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ืขื“ ื”ื˜ืžืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
01:12
to emissions from crops that produce biofuels, which is what I study.
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ืขื“ ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•-ื“ืœืง, ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช.
01:15
And in each one of these research areas, of which there are even more,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื”,
ื™ืฉื ื ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
01:19
there are PhD students, like me, and we study incredibly narrow topics,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฆืจื™ื ืœื”ื“ื”ื™ื,
01:22
things as narrow as a few processes or a few molecules.
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ื›ืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื ืงืจืืช ืื™ื–ื•ืคืจืŸ,
01:25
And one of the molecules I study is called isoprene, which is here.
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ื”ื ื”. ื–ืืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”. ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื” ืžืขื•ืœื.
01:28
It's a small organic molecule.
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01:30
You've probably never heard of it.
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01:31
The weight of a paper clip is approximately equal
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ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ืžื”ื“ืง ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืจืš
900 ื–ื˜ื-ืื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ, 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 21, ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืคืจืŸ.
01:34
to 900 zeta-illion -- 10 to the 21st -- molecules of isoprene.
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01:37
But despite its very small weight,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื”,
01:39
enough of it is emitted into the atmosphere every year
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ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ื ืคืœื˜ืช ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื›ื“ื”"ื.
01:42
to equal the weight of all the people on the planet.
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ื–ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”. ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœื” ืœืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ืžืชืืŸ.
01:45
It's a huge amount of stuff. It's equal to the weight of methane.
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ืช.
01:48
And because it's so much stuff,
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01:49
it's really important for the atmospheric system.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ืช,
01:51
Because it's important to the atmospheric system,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืืžืฆื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”.
01:54
we go to all lengths to study this thing.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคื•ืฆืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื•ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื.
01:56
We blow it up and look at the pieces.
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืขืจืคื™ื— ื‘ืกืคืจื“ EUPHORE.
01:58
This is the EUPHORE Smog Chamber in Spain.
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ืคื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื™ื™ื, ืื• ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืžืœืื”,
02:00
Atmospheric explosions, or full combustion,
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ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ 15,000 ื–ืžืŸ ืžืืฉืจ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœืš.
02:02
takes about 15,000 times longer than what happens in your car.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื.
02:05
But still, we look at the pieces.
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02:06
We run enormous models on supercomputers; this is what I happen to do.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™-ืขืœ,
ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื”.
02:10
Our models have hundreds of thousands of grid boxes
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืชืื™ื
02:12
calculating hundreds of variables each, on minute timescales.
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจ ื–ืžืŸ.
02:15
It takes weeks to perform our integrations,
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ื•ืœื•ืงื— ืœื ื• ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื”.
02:17
and we perform dozens of integrations in order to understand what's happening.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื•ืช
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
02:21
We also fly all over the world looking for this thing.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื˜ืกื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
02:24
I recently joined a field campaign in Malaysia -- there are others.
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืชื™ ืœืกื™ื•ืจ ืฉื“ื” ื‘ืžืœื–ื™ื”. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:27
We found a global atmospheric watchtower there
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื ืžื’ื“ืœ ืชืฆืคื™ืช
02:29
in the middle of the rainforest,
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ื‘ืœื‘ ื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ืฉื, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืชืœื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžื“ืขื™
02:31
and hung hundreds of thousands of dollars' worth of scientific equipment
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ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื™ื–ื•ืคืจืŸ,
02:34
off this tower,
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02:35
to look for isoprene and other things while we were there.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืฉื.
ื–ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ ื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ืฉื, ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืœืžืขืœื”.
02:38
This is the tower in the middle of the rainforest from above,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ืžืœืžื˜ื”.
02:41
and the tower from below.
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ื•ื‘ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืื™ืชื ื• ืžื˜ื•ืก.
02:42
On part of that field campaign we even brought an aircraft with us.
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ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ื–ื”, ืžื•ื“ืœ BA146 ืฉืœ FAAM
02:45
And this plane, the model BAe-146, which was run by FAAM,
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ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ื“"ื› 120 ืขื“ 130 ืื™ืฉ.
02:48
normally flies 120 to 130 people,
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02:50
so maybe you took a similar aircraft to get here today.
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืืชื ื”ื’ืขืชื ืœื›ืืŸ ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืก ื“ื•ืžื”.
02:53
But we didn't just fly it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจืง ื˜ืกื ื• ื‘ื•. ื˜ืกื ื• 100 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ืœืฆืžืจื•ืช
02:54
We were flying at 100 meters above the top of the canopy
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• - ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.
02:57
to measure this molecule -- incredibly dangerous stuff.
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02:59
We have to fly at a special incline to make the measurements;
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืก ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช.
03:02
we hire military and test pilots to do the maneuvering;
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ืฉื›ืจื ื• ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืชืžืจื•ื ื™ื.
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื˜ื™ืกื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื.
03:05
we need special flight clearance.
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืžืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ื™ G.
03:07
As you come around the banks in these valleys,
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03:09
the forces can get up to two Gs;
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ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
03:10
the scientists must be completely harnessed in
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก.
03:13
in order to make measurements while on board.
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ืื– ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ,
03:15
So as you can imagine,
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ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžื˜ื•ืก ืขืœื™ื• ื˜ืกื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื”.
03:16
the inside of the aircraft doesn't look like one you'd take on vacation.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื˜ืกื” ืฉืœืงื—ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:19
It's a flying laboratory we took to make measurements of this molecule.
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03:23
We do all this to understand the chemistry of one molecule.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืื—ืช.
03:26
And when one student like me has some sort of inclination
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ื•ื›ืฉืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ืื—ืช ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
ืื• ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
03:29
or understanding about that molecule,
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืžืืžืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.
03:31
they write one scientific paper on the subject.
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ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืžืกืข ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ื ื•ืฆื™ื
03:33
And out of that field campaign we'll probably get a few dozen papers
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ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืื• ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
03:36
on a few dozen processes or molecules.
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื™ื“ืข ื™ืœืš ื•ื™ื’ื“ืœ,
03:38
As a body of knowledge builds up, it will form one subsection,
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ื–ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืช-ื—ืœืง ืื• ืชืช-ืชืช-ื—ืœืง
03:41
or one sub-subsection,
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03:42
of an assessment like the IPCC, although we have others.
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ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ืžื• ื” IPCC, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื ืื—ืจื•ืช.
03:45
And each one of the 11 chapters of the IPCC has six to ten subsections.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืž 11 ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื” IPCC
ื™ืฉ 6-10 ืชืช-ื—ืœืงื™ื.
03:50
So you can imagine the scale of the effort.
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžืฅ.
03:52
In each one of the assessments we write, we always tag on a summary,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื
ืื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื,
03:56
and the summary is written for a non-scientific audience.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื”ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ื.
03:59
And we hand that summary to journalists and policy makers
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช,
04:01
in order to make headlines like these.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื”.
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
04:04
Thank you very much.
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04:05
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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