Hans Rosling: The good news of the decade?

169,600 views ใƒป 2010-10-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Guy Ernest ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
We are here today
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื
00:17
because [the] United Nations
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืื•"ื
00:19
have defined goals
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ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื™ืขื“ื™ื
00:21
for the progress of countries.
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ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
00:23
They're called Millennium Development Goals.
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ื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืขื“ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืฃ
00:26
And the reason I really like these goals
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
00:29
is that there are eight of them.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื”ื
00:32
And by specifying eight different goals,
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
00:34
the United Nations has said
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ื”ืื•"ื ืืžืจ
00:36
that there are so many things needed
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื™ื
00:38
to change in a country
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ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”
00:40
in order to get the good life for people.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื
00:42
Look here -- you have to end poverty,
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื›ืืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™,
00:44
education, gender,
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ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืžื’ื“ืจ,
00:46
child and maternal health,
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ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ื”ื™ืœื“
00:48
control infections, protect the environment
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ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช, ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
00:51
and get the good global links between nations
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ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื•ืช
00:53
in every aspect
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”
00:55
from aid to trade.
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ืžืกื™ื•ืข ืœืžืกื—ืจ
00:58
There's a second reason I like these development goals,
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืืœื”
01:01
and that is because each and every one is measured.
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื ืžื“ื“
01:04
Take child mortality;
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ืœืžืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืชืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื
01:07
the aim here is to reduce child mortality
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ืชืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื
01:09
by two-thirds,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ
01:11
from 1990 to 2015.
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ืž-1990 ืขื“ 2050
01:14
That's a four percent reduction per year --
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ื–ื” 4 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
01:18
and this, with measuring.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืžื“ื“
01:20
That's what makes the difference
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ
01:22
between political talking like this
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
01:24
and really going for the important thing,
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘
01:26
a better life for people.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื
01:29
And what I'm so happy about with this
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืžื— ืื•ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื–ื”
01:31
is that we have already documented
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืชื™ืขื•ื“
01:33
that there are many countries
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
01:35
in Asia, in the Middle East,
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ื‘ืืกื™ื”, ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
01:37
in Latin America and East Europe
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ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
01:40
that [are] reducing with this rate.
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ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”
01:42
And even mighty Brazil is going down with five percent per year,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื”ืขื ืงื™ืช ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื‘-5 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”
01:45
and Turkey with seven percent per year.
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ื•ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื‘-7 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”
01:47
So there's good news.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
01:49
But then I hear people saying, "There is no progress in Africa.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
01:52
And there's not even statistics on Africa
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”
01:54
to know what is happening."
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ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”"
01:56
I'll prove them wrong on both points.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช
01:59
Come with me to the wonderful world of statistics.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ืื™ืชื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”
02:02
I bring you to the webpage, ChildMortality.org,
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ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืชืจ, ChildMortality.org
02:05
where you can take deaths in children
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ื‘ื• ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
02:07
below five years of age for all countries --
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ื‘ื ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-5 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช
02:10
it's done by U.N. specialists.
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ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื
02:12
And I will take Kenya as an example.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืงื— ืืช ืงื ื™ื” ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื
02:14
Here you see the data.
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ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
02:16
Don't panic -- don't panic now, I'll help you through this.
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ืืœ ืชื‘ื”ืœื•, ืืœ ืชื‘ื”ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื
02:19
It looks nasty, like in college
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื ื™ื‘ื–ื™, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงื•ืœื’'
02:21
when you didn't like statistics.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ืื”ื‘ืชื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”
02:23
But first thing, when you see dots like this,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื”
02:25
you have to ask yourself:
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื:
02:27
from where do the data come?
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ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื?
02:29
What is the origin of the data?
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ืžื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื?
02:31
Is it so that in Kenya,
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ื”ืื ื‘ืงื ื™ื”
02:33
there are doctors and other specialists
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ื™ืฉ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืฉืืจ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื
02:35
who write the death certificate at the death of the child
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ืฉืจื•ืฉืžื™ื ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื˜ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
02:37
and it's sent to the statistical office?
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”?
02:39
No -- low-income countries like Kenya
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ืœื. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื›ืžื• ืงื ื™ื”
02:42
still don't have that level of organization.
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ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื–ืืช ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ
02:45
It exists, but it's not complete
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ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœื,
02:47
because so many deaths occur in the home
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื™ืชื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื
02:50
with the family,
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ืขื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”
02:52
and it's not registered.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื ืจืฉื
02:54
What we rely on is not an incomplete system.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช
02:56
We have interviews, we have surveys.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกืงืจื™ื
02:59
And this is highly professional
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™
03:01
female interviewers
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ื ืฉื™ื ืžืจืื™ื™ื ื•ืช
03:03
who sit down for one hour with a woman
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ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืขื” ืขื ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉื”
03:05
and ask her about [her] birth history.
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ื•ืฉื•ืืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”
03:07
How many children did you have?
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ื›ืžื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”?
03:09
Are they alive?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื?
03:11
If they died, at what age and what year?
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ืื ื”ื ืžืชื•, ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื ื”?
03:14
And then this is done in a representative sample
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืžื“ื’ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’
03:16
of thousands of women in the country
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ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”
03:19
and put together in what used to be called
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ื•ื ืืกืฃ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื
03:21
a demographic health survey report.
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ื“ื•ื— ืกืงืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืืคื™
03:24
But these surveys are costly,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื™ืงืจื™ื
03:26
so they can only be done [in] three- to five-year intervals.
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ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื›ืœ 3 ืื• 5 ืฉื ื™ื
03:29
But they have good quality.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
03:31
So this is a limitation.
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ืื– ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื’ื‘ืœื”
03:33
And all these colored lines here are results;
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช
03:36
each color is one survey.
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ื›ืœ ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ืกืงืจ ืื—ื“
03:38
But that's too complicated for today, so I'll simplify it for you,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื– ืื ื™ ืืคืฉื˜ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื
03:41
and I give you one average point for each survey.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืœื›ืœ ืกืงืจ
03:44
This was 1977, 1988,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” 1977, 1988
03:47
1992, '97
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1992, 97
03:49
and 2002.
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ื•-2002
03:52
And when the experts in the U.N.
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื
03:54
have got these surveys in place in their database,
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืžืกื“ื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
03:57
then they use advanced mathematical formulas
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช
04:00
to produce a trend line, and the trend line looks like this.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืงื• ื”ืžื’ืžื”, ื•ืงื• ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืš
04:03
See here -- it's the best fit they can get of this point.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื›ืืŸ. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช
04:06
But watch out --
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื”ืจื•
04:08
they continue the line
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ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืงื•
04:10
beyond the last point
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
04:12
out into nothing.
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ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื•ื
04:14
And they estimated that in 2008,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืฉื‘-2008
04:17
Kenya had per child mortality of 128.
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ืชืžื•ืชืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” 128
04:20
And I was sad,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขืฆื•ื‘
04:22
because we could see
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช
04:24
this reversal in Kenya
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ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคืš ื‘ืงื ื™ื”
04:26
with an increased child mortality in the 90s.
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ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืžื•ืชืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90
04:29
It was so tragic.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ืจื’ื™
04:31
But in June, I got a mail in my inbox
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™
04:34
from Demographic Health Surveys,
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ืžืกืงืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืืคื™ื
04:36
and it showed good news from Kenya.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืจืื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืงื ื™ื”
04:38
I was so happy.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ืฉืจ
04:40
This was the estimate of the new survey.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืงืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
04:43
Then it just took another three months
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ื•ืื– ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
04:45
for [the] U.N. to get it into their server,
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ืœืื•"ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉืจืช ืฉืœื”ื
04:47
and on Friday we got the new trend line --
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ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ืงื• ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
04:50
it was down here.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”
04:52
Isn't it nice -- isn't it nice, yeah?
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ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื—ืžื“? ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื—ืžื“, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:54
I was actually, on Friday, sitting in front of my computer,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™
04:57
and I saw the death rate fall
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ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื ื•ืคืœ
04:59
from 128 to 84 just that morning.
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ืž-128 ืœ-84 ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื•ืงืจ
05:02
So we celebrated.
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ืื– ื—ื’ื’ื ื•
05:04
But now, when you have this trend line,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ืงื• ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื–ื”
05:06
how do we measure progress?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช?
05:08
I'm going into some details here,
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืงืฆืช ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื›ืืŸ
05:10
because [the] U.N. do it like this.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืื•"ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืš
05:12
They start [in] 1990 -- they measure to 2009.
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘-1990, ื”ื ืžื“ื“ื• ืขื“ 2009
05:15
They say, "0.9 percent, no progress."
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื "0.9%, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช"
05:18
That's unfair.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ
05:20
As a professor, I think I have the right to propose something differently.
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ื›ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื”
05:23
I would say, at least do this --
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
05:25
10 years is enough to follow the trend.
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10 ืฉื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืžื’ืžื”
05:27
It's two surveys, and you can see what's happening now.
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ืื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืกืงืจื™ื, ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
05:30
They have 2.4 percent.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื 2.4%
05:32
Had I been in the Ministry of Health in Kenya,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื™ื”
05:34
I may have joined these two points.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆืจืฃ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
05:37
So what I'm telling you
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื
05:39
is that we know the child mortality.
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ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ ืชืžื•ืชืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
05:41
We have a decent trend.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื’ืžื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื”
05:43
It's coming into some tricky things then
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืžื” ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื
05:45
when we are measuring MDGs.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื™ืขื“ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื—
05:47
And the reason here for Africa is especially important,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
05:50
because '90s was a bad decade,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ืจ ื’ืจื•ืข
05:52
not only in Kenya, but across Africa.
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืงื ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”
05:55
The HIV epidemic peaked.
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ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ืื”
05:57
There was resistance for the old malaria drugs, until we got the new drugs.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช, ืขื“ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
06:00
We got, later, the mosquito netting.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื
06:02
And there was socio-economic problems,
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช
06:04
which are now being solved at a much better scale.
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ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืคืชืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
06:07
So look at the average here --
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื›ืืŸ
06:09
this is the average for all of sub-Saharan Africa.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœืกื”ืจื”
06:11
And [the] U.N. says
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ื•ื”ืื•"ื ืื•ืžืจ
06:13
it's a reduction with 1.8 percent.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 1.8%
06:16
Now this sounds a little theoretical,
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืงืฆืช ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™
06:18
but it's not so theoretical.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™
06:20
You know, these economists,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
06:22
they love money, they want more and more of it, they want it to grow.
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ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื•, ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืžื—
06:25
So they calculate the percent annual growth rate of [the] economy.
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ืื– ื”ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ืื—ื•ื– ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”
06:28
We in public health, we hate child death,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืžื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
06:31
so we want less and less and less of child deaths.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืชืžื•ืชืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื
06:33
So we calculate the percent reduction per year,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืœืฉื ื”
06:35
but it's sort of the same percentage.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืื•ืชื• ืื—ื•ื–
06:37
If your economy grows with four percent,
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ืื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื›ื ืฆื•ืžื—ืช ื‘-4%
06:39
you ought to reduce child mortality four percent;
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืชืžื•ืชืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘-4%
06:41
if it's used well and people are really involved
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ืื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื
06:44
and can get the use of the resources in the way they want it.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืจื•ืฆื™ื
06:47
So is this fair now to measure this over 19 years?
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ืื– ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืื•ืจืš 19 ืฉื ื™ื?
06:50
An economist would never do that.
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ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช
06:53
I have just divided it into two periods.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ืœืงืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืฉืชื™ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช
06:55
In the 90s, only 1.2 percent,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90, ืจืง 1.2%
06:58
only 1.2 percent.
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ืจืง 1.2%
07:00
Whereas now, second gear --
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ืืœื ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืฉื ื™
07:02
it's like Africa had first gear,
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
07:04
now they go into second gear.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืฉื ื™
07:06
But even this
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื”
07:08
is not a fair representation of Africa,
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ืื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”
07:10
because it's an average,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืžืžื•ืฆืข
07:12
it's an average speed of reduction in Africa.
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ื–ื” ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
07:14
And look here when I take you into my bubble graphs.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืœื•ืงื— ืืชื›ื ืœื’ืจืฃ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™
07:17
Still here,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ
07:19
child death per 1,000 on that axis.
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ืชืžื•ืชืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื›ืœ 1,000 ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”
07:22
Here we have [the] year.
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ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื ื”
07:24
And I'm now giving you a wider picture than the MDG.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—
07:27
I start 50 years ago
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื”
07:29
when Africa celebrated independence in most countries.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื—ื’ื’ื” ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
07:32
I give you Congo, which was high,
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ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืืช ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
07:34
Ghana -- lower. And Kenya -- even lower.
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ื’ืื ื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ื•ืงื ื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื•ื›ื”
07:36
And what has happened over the years since then? Here we go.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื–? ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื”
07:39
You can see, with independence, literacy improved
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ืขื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื”ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืคืจื”
07:42
and vaccinations started, smallpox was eradicated,
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื, ืžื—ืœืช ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืœื”
07:45
hygiene was improved, and things got better.
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ื”ื”ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืชืคืจื”, ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:48
But then, in the '80s, watch out here.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื›ืืŸ
07:50
Congo got into civil war,
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ืงื•ื ื’ื• ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
07:52
and they leveled off here.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉืจื• ื›ืืŸ
07:54
Ghana got very ahead, fast.
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ื’ืื ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืžืื“ [ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ]
07:56
This was the backlash in Kenya, and Ghana bypassed,
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื ื’ื“ ื‘ืงื ื™ื”, ื•ื’ืื ื” ื ืขืงืคื”
07:59
but then Kenya and Ghana go down together --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืงื ื™ื” ื•ื’ืื ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“
08:01
still a standstill in Congo.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืคืื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•
08:03
That's where we are today.
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
08:05
You can see it doesn't make sense
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™
08:08
to make an average of this zero improvement
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืืคืก ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ
08:11
and this very fast improvement.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืื“ ืžื”ื™ืจ
08:15
Time has come
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ
08:17
to stop thinking about sub-Saharan Africa as one place.
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ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœืกื”ืจื” ื›ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“
08:21
Their countries are so different,
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
08:24
and they merit to be recognized in the same way,
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ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•
08:27
as we don't talk about Europe as one place.
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ื›ืฉื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื›ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“
08:29
I can tell you that the economy in Greece and Sweden are very different --
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื” ื”ืŸ ืžืื“ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
08:32
everyone knows that.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื–ื”
08:34
And they are judged, each country, on how they are doing.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืคื˜ื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืžืกืชื“ืจื•ืช.
08:37
So let me show the wider picture.
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ืื– ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:40
My country, Sweden:
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™, ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื”:
08:43
1800, we were up there.
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1800, ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”
08:46
What a strange personality disorder we must have,
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ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืคืจืขืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
08:49
counting the children so meticulously in spite of a high child death rate.
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ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœื”ื
08:52
It's very strange. It's sort of embarrassing.
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ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžื•ื–ืจ, ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžื‘ื™ืš
08:55
But we had that habit in Sweden, you know,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื’ืœ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื”, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
08:57
that we counted all the child deaths,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
08:59
even if we didn't do anything about it.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”
09:01
And then, you see, these were famine years.
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ื•ืื–, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ืืœื” ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื‘
09:03
These were bad years, and people got fed up with Sweden.
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ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ื ืจืขื•ืช, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื ืžืืก ืžืฉื‘ื“ื™ื”.
09:05
My ancestors moved to the United States.
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ืื‘ื•ืชื™ ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
09:08
And eventually, soon they started to get better and better here.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื“ื™ ืžื”ืจ, ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ.
09:11
And here we got better education, and we got health service,
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™
09:14
and child mortality came down.
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ื•ืชืžื•ืชืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืจื“ื”
09:16
We never had a war; Sweden was in peace all this time.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ื
09:19
But look, the rate of lowering
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•, ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื™ื•ืจื“
09:21
in Sweden
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื”
09:23
was not fast.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืจ
09:25
Sweden achieved a low child mortality
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ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ืื—ื•ื– ืชืžื•ืชืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ืžื•ืš
09:28
because we started early.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืžื•ืงื“ื
09:31
We had primary school actually
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”
09:33
started in 1842.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-1842
09:35
And then you get that wonderful effect
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืืคืงื˜ ืžื•ืคืœื
09:37
when we got female literacy
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืช
09:39
one generation later.
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ื“ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš
09:41
You have to realize that the investments we do in progress
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—
09:44
are long-term investments.
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—
09:46
It's not about just five years --
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ื–ื” ืœื ืœ-5 ืฉื ื™ื
09:48
it's long-term investments.
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ื–ื• ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš.
09:50
And Sweden never reached [the] Millennium Development Goal rate,
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ื•ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืฃ
09:53
3.1 percent when I calculated.
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3.1% ื›ืฉื—ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™
09:55
So we are off track -- that's what Sweden is.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ, ื›ืš ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื”
09:58
But you don't talk about it so much.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”
10:00
We want others to be better than we were, and indeed, others have been better.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื•. ื•ื‘ืืžืช, ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:03
Let me show you Thailand,
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ืชืื™ืœื ื“
10:05
see what a success story, Thailand from the 1960s --
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ืจืื• ืื™ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ืชืื™ืœื ื“ ืž-1960
10:07
how they went down here
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”
10:09
and reached almost the same child mortality levels as Sweden.
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื•ืชื” ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืชืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื”
10:12
And I'll give you another story -- Egypt,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืฆืจื™ื.
10:15
the most hidden, glorious success in public health.
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ืกืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืžื•ืคืœื, ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืกืชืจ, ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช
10:18
Egypt was up here in 1960,
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ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘-1960
10:20
higher than Congo.
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ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื ื’ื•
10:22
The Nile Delta was a misery for children
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ื”ื“ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ื ื•ืจื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื
10:25
with diarrheal disease
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ืขื ืฉื™ืœืฉื•ืœื™ื
10:27
and malaria and a lot of problems.
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ื•ืžืœืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
10:29
And then they got the Aswan Dam. They got electricity in their homes,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืืช ืกื›ืจ ืืกื•ื•ืืŸ. ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
10:32
they increased education
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš
10:34
and they got primary health care.
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืขื™ืงืจื™
10:36
And down they went, you know.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืจื“ื•, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
10:38
And they got safer water, they eradicated malaria.
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ื•ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื ื—ื™ืกืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”
10:41
And isn't it a success story.
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ื•ื”ืื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
10:43
Millennium Development Goal rates for child mortality
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ืงืฆื‘ ื™ืขื“ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืฃ ื‘ืชืžื•ืชืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื
10:46
is fully possible.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืืคืฉืจื™
10:48
And the good thing is
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื
10:50
that Ghana today is going with the same rate
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ืฉื’ืื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืงืฆื‘
10:52
as Egypt did at its fastest.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
10:55
Kenya is now speeding up.
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ืงื ื™ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืื™ืฆื”
10:57
Here we have a problem.
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ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”
10:59
We have a severe problem in countries which are at a standstill.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืชืงื•ืขื•ืช
11:03
Now, let me now bring you to a wider picture,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:06
a wider picture of child mortality.
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืชืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื
11:08
I'm going to show you the relationship
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก
11:10
between child mortality on this axis here --
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ืชืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ
11:13
this axis here is child mortality --
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ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืชืžื•ืชืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื
11:16
and here I have the family size.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื”
11:19
The relationship between child mortality and family size.
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ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ืชืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื”
11:21
One, two, three, four children per woman:
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ืื—ื“, ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉื”, ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉื”
11:23
six, seven, eight children per woman.
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ืฉื™ืฉื”, ืฉื‘ืขื”, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉื”
11:25
This is, once again, 1960 --
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ืืช 1960
11:27
50 years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”
11:29
Each bubble is a country --
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ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื”
11:31
the color, you can see, a continent.
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ื”ืฆื‘ืข, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช
11:33
The dark blue here is sub-Saharan Africa.
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ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื›ื”ื” ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœืกื”ืจื”
11:35
And the size of the bubble is the population.
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ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
11:39
And these are
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื
11:41
the so-called "developing" countries.
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ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช "ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช"
11:43
They had high, or very high, child mortality
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืชืžื•ืชืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืžืื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
11:46
and family size, six to eight.
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ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืฉืฉื” ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื”
11:49
And the ones over there,
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ื•ืืœื” ื›ืืŸ
11:51
they were so-called Western countries.
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ื”ื ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช
11:53
They had low child mortality
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืชืžื•ืชืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื”
11:55
and small families.
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ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
11:57
What has happened?
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ืžื” ืงืจื”?
11:59
What I want you [to do] now is to see with your own eyes
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืจืื• ื‘ืžื• ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื
12:02
the relation between fall in child mortality
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ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืชืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
12:05
and decrease in family size.
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ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”
12:08
I just want not to have any room for doubt --
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื
12:10
you have to see that for yourself.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื
12:12
This is what happened. Now I start the world.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
12:15
Here we come down with the eradication of
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ืš
12:17
smallpox, better education,
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ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:19
health service.
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ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™
12:21
It got down there -- China comes into the Western box here.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœื›ืืŸ -- ืกื™ืŸ ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืงื•ืคืกื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ืืŸ
12:24
And here Brazil is in the Western Box.
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช
12:26
India is approaching. The first African countries coming into the Western box,
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ื”ื•ื“ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืงื•ืคืกื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช
12:29
and we get a lot a new neighbors.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
12:31
Welcome to a decent life.
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ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื
12:33
Come on. We want everyone down there.
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ื ืžืฉื™ืš. ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ืคื” ืœืžื˜ื”
12:35
This is the vision we have, isn't it.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•, ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืช?
12:37
And look now, the first African countries here are coming in.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช
12:40
There we are today.
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื
12:43
There is no such thing
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ
12:45
as a "Western world" and "developing world."
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ื›ืžื• "ืขื•ืœื ืžืขืจื‘ื™" ื•-"ืขื•ืœื ืžืชืคืชื—"
12:47
This is the report from [the] U.N.,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื“ื•ื— ืžื”ืื•"ื
12:49
which came out on Friday.
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ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™
12:51
It's very good -- "Levels and Trends in Child Mortality" --
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ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื“ -- "ืจืžื•ืช ื•ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ืชืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื" --
12:54
except this page.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”
12:56
This page is very bad;
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ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืื“ ืจืข
12:58
it's a categorization of countries.
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ื–ื” ื”ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
13:01
It labels "developing countries," -- I can read from the list here --
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ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื•ื’ "ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช" -- ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืžื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื›ืืŸ --
13:04
developing countries: Republic of Korea -- South Korea.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช: ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื”
13:07
Huh?
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ืžื”?
13:09
They get Samsung, how can they be [a] developing country?
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืกืžืกื•ื ื’, ืื™ืš ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช?
13:12
They have here Singapore.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืืŸ ืืช ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ
13:14
They have the lowest child mortality in the world, Singapore.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ืชืžื•ืชืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ
13:16
They bypassed Sweden five years ago,
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ื”ื ืขืงืคื• ืืช ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
13:18
and they are labeled a developing country.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช
13:20
They have here Qatar.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืืŸ ืืช ืงืื˜ืจ
13:22
It's the richest country in the world with Al Jazeera.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื ืืœ ื’'ื–ื™ืจื”
13:24
How the heck could they be [a] developing country?
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ืื™ืš ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช
13:26
This is crap.
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ื–ื” ื–ื‘ืœ
13:28
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:31
The rest here is good -- the rest is good.
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ื”ืฉืืจ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘. ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘
13:33
We have to have a modern concept,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื
13:35
which fits to the data.
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ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื ืชื•ื ื™ื
13:37
And we have to realize
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ื•ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
13:39
that we are all going to into this, down to here.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื”, ืœื›ืืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”
13:42
What is the importance now with the relations here.
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ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื ื”ื™ื—ืก ื›ืืŸ
13:45
Look -- even if we look in Africa --
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
13:47
these are the African countries.
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช
13:49
You can clearly see the relation with falling child mortality
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื ืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืชืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื
13:52
and decreasing family size,
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ื•ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”
13:54
even within Africa.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืคืจื™ืงื”
13:56
It's very clear that this is what happens.
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ื–ื” ืžืื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”
13:58
And a very important piece of research came out on Friday
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ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืžื—ืงืจ ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™
14:01
from the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation in Seattle
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ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืื˜ืœ
14:05
showing that almost 50 percent
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ืžืจืื” ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ 50%
14:07
of the fall in child mortality
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ืžื”ื ืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืชืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
14:09
can be attributed to female education.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื ืฉื™ื
14:12
That is, when we get girls in school,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ
14:15
we'll get an impact 15 to 20 years later,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” 15 ืื• 20 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš
14:17
which is a secular trend which is very strong.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื’ืžื” ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืื“ ื—ื–ืงื”
14:20
That's why we must have that long-term perspective,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืจืื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—
14:23
but we must measure the impact
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื”
14:25
over 10-year periods.
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ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 10 ืฉื ื™ื
14:27
It's fully possible
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ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืืคืฉืจื™
14:29
to get child mortality down in all of these countries
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ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืชืžื•ืชืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
14:31
and to get them down in the corner
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ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ืœืคื™ื ื”
14:33
where we all would like to live together.
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ืฉื ื ืจืฆื” ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“
14:37
And of course, lowering child mortality
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื•ืจื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืชืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื
14:40
is a matter of utmost importance
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”
14:43
from humanitarian aspects.
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ืžื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™.
14:45
It's a decent life for children,
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื
14:47
we are talking about.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื•
14:49
But it is also a strategic investment
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ื’ื ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช
14:52
in the future of all mankind,
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
14:54
because it's about the environment.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
14:57
We will not be able to manage the environment
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ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
14:59
and avoid the terrible climate crisis
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ื•ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืžืฉื‘ืจื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืื™ื•ืžื™ื
15:01
if we don't stabilize the world population.
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ืื ืœื ื ื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
15:03
Let's be clear about that.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”
15:05
And the way to do that,
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช
15:07
that is to get child mortality down, get access to family planning
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ื–ื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืชืžื•ืชืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™
15:10
and behind that drive female education.
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ื•ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื–ื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื ืฉื™ื
15:13
And that is fully possible. Let's do it.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืืคืฉืจื™, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”!
15:15
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื
15:17
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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