Pia Mancini: How to upgrade democracy for the Internet era

113,765 views ใƒป 2014-10-08

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sagi Nishri ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
I have the feeling that we can all agree
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื
00:15
that we're moving towards a new
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืœืงืจืืช
ืžื•ื“ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื”.
00:18
model of the state and society.
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00:20
But, we're absolutely clueless as to what this is
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉืžืฅ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื”ื•
00:25
or what it should be.
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ืื• ืžื”ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
00:27
It seems like we need to have
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”
00:29
a conversation about democracy
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ืฉื™ื— ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
00:32
in our day and age.
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืื ื•.
00:34
Let's think about it this way:
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ื›ื”:
00:36
We are 21st-century citizens, doing our
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21, ื”ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•
00:40
very, very best to interact with 19th century-designed institutions
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ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19,
00:47
that are based on an information technology of the 15th century.
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ืฉืžืชื‘ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-15.
00:52
Let's have a look at some of the
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ืžื”
00:53
characteristics of this system.
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ืžื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื•.
00:56
First of all, it's designed for an information technology
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ืข
00:59
that's over 500 years old.
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ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-500 ืฉื ื™ื.
01:02
And the best possible system
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ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:05
that could be designed for it
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื”
01:06
is one where the few make daily decisions
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ื• ืฉื‘ื” ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื
01:10
in the name of the many.
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ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื•ื‘.
01:12
And the many get to vote once every couple of years.
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ื•ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืื—ืช ืœื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.
01:17
In the second place, the costs of
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™, ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช
01:19
participating in this system are
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ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ืŸ
01:21
incredibly high.
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ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื™ืื•ืžืŸ.
01:22
You either have to have a fair bit of money
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ืืชื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื™ื
01:25
and influence, or you have to devote your entire
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ืื• ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช
ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
01:30
life to politics.
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01:31
You have to become a party member
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžืคืœื’ื”
01:33
and slowly start working up the ranks
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ื•ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื“ืจื’ื•ืช
01:37
until maybe, one day, you'll get to sit at a table
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ืขื“ ืฉืื•ืœื™, ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืชื–ื›ื• ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ
01:41
where a decision is being made.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”.
01:43
And last but not least,
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ื•ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘,
01:45
the language of the system โ€”
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ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช -
01:47
it's incredibly cryptic.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืคื ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืื•ืžืŸ.
01:49
It's done for lawyers, by lawyers,
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ื”ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืข"ื™ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืœืžืขืŸ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ,
01:52
and no one else can understand.
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื”.
01:55
So, it's a system where we can
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ืื ื›ืš, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
01:58
choose our authorities,
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ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
02:00
but we are completely left out on how those authorities
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
02:03
reach their decisions.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ.
02:06
So, in a day where a new information technology
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ืื ื›ืš, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉื”
02:10
allows us to participate globally in any conversation,
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ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื—,
02:16
our barriers of information are completely lowered
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ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™
02:19
and we can, more than ever before,
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ ืคืขื,
02:23
express our desires and our concerns.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ื“ืื’ื•ืชื™ื ื•.
02:26
Our political system remains the same
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ืฉืืจื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
02:29
for the past 200 years
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 200 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื•
02:33
and expects us to be contented with being simply passive recipients
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ื•ืžืฆืคื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
02:38
of a monologue.
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’.
02:40
So, it's really not surprising that
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข
02:43
this kind of system is only able to produce
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ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื›ื–ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืจืง
02:46
two kinds of results:
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ืฉืชื™ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช:
02:48
silence or noise.
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ื“ืžืžื” ืื• ืจืขืฉ.
02:52
Silence, in terms of citizens not engaging,
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ื“ืžืžื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื,
02:55
simply not wanting to participate.
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ.
02:58
There's this commonplace [idea] that I truly, truly dislike,
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ืขื” ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช,
03:02
and it's this idea that we citizens are naturally
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื ื•
03:06
apathetic. That we shun commitment.
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ืืคืืชื™ื™ื. ืฉืื ื• ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืžืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
03:09
But, can you really blame us
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ืื‘ืœ, ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•
03:10
for not jumping at the opportunity of going
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ืฉืื ื• ืœื ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื, ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ืงื‘ืœ, ืœืœื›ืช
03:13
to the middle of the city in the middle
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ืœืืžืฆืข ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•
03:15
of a working day to attend, physically,
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ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ, ืคื™ื–ื™ืช,
03:18
a public hearing that has no impact
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืข ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื”
03:22
whatsoever?
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ื‘ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ?
03:24
Conflict is bound to happen between a system
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ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื•ืก ืžืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช
03:28
that no longer represents, nor has any dialogue capacity,
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ืœืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื•ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:34
and citizens that are increasingly used
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:37
to representing themselves.
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ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
03:40
And, then we find noise:
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ื•ืื– ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขืฉ:
03:42
Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico Italy, France, Spain, the United States,
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ืฆ'ื™ืœื”, ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ, ืžืงืกื™ืงื•, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืฆืจืคืช, ืกืคืจื“, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
03:48
they're all democracies.
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ื”ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช.
03:50
Their citizens have access to
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ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ื’ื™ืฉื”
03:52
the ballot boxes. But they still feel the need,
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ืœืงืœืคื™ื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš,
03:57
they need to take to the streets in order to be heard.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข.
04:02
To me, it seems like the 18th-century
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ืœื™ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื™ืกืžื” ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-18
04:07
slogan that was the basis for the formation
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ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžื™ื“ืข
04:10
of our modern democracies, "No taxation
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ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ืฉืชืชื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, "ืื™ืŸ ืžืก
04:13
without representation,"
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ืื ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’,"
04:16
can now be updated to "No representation without a conversation."
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ืชืขื“ื›ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœ-"ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื—".
04:23
We want our seat at the table.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.
04:27
And rightly so.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื•.
04:30
But in order to be part of this conversation,
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ืืš ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ื–ื”,
04:32
we need to know what we want to do next,
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš,
04:35
because political action is being able
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
04:39
to move from agitation
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ืœื ื•ืข ืžื–ืขื–ื•ืข
04:41
to construction.
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ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื”.
04:43
My generation has been incredibly good at
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ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
04:47
using new networks and technologies
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
04:49
to organize protests,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืžื—ืื•ืช,
04:52
protests that were able to successfully
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ืžื—ืื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื•
04:54
impose agendas,
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ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืื’'ื ื“ื•ืช,
04:56
roll back extremely pernicious legislation,
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ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ื—ืงื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:00
and even overthrow authoritarian governments.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื•ืช.
05:03
And we should be immensely
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ื•ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“
05:05
proud of this.
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ื’ืื™ื ื‘ื–ื”.
05:07
But, we also must admit that we
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช
05:09
haven't been good at using those
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
05:11
same networks and technologies
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ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
05:14
to successfully articulate an alternative to what we're seeing
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
05:20
and find the consensus and build the alliances that are needed
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช
05:25
to make it happen.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”.
05:27
And so the risk that we face
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ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื
05:29
is that we can create these huge power vacuums
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื— ื”ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
05:33
that will very quickly get filled up by de facto
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ืฉื™ืชืžืœืื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช 'ื“ื”-ืคืงื˜ื•',
05:37
powers, like the military or highly
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื‘ื ืื•
ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
05:40
motivated and already organized groups
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05:43
that generally lie on the extremes.
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ืฉื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืŸ.
05:46
But our democracy is neither
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื”
05:48
just a matter of voting once every
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ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื
05:51
couple of years.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.
05:52
But it's not either the ability to bring millions onto the streets.
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ืืš ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
05:58
So the question I'd like to raise here,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื›ืืŸ,
06:01
and I do believe it's the most important question we need to answer,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื ื•ืช,
06:05
is this one:
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ื”ื™ื ื–ื•:
06:06
If Internet is the new printing press,
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ืื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”,
06:10
then what is democracy for the Internet era?
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ืื– ืžื”ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™?
06:14
What institutions do we want to build
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ืื™ืœื• ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
06:17
for the 21st-century society?
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21?
06:21
I don't have the answer, just in case.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”.
06:25
I don't think anyone does.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉ.
06:26
But I truly believe we can't afford to ignore this question anymore.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:31
So, I'd like to share our experience
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืืฉืžื— ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืžื›ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
06:33
and what we've learned so far
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ื•ืืช ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืขื“ ื›ื”
06:35
and hopefully contribute two cents
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืชืจื•ื ืžืขื˜
06:37
to this conversation.
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ืœืฉื™ื— ื”ื–ื”.
06:39
Two years ago, with a group of friends from Argentina,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”,
06:43
we started thinking, "how can we get our representatives,
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, "ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื•,
06:47
our elected representatives,
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ืœื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื ื•,
06:49
to represent us?"
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ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื•ืชื ื•"?
06:53
Marshall McLuhan once said that politics
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ืžืจืฉืœ ืžืงืœื•ื”ืŸ ืืžืจ ืคืขื ืฉืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”
06:57
is solving today's problems with yesterday's tools.
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ื”ื™ื ื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืืชืžื•ืœ.
07:02
So the question that motivated us was,
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื”,
07:04
can we try and solve some of today's problems
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ื”ืื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
07:08
with the tools that we use every single day of our lives?
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ืขื ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ืึฟ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•?
07:12
Our first approach was to design and develop
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืขืฆื‘ ื•ืœืคืชื—
07:15
a piece of software called DemocracyOS.
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ืคื™ืกืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช 'ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืื•-ืืก' (ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”).
07:19
DemocracyOS is an open-source web application
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'ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืื•-ืืก' ื”ื™ื ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ืจืฉืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืคืชื•ื—
07:22
that is designed to become a bridge
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ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื’ืฉืจ
07:25
between citizens and their elected representatives
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื”ื
07:28
to make it easier for us to participate from our everyday lives.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื.
07:34
So first of all, you can get informed so every new
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ืื– ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขื“ื›ืŸ,
07:37
project that gets introduced in Congress
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก
07:40
gets immediately translated and explained
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ื™ืชื•ืจื’ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ืกื‘ืจ
07:43
in plain language on this platform.
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ื‘ืฉืคื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ื–ื•.
07:46
But we all know that social change
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
07:49
is not going to come from just knowing
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ืœื ื™ื’ื™ืข ืจืง ืžืงื‘ืœืช
07:52
more information,
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ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ,
07:53
but from doing something with it.
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ืืœื ืžื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื•.
07:56
So better access to information
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ืื ื›ืš, ื’ื™ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื™ื“ืข
07:58
should lead to a conversation
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื—
08:00
about what we're going to do next,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš,
08:02
and DemocracyOS allows for that.
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ื•'ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืื•-ืืก' ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื–ืืช.
08:04
Because we believe that democracy is
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื
08:06
not just a matter of stacking up
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ืœื ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœืขืจื•ื
08:08
preferences, one on top of each other,
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ืกื“ืจื™ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช, ืื—ื“ ืžืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™,
08:11
but that our healthy and robust public debate
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื–ืง ืฉืœื ื•
08:15
should be, once again, one of its fundamental values.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืžืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“.
08:19
So DemocracyOS is about persuading and being persuaded.
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ืื ื›ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ 'ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืื•-ืืก' ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข.
08:23
It's about reaching a consensus
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ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื›ืžื”
08:26
as much as finding a proper way
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”
08:29
of channeling our disagreement.
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ืœืชื™ืขื•ืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉืœื ื•.
08:32
And finally, you can vote
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข
08:34
how you would like your elected representative to vote.
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื›ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืขื•.
08:38
And if you do not feel comfortable
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ื•ืื ืื™ื ื›ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื—
08:40
voting on a certain issue,
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ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
08:42
you can always delegate your vote
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืงื•ืœื›ื
ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืชืืคืฉืจื•
08:44
to someone else, allowing
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08:45
for a dynamic and emerging social leadership.
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืจืฆืช.
08:51
It suddenly became very easy for us
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ืคืชืื•ื ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“
08:52
to simply compare these results
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ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
08:55
with how our representatives were
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ืœืื™ืš ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
08:57
voting in Congress.
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ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก.
08:58
But, it also became very evident that
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื’ื
09:00
technology was not going to do the trick.
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ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคืงืช.
09:04
What we needed to do to was to find
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื
09:06
actors that were able to
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ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืงื—ื•
09:09
grab this distributed knowledge
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ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื•ืคืฅ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”
09:12
in society and use it to make better and more fair decisions.
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ื•ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:18
So we reached out to traditional political parties
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ืื– ืคื ื™ื ื• ืœืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช
09:21
and we offered them DemocracyOS.
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ื•ื”ืฆืขื ื• ืœื”ื ืืช 'ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืื•-ืืก'.
09:23
We said, "Look, here you have a platform that you can use to build
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ืืžืจื ื•, "ืชืจืื•, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
09:28
a two-way conversation with your constituencies."
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ืฉื™ื— ื“ื•-ืกื˜ืจื™ ืขื ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœื›ื"
09:32
And yes, we failed.
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื ื›ืฉืœื ื•.
09:34
We failed big time.
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ื ื›ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
09:37
We were sent to play outside like little kids.
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ืฉืœื—ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ืžื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
09:42
Amongst other things, we were called naive.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื ืงืจืื ื• ืชืžื™ืžื™ื.
09:44
And I must be honest: I think, in hindsight, we were.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื” ื•ืœื•ืžืจ: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื•.
09:48
Because the challenges that we face, they're not
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื, ืื™ื ื
09:50
technological, they're cultural.
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
09:53
Political parties were never willing
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ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืจืื• ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช
09:55
to change the way they make their decisions.
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ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
09:59
So it suddenly became a bit obvious
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ื›ืš ืฉืคืชืื•ื ื”ื‘ื ื•
10:01
that if we wanted to move forward with this idea,
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ืฉืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
10:05
we needed to do it ourselves.
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•.
10:08
And so we took quite a leap of faith,
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ืื– ืœืงื—ื ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
10:10
and in August last year, we founded
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ื•ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
10:12
our own political party,
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ื™ื™ืกื“ื ื• ืžืคืœื’ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื ื•,
10:14
El Partido de la Red,
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"ืืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื“ื• ื“ื” ืœื” ืจื“",
10:16
or the Net Party, in the city of Buenos Aires.
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ืื• 'ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืจืฉืช', ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก.
10:20
And taking an even bigger leap of faith,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืจื•ื•ื™ ืชืงื•ื•ื” -
10:23
we ran for elections in October last year
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ืจืฆื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”
10:28
with this idea:
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ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”:
10:29
if we want a seat in Congress,
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ืื ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก,
10:32
our candidate, our representatives
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ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
10:34
were always going to vote according to
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ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืคื™
10:37
what citizens decided on DemocracyOS.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื‘'ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืื•-ืืก'.
10:41
Every single project that got introduced
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ื›ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื’
10:44
in Congress, we were going vote
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ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆื‘ื™ืข
10:45
according to what citizens decided on an online platform.
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ืช.
10:50
It was our way of hacking the political system.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื ื• ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
10:54
We understood that if we wanted
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื
10:56
to become part of the conversation,
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ื—,
10:58
to have a seat at the table,
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ,
11:00
we needed to become valid stakeholders,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™,
11:03
and the only way of doing it is to play by the system rules.
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
11:08
But we were hacking it in the sense that
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ืื‘ืœ ืคืจืฆื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ื–ื•
11:11
we were radically changing the way a political party
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ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืžืคืœื’ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
11:15
makes its decisions.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื”.
11:16
For the first time, we were making our decisions
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ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช
11:20
together with those who we were
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืœื• ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžื”ืŸ
11:22
affecting directly by those decisions.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ.
11:27
It was a very, very bold move for a two-month-old party
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืขื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื ื•ืขื– ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื
11:30
in the city of Buenos Aires.
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก.
11:32
But it got attention.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘.
11:34
We got 22,000 votes, that's 1.2 percent of the votes,
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ื”ืฉื’ื ื• 22,000 ืงื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื 1.2% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช,
11:38
and we came in second for the local options.
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ื•ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
11:43
So, even if that wasn't enough to win a
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
11:45
seat in Congress, it was enough
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ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก, ื–ื” ื”ืกืคื™ืง
11:47
for us to become part of the conversation,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื—,
11:50
to the extent that next month,
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื,
11:54
Congress, as an institution, is launching
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ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก, ื›ืžื•ืกื“, ืžืฉื™ืง
11:57
for the first time in Argentina's history,
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”,
12:00
a DemocracyOS to discuss,
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ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš 'ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืื•-ืืก',
12:02
with the citizens, three pieces of legislation:
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื—ืงื™ืงื”:
12:06
two on urban transportation and
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ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช
12:08
one on the use of public space.
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ื•ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.
12:11
Of course, our elected representatives are not
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
12:14
saying, "Yes, we're going to vote
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ืื™ื ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆื‘ื™ืข
12:16
according to what citizens decide,"
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื",
12:18
but they're willing to try.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช.
12:20
They're willing to open up a new space
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ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื— ืžืงื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ
12:23
for citizen engagement and hopefully
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ืœืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื”
12:26
they'll be willing to listen as well.
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘.
12:29
Our political system can be transformed,
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ื”,
12:33
and not by subverting it, by destroying it,
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ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืชื™ืจื” ืชื—ืชื™ื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื™ืกืชื”,
12:37
but by rewiring it with the tools that
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ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื
12:41
Internet affords us now.
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ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื.
12:43
But a real challenge is to find, to design
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืฆื•ื, ืœืขืฆื‘,
12:48
to create, to empower those connectors
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ืืœื•
12:51
that are able to innovate, to transform
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ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื, ืœืฉื ื•ืช
12:55
noise and silence into signal
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ืืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ื•ื”ื“ืžืžื” ืœืื•ืช
12:58
and finally bring our democracies
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
13:00
to the 21st century.
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ืœืžืื” ื”-21.
13:02
I'm not saying it's easy.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื–ื” ืงืœ.
13:05
But in our experience, we actually stand a chance
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืืžื™ืชื™
13:08
of making it work.
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—.
13:11
And in my heart, it's most definitely
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง
13:14
worth trying.
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ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื ืกื•ืช.
13:15
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
13:16
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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