Renata Salecl: Our unhealthy obsession with choice

110,817 views ใƒป 2014-07-09

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
When I was preparing for this talk,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื ื ืชื™ ืœืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
00:15
I went to search for a couple of quotes
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื
00:17
that I can share with you.
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ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืื™ืชื›ื
00:18
Good news: I found three
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ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช: ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”
00:21
that I particularly liked,
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ืฉืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
00:22
the first by Samuel Johnson, who said,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืคื™ ืกืžื•ืืœ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ, ืฉืืžืจ:
00:26
"When making your choice in life,
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"ื›ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
00:28
do not forget to live,"
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ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช."
00:31
the second by Aeschylus, who reminded us that
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ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ืกื›ื™ืœื•ืก, ืฉื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื•
00:35
"happiness is a choice that requires effort,"
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ืฉ"ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžืืžืฅ."
00:39
and the third is one by Groucho Marx
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจืื•ืฆ'ื• ืžืจืงืก
00:42
who said, "I wouldn't want to choose to belong
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ืฉืืžืจ: "ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš
00:45
to any club that would have me as a member."
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ืœืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ".
00:51
Now, bad news:
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช:
00:53
I didn't know which one of these quotes
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
00:55
to choose and share with you.
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ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื.
00:58
The sweet anxiety of choice.
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ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื”ืžืชื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
01:01
In today's times of post-industrial capitalism,
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืคื•ืกื˜ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™,
01:05
choice, together with individual freedom
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ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืคืจื˜
01:09
and the idea of self-making,
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืฆืžื™
01:11
has been elevated to an ideal.
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ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืœื›ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ.
01:15
Now, together with this, we also have a belief
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืืžื•ื ื”
01:19
in endless progress.
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ื‘ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
01:22
But the underside of this ideology
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•
01:24
has been an increase of anxiety,
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ื’ื‘ืจื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื”,
01:28
feelings of guilt,
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ืจื’ืฉื™ ืืฉื,
01:30
feelings of being inadequate,
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ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื™-ื”ืชืืžื”
01:34
feeling that we are failing in our choices.
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ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:38
Sadly, this ideology of individual choice
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช
01:42
has prevented us from thinking about social changes.
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ืžื ืขื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื.
01:48
It appears that this ideology was actually
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื”
01:51
very efficient in pacifying us
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ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืžืื“ ื‘ื”ืฉืงื˜ืชื ื•
01:54
as political and social thinkers.
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ื›ื”ื•ื’ื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื
01:56
Instead of making social critiques,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
01:59
we are more and more engaging in self-critique,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช-ืขืฆืžื™ืช,
02:02
sometimes to the point of self-destruction.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขื“ ืœื›ื“ื™ ื”ืจืก ืขืฆืžื™.
02:07
Now, how come that ideology of choice
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”
02:09
is still so powerful,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืงื”,
02:11
even among people who have
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ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื
02:14
not many things to choose among?
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื?
02:16
How come that even people who are poor
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉื’ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ื
02:20
very much still identify with the idea of choice,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื“ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”,
02:24
the kind of rational idea of choice
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”
02:26
which we embrace?
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ืฉืื ื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื?
02:29
Now, the ideology of choice is very successful
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ื›ืขืช, ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืื“ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื”
02:33
in opening for us a space to think
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ืœืคืชื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืžืจื—ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
02:37
about some imagined future.
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ืขืœ ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืขืชื™ื“ ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
02:40
Let me give you an example.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
02:43
My friend Manya,
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ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžื ื™ื”,
02:44
when she was a student at university in California,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
02:47
was earning money
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ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื” ื›ืกืฃ
02:49
by working for a car dealer.
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ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ืืฆืœ ืกื•ื—ืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:52
Now, Manya, when she encountered
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ื›ืขืช, ื›ืฉืžื ื™ื” ื ืชืงืœื”
02:54
the typical customer, would debate with him
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ื‘ืœืงื•ื— ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ื ื” ืืชื•
02:57
about his lifestyle,
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ืขืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
02:59
how much he wants to spend,
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ื›ืžื” ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื,
03:01
how many children he has,
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ื›ืžื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื•,
03:03
what does he need the car for?
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ืœืฉื ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช?
03:05
They would usually come to a good conclusion
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
03:08
what would be a perfect car.
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ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช,
03:11
Now, before Manya's customer would go home
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ื›ืขืช, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืœืงื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”
03:14
and think things through,
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ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืง,
03:17
she would say to him,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื•,
03:18
"The car that you are buying now is perfect,
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"ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืืชื” ืงื•ื ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช,
03:22
but in a few year's time,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื
03:24
when your kids will be already out of the house,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช
03:27
when you will have a little bit more money,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ,
03:30
that other car will be ideal.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืื™ื“ืืœื™ืช.
03:33
But what you are buying now is great."
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืงื•ื ื” ื›ืขืช ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ."
03:36
Now, the majority of Manya's customers
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ื”
03:39
who came back the next day
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ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ืœืžื—ืจืช
03:40
bought that other car,
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ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื”ื™ื,
03:43
the car they did not need,
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื,
03:45
the car that cost far too much money.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืขืœืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื›ืกืฃ.
03:48
Now, Manya became so successful in selling cars
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ื›ืขืช, ืžื ื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
03:51
that soon she moved on to selling airplanes.
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ืฉืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื.
03:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:59
And knowing so much about the psychology of people
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ื•ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
04:03
prepared her well for her current job,
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ื”ื›ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™,
04:04
which is that of a psychoanalyst.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ืช,
04:08
Now, why were Manya's customers so irrational?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืžื” ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื?
04:13
Manya's success was that she was able
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ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื”
04:15
to open in their heads an image
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ืœืคืชื— ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™
04:18
of an idealized future,
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ืฉืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™,
04:22
an image of themselves
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ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื
04:24
when they are already more successful, freer,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:28
and for them, choosing that other car
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจ
04:30
was as if they are coming closer to this ideal
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ื”ื™ืชื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ื”ื–ื”
04:33
in which it was as if Manya already saw them.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื–ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
04:38
Now, we rarely make really totally rational choices.
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ื›ืขืช, ืื ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช.
04:42
Choices are influenced by our unconscious,
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ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžื”ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื•,
04:46
by our community.
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ืžื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•,
04:48
We're often choosing
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื
04:50
by guessing, what would other people
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ, ืฉืœ ืžื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
04:52
think about our choice?
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•?
04:55
Also we are choosing
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ืื ื• ื’ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื
04:56
by looking at what others are choosing.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื.
04:59
We're also guessing what is socially acceptable choice.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžื ื—ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
05:03
Now, because of this, we actually
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ื›ืขืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื”
05:06
even after we have already chosen,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืจื ื•,
05:08
like bought a car,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืงื ื™ื ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช,
05:10
endlessly read reviews about cars,
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ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
05:13
as if we still want to convince ourselves
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
05:16
that we made the right choice.
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ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
05:18
Now, choices are anxiety-provoking.
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ื›ืขืช, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื—ืจื“ื”.
05:21
They are linked to risks, losses.
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ื”ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ืœื”ืคืกื“ื™ื.
05:24
They are highly unpredictable.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช.
05:27
Now, because of this,
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ื›ืขืช, ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš,
05:29
people have now more and more problems
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื›ืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
05:31
that they are not choosing anything.
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ืฉื”ื ืœื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื›ืœื•ื.
05:35
Not long ago, I was at a wedding reception,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื‘, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื—ืชื•ื ื”,
05:39
and I met a young, beautiful woman
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ื•ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื™ืฉื” ืฆืขื™ืจื”, ื™ืคื”
05:41
who immediately started telling me about her anxiety over choice.
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ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืžื™ื™ื“ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื™ ืขืœ ื—ืจื“ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”.
05:46
She said to me, "I needed one month
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืœื™ "ืœืงื— ืœื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ
05:48
to decide which dress to wear."
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ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื™ื–ื• ืฉืžืœื” ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ."
05:51
Then she said, "For weeks I was researching
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”: ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ืงืจืชื™
05:53
which hotel to stay for this one night.
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืœื•ืŸ ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืš ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“.
05:56
And now, I need to choose a sperm donor."
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ื•ื›ืขืช, ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื ื–ืจืข."
06:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:04
I looked at this woman in shock.
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ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ืืฉื” ื–ื• ื ื“ื”ืžืช.
06:07
"Sperm donor? What's the rush?"
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"ืชื•ืจื ื–ืจืข? ืžื” ื‘ื•ืขืจ?
06:10
She said, "I'm turning 40 at the end of this year,
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”, "ืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ื‘ืช 40 ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื” ื–ื•,
06:14
and I've been so bad in choosing men in my life."
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™."
06:19
Now choice, because it's linked to risk,
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ื›ืขืช, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
06:24
is anxiety-provoking,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื—ืจื“ื”,
06:26
and it was already the famous
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ
06:29
Danish philosopher Sรธren Kierkegaard
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ื”ื“ื ื™ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืกืจืŸ ืงื™ืจืงื’ื•ืจ
06:31
who pointed out that anxiety
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ืฉื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื—ืจื“ื”
06:34
is linked to the possibility of possibility.
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ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช.
06:37
Now, we think today that we can prevent these risks.
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ื›ืขืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
06:42
We have endless market analysis,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ืฉื•ืง ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™,
06:45
projections of the future earnings.
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ืฉืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื
06:47
Even with market, which is about chance,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ืฉื•ืง ืฉื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™,
06:50
randomness, we think we can predict rationally
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ื‘ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™
06:54
where it's going.
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ืœืืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš.
06:56
Now, chance is actually becoming very traumatic.
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ื›ืขืช, ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื“ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™.
07:01
Last year, my friend Bernard Harcourt
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืจื ืจื“ ื”ืจืงื•ืจื˜
07:04
at the University of Chicago organized an event,
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฉื™ืงื’ื• ืืจื’ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืข,
07:08
a conference on the idea of chance.
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ื›ื ืก ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™.
07:11
He and I were together on the panel,
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ื”ื•ื ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืคื ืœ,
07:13
and just before delivering our papers โ€”
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• -
07:16
we didn't know each other's papers โ€”
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ --
07:18
we decided to take chance seriously.
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืงื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
07:21
So we informed our audience
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ืื– ื”ื•ื“ืขื ื• ืœืงื”ืœ ืฉืœื ื•
07:23
that what they will just now hear
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ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ืขืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข
07:25
will be a random paper,
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืืžืจ ืืงืจืื™
07:27
a mixture of the two papers
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ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื
07:29
which we didn't know what each was writing.
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ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืžื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื›ืชื‘.
07:33
Now, we delivered the conference in such a way.
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ื›ืขืช, ื”ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื ืก ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื•.
07:37
Bernard read his first paragraph,
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ื‘ืจื ืจื“ ื”ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•,
07:39
I read my first paragraph,
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ื”ืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™
07:42
Bernard read his second paragraph,
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ื‘ืจื ืจื“ ื”ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื™
07:44
I read my second paragraph,
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ืื ื™ ื”ืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื™,
07:45
in this way towards the end of our papers.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื” ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
07:49
Now, you will be surprised
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ื›ืขืช, ืชื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื
07:51
that a majority of our audience
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ืฉืจื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฉืœื ื•
07:53
did not think that what they'd just listened to
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ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื ืฉืžืขื• ื–ื” ืขืชื”
07:56
was a completely random paper.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืืžืจ ืืงืจืื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
07:59
They couldn't believe that
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
08:01
speaking from the position of authority
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ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช
08:03
like two professors we were,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื•,
08:05
we would take chance seriously.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช
08:08
They thought we prepared the papers together
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ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื›ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“
08:11
and were just joking that it's random.
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ื•ืจืง ื”ืชืœื•ืฆืฆื ื• ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืืงืจืื™ื™ื.
08:14
Now, we live in times with a lot of information,
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ื›ืขืช, ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข,
08:19
big data,
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ื‘ื™ื’ ื“ืื˜ื”,
08:20
a lot of knowledge about the insides of our bodies.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื ื•
08:23
We decoded our genome.
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ืคื™ืขื ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
08:25
We know about our brains more than before.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
08:28
But surprisingly, people are more and more
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื, ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:31
turning a blind eye in front of this knowledge.
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ืžืขืœื™ืžื™ื ืขื™ืŸ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”.
08:35
Ignorance and denial are on the rise.
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ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื”.
08:40
Now, in regard to the current economic crisis,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™,
08:43
we think that we will just wake up again
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื ืชืขื•ืจืจ
08:46
and everything will be the same as before,
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ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื“ื,
08:48
and no political or social changes are needed.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื• ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื.
08:51
In regard to ecological crisis,
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
08:54
we think nothing needs to be done just now,
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืขืช,
08:57
or others need to act before us.
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ืื• ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืคื ื™ื ื•.
09:00
Or even when ecological crisis already happens,
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืžืฉื‘ืจ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื”,
09:03
like a catastrophe in Fukushima,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืงื•ืฉื™ืžื”,
09:05
often we have people living in the same environment
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
09:08
with the same amount of information,
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ืขื ืื•ืชื” ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข,
09:10
and half of them will be anxious about radiation
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ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงืจื™ื ื”
09:14
and half of them will ignore it.
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ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื ื™ืชืขืœืžื• ืžื›ืš.
09:17
Now, psychoanalysts know very well
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ื›ืขืช, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“
09:20
that people surprisingly don't have
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ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืื™ืŸ
09:22
passion for knowledge
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ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœืžื™ื“ืข
09:24
but passion for ignorance.
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ืืœื ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœื‘ื•ืจื•ืช.
09:27
Now, what does that mean?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
09:29
Let's say when we are facing
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™
09:30
a life-threatening illness,
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ืžื—ืœื” ืžืกื›ื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื,
09:33
a lot of people don't want to know that.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื–ื”.
09:36
They'd rather prefer denying the illness,
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ื”ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”,
09:40
which is why it's not so wise to inform them
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ืฉื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื›ื ืœื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ืชื
09:43
if they don't ask.
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ืื ื”ื ืœื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื.
09:45
Surprisingly, research shows that sometimes
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื
09:47
people who deny their illness
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžื—ืœืชื
09:49
live longer than those who are rationally choosing
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื
09:53
the best treatment.
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ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:55
Now, this ignorance, however,
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ื›ืขืช, ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื•, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ื”
09:58
is not very helpful on the level of the social.
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ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
10:02
When we are ignorant about where we are heading,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืœืืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช,
10:06
a lot of social damage can be caused.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื–ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื.
10:10
Now, on top of facing ignorance,
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ื›ืขืช, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื•ืจื•ืช
10:12
we are also facing today
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ืื ื• ื’ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
10:14
some kind of an obviousness.
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ืขื ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื“ืื•ืช.
10:17
Now, it was French philosopher
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ื›ืขืช, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืฆืจืคืชื™
10:19
Louis Althusser who pointed out
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ืœื•ืื™ ืืœืชื•ืกืจ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš
10:22
that ideology functions in such a way
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ืฉืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื•
10:24
that it creates a veil of obviousness.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืขื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื“ืื•ืช.
10:28
Before we do any social critique,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
10:32
it is necessary really to lift that veil of obviousness
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ืจืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช
10:36
and to think through a little bit differently.
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ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
10:39
If we go back to this ideology
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ืื ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•
10:41
of individual, rational choice
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ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช
10:44
we often embrace,
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ืฉืื ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื
10:46
it's necessary precisely here
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ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™
10:48
to lift this obviousness
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ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
10:51
and to think a little bit differently.
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ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
10:54
Now for me, a question often is
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื
10:57
why we still embrace this idea of a self-made man
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฉื‘ื•ื ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื•
11:01
on which capitalism relied from its beginning?
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ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื”ืกืชืžืš ืžืจืืฉื™ืชื•?
11:05
Why do we think that we are really such masters
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืื“ื•ื ื™ื
11:07
of our lives that we can rationally
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ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™
11:10
make the best ideal choices,
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ื“ืืœื™ื•ืช,
11:13
that we don't accept losses and risks?
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื?
11:16
And for me, it's very shocking to see sometimes very poor people,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื–ืขื–ืข ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
11:19
for example, not supporting the idea
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืฉืื™ื ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
11:22
of the rich being taxed more.
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ืฉืขืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื˜ืœ ืžืก ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:25
Quite often here they still identify
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื“ื”ื™ื
11:27
with a certain kind of a lottery mentality.
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ืขื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืœื”.
11:30
Okay, maybe they don't think that they will make it
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
11:33
in the future, but maybe they think,
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
11:34
my son might become the next Bill Gates.
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"ื‘ื ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื”ื‘ื."
11:38
And who would want to tax one's son?
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ื•ืžื™ ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืžืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•?
11:41
Or, a question for me is also,
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ืื• ืฉืืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื’ื,
11:45
why would people who have no health insurance
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
11:47
not embrace universal healthcare?
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ืœื ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื™ื?
11:50
Sometimes they don't embrace it,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ืœื ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื–ืืช,
11:52
again identifying with the idea of choice,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื–ื“ื”ื™ื ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”,
11:54
but they have nothing to choose from.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืžื ื•.
11:57
Now, Margaret Thatcher famously said
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ื›ืขืช, ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืชืืฆ'ืจ ืืžืจื”
12:01
that there is nothing like a society.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืฉืชื•ื•ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื”.
12:04
Society doesn't exist, it is only individuals
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ืืœื” ืจืง ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื
12:08
and their families.
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
12:10
Sadly, this ideology still functions very well,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,
12:15
which is why people who are poor might feel
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ
12:17
ashamed for their poverty.
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ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
12:19
We might endlessly feel guilty that we are
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืฉืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•
12:21
not making the right choices,
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ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
12:23
and that's why we didn't succeed.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื•.
12:26
We are anxious that we are not good enough.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžื–ื” ืฉืื ื• ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
12:29
That's why we work very hard,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืื“ ืงืฉื”,
12:31
long hours at the workplace
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ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
12:33
and equally long hours on remaking ourselves.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
12:37
Now, when we are anxious over choices,
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ื›ืขืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
12:39
sometimes we easily give our power of choice away.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื• ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
12:44
We identify with the guru
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ืื ื• ืžื–ื“ื”ื™ื ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืจื•
12:46
who tells us what to do,
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
12:47
self-help therapist,
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ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืขื–ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช
12:50
or we embrace a totalitarian leader
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ืื• ืฉืื ื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™
12:52
who appears to have no doubts about choices,
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ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ืœ ืกืคืงื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช,
12:55
who sort of knows.
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ืฉืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข.
12:57
Now, often people ask me,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™,
13:00
"What did you learn by studying choice?"
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"ืžื” ืœืžื“ืช ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”?"
13:02
And there is an important message that I did learn.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืกืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™.
13:06
When thinking about choices,
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ื›ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช,
13:08
I stopped taking choices too seriously, personally.
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ื”ืคืกืงืชื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™.
13:13
First, I realized a lot of choice I make
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื”
13:16
is not rational.
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ืื™ื ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช.
13:17
It's linked to my unconscious,
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข ืฉืœื™
13:19
my guesses of what others are choosing,
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ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื,
13:21
or what is a socially embraced choice.
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ืื• ืžื”ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืืžืฆืช.
13:25
I also embrace the idea
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ืื ื™ ื’ื ืžืืžืฆืช ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
13:27
that we should go beyond
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ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืœื›ืช
13:29
thinking about individual choices,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜,
13:31
that it's very important to rethink social choices,
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ืฉื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
13:34
since this ideology of individual choice has pacified us.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืฉืงื™ื˜ื” ืื•ืชื ื•.
13:38
It really prevented us to think about social change.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื ืข ืžืืชื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
13:41
We spend so much time choosing things for ourselves
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ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•
13:45
and barely reflect on
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ื•ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ
13:47
communal choices we can make.
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ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
13:49
Now, we should not forget that choice
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ื›ืขืช, ืืœ ืœื ื• ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื—ื™ืจื”
13:51
is always linked to change.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
13:53
We can make individual changes,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื,
13:55
but we can make social changes.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื.
13:57
We can choose to have more wolves.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืื‘ื™ื.
14:01
We can choose to change our environment
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•
14:04
to have more bees.
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
14:06
We can choose to have different rating agencies.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
14:11
We can choose to control corporations
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื
14:13
instead of allowing corporations to control us.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื ื•.
14:17
We have a possibility to make changes.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื.
14:20
Now, I started with a quote from Samuel Johnson,
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ื›ืขืช, ืื ื™ ืคืชื—ืชื™ ื‘ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืกืžื•ืืœ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ,
14:24
who said that when we make choice in life,
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ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
14:26
we shouldn't forget to live.
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ืืœ ืœื ื• ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
14:29
Finally, you can see
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
14:31
I did have a choice
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ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”
14:33
to choose one of the three quotes
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ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื
14:34
with which I wanted to start my lecture.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™.
14:38
I did have a choice,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืจื”,
14:40
such as nations, as people,
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื,
14:42
we have choices too to rethink
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
14:44
in what kind of society we want to live in the future.
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
14:48
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”
14:50
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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