Renata Salecl: Our unhealthy obsession with choice

110,895 views ใƒป 2014-07-09

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Moon ryoung Heo ๊ฒ€ํ† : HAST Junho Kim
00:12
When I was preparing for this talk,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
00:15
I went to search for a couple of quotes
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
00:17
that I can share with you.
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธ์šฉ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
Good news: I found three
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์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํŠนํžˆ ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ๋˜
00:21
that I particularly liked,
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์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
00:22
the first by Samuel Johnson, who said,
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์‚ฌ๋ฌด์—˜ ์กด์Šจ์ด ๋งํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ธ์šฉ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
"When making your choice in life,
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"์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์„ ํƒํ•  ๋•Œ,
00:28
do not forget to live,"
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋งˆ๋ผ"
00:31
the second by Aeschylus, who reminded us that
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์•„์ด์Šคํ‚ฌ๋กœ์Šค์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์ด ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด์‹ค ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
00:35
"happiness is a choice that requires effort,"
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"ํ–‰๋ณต์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ด๋‹ค."
00:39
and the third is one by Groucho Marx
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์ดˆ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:42
who said, "I wouldn't want to choose to belong
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"๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ํด๋Ÿฝ์—๋„
00:45
to any club that would have me as a member."
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์†Œ์†๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค."
00:51
Now, bad news:
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์ด์ œ ์•ˆ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์€
00:53
I didn't know which one of these quotes
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋“ค ์ธ์šฉ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์„œ
00:55
to choose and share with you.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ• ์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด์ฃ .
00:58
The sweet anxiety of choice.
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์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹ฌ์ฝคํ•œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ.
01:01
In today's times of post-industrial capitalism,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ›„๊ธฐ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™” ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—์„œ
01:05
choice, together with individual freedom
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์„ ํƒ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ž์œ ์™€
01:09
and the idea of self-making,
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์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
01:11
has been elevated to an ideal.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ด์ƒ(็†ๆƒณ)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฉ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
Now, together with this, we also have a belief
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์ด์ œ ์ด๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋์—†๋Š” ์ง„๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ
01:19
in endless progress.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‹ ๋…์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
But the underside of this ideology
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด๋…์˜ ์ €๋ณ€์—”
01:24
has been an increase of anxiety,
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์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
feelings of guilt,
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์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ,
01:30
feelings of being inadequate,
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๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ,
01:34
feeling that we are failing in our choices.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:38
Sadly, this ideology of individual choice
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์Šฌํ”„๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด๋…์€
01:42
has prevented us from thinking about social changes.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
It appears that this ideology was actually
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด๋…์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
01:51
very efficient in pacifying us
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์ •์น˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€์ธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–ต์••ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
01:54
as political and social thinkers.
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๋งค์šฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
Instead of making social critiques,
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์‚ฌํšŒ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
01:59
we are more and more engaging in self-critique,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ์  ๋” ์ž๊ธฐ๋น„ํŒ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ 
02:02
sometimes to the point of self-destruction.
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ง๊ฐ€๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ง€์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
Now, how come that ideology of choice
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์ž, ์–ด์งธ์„œ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์ด๋…์ด
02:09
is still so powerful,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์„ ํƒ์˜ ํญ์„
02:11
even among people who have
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๋„“๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„
02:14
not many things to choose among?
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:16
How come that even people who are poor
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์™œ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ชน์‹œ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์กฐ์ฐจ
02:20
very much still identify with the idea of choice,
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์„ ํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ
02:24
the kind of rational idea of choice
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
02:26
which we embrace?
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ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋™์ผ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
02:29
Now, the ideology of choice is very successful
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์ด๋…์€
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
02:33
in opening for us a space to think
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์—ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
about some imagined future.
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02:40
Let me give you an example.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
My friend Manya,
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์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋งˆ๋ƒ๋Š”
02:44
when she was a student at university in California,
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์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
02:47
was earning money
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์ž๋™์ฐจ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
02:49
by working for a car dealer.
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๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒŒ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
Now, Manya, when she encountered
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์ž, ๋งˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ํ†ต์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์ณค์„ ๋•Œ
02:54
the typical customer, would debate with him
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ
02:57
about his lifestyle,
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๊ทธ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋‹ด์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
how much he wants to spend,
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ˆ์„ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€,
03:01
how many children he has,
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์ž๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๋ช… ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€,
03:03
what does he need the car for?
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๋ฌด์—‡ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ์ง€ ์ƒ๋‹ดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
They would usually come to a good conclusion
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
what would be a perfect car.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒŒ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์ฐจ์ผ์ง€์š”.
์ž, ๋งˆ๋ƒ์˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ด ์ง‘์— ๊ฐ€์„œ
03:11
Now, before Manya's customer would go home
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03:14
and think things through,
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๊ตฌ๋งค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์ˆ™๊ณ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—,
03:17
she would say to him,
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
"The car that you are buying now is perfect,
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"๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Š” ์™„๋ฒฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
but in a few year's time,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ช‡ ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜
03:24
when your kids will be already out of the house,
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ํ•ด์„œ
03:27
when you will have a little bit more money,
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฌ์œณ๋ˆ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
03:30
that other car will be ideal.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
But what you are buying now is great."
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
03:36
Now, the majority of Manya's customers
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์ž, ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋งˆ๋ƒ์˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋“ค์€
03:39
who came back the next day
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๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
03:40
bought that other car,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์‚ฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
the car they did not need,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ž
03:45
the car that cost far too much money.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํฐ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์ฃ .
03:48
Now, Manya became so successful in selling cars
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์ด์ œ ๋งˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํฐ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ๊ณ 
03:51
that soon she moved on to selling airplanes.
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๊ณง ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:59
And knowing so much about the psychology of people
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์ด ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
prepared her well for her current job,
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04:04
which is that of a psychoanalyst.
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€์˜ ์ผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:08
Now, why were Manya's customers so irrational?
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์ž, ์™œ ๋งˆ๋ƒ์˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:13
Manya's success was that she was able
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๋งˆ๋ƒ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต๋น„๊ฒฐ์€ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์—
04:15
to open in their heads an image
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์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ
04:18
of an idealized future,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ด์–ด์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
an image of themselves
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์ด์ž,
04:24
when they are already more successful, freer,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋” ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ์ž์œ ๋กœ์› ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์ฃ .
04:28
and for them, choosing that other car
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
04:30
was as if they are coming closer to this ideal
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๋Š” ์ผ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
04:33
in which it was as if Manya already saw them.
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์ด๋ฏธ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋งˆ๋ƒ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ฟฐ๋šซ์–ด๋ณด์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:38
Now, we rarely make really totally rational choices.
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์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค๋กœ ์˜จ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์„ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
Choices are influenced by our unconscious,
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์„ ํƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌด์˜์‹๊ณผ
04:46
by our community.
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๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
We're often choosing
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์„ ํƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
by guessing, what would other people
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
04:52
think about our choice?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ• ๊นŒ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ธกํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ์š”.
04:55
Also we are choosing
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๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
04:56
by looking at what others are choosing.
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์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
We're also guessing what is socially acceptable choice.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ธกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
Now, because of this, we actually
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์ž, ์ด๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
05:06
even after we have already chosen,
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์ด๋ฏธ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•œ ๋’ค์—๋„
05:08
like bought a car,
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์ฐจ ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ƒ€์„ ๋•Œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
05:10
endlessly read reviews about cars,
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์ฐจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•œ์—†์ด ์ฝ๊ณ ์„œ
05:13
as if we still want to convince ourselves
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ดํ•ด์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
that we made the right choice.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ณ์€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ–ˆ๋…ธ๋ผ๊ณ .
05:18
Now, choices are anxiety-provoking.
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์ด์ œ ์„ ํƒ์€ ๊ทผ์‹ฌ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
They are linked to risks, losses.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์œ„ํ—˜, ์ƒ์‹ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
They are highly unpredictable.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
Now, because of this,
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์ž, ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
05:29
people have now more and more problems
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด์ œ ๋”์šฑ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
05:31
that they are not choosing anything.
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์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์„ ํƒ์„ ๋ชป ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
Not long ago, I was at a wedding reception,
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์–ผ๋งˆ ์ „ ์ €๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ํ”ผ๋กœ์—ฐ์—์„œ
05:39
and I met a young, beautiful woman
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์ Š๊ณ  ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ•œ ๋ช… ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
who immediately started telling me about her anxiety over choice.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ์„ ํƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์„ ํ„ธ์–ด๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
She said to me, "I needed one month
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
"์–ด๋–ค ๋“œ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ž…์„๊นŒ ์ •ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์–ด์š”."
05:48
to decide which dress to wear."
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05:51
Then she said, "For weeks I was researching
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์„  ์ด์–ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ,
05:53
which hotel to stay for this one night.
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"๋ช‡ ์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฐค์„ ์ง€๋‚ผ ํ˜ธํ…”์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‹ค๋…”์–ด์š”.
05:56
And now, I need to choose a sperm donor."
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ •์ž ๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”."
06:01
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:04
I looked at this woman in shock.
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์ „ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์— ๋น ์ง„ ์ฑ„ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์ณ๋‹ค๋ดค์ฃ .
06:07
"Sperm donor? What's the rush?"
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"์ •์ž ๊ธฐ์ฆ์ž์š”? ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ์„œ๋‘๋ฅด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?"
06:10
She said, "I'm turning 40 at the end of this year,
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ "์ „ ์˜ฌํ•ด ๋ง์ด๋ฉด ์ด์ œ ๋งˆํ”์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค์–ด์š”.
06:14
and I've been so bad in choosing men in my life."
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „ ์ผ์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ˜•ํŽธ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”."
06:19
Now choice, because it's linked to risk,
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์ž, ์„ ํƒ์€ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
06:24
is anxiety-provoking,
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๊ทผ์‹ฌ ๊ฑฑ์ •์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
and it was already the famous
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ด๋งˆํฌ์˜
06:29
Danish philosopher Sรธren Kierkegaard
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์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž์ธ ์‡ ๋ Œ ํ‚ค๋ฅด์ผ€๊ณ ๋ฅด๋Š”
06:31
who pointed out that anxiety
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ทผ์‹ฌ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
06:34
is linked to the possibility of possibility.
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์ง€์ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
Now, we think today that we can prevent these risks.
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜๋“ค์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
We have endless market analysis,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„ํ‘œ์™€
06:45
projections of the future earnings.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ถ”์ •ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
Even with market, which is about chance,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ธฐํšŒ์™€ ์ž„์˜์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
06:50
randomness, we think we can predict rationally
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์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ๋„ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€
์ด์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
where it's going.
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06:56
Now, chance is actually becoming very traumatic.
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์ž, ๊ธฐํšŒ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
Last year, my friend Bernard Harcourt
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์ž‘๋…„์— ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋ฒ„๋‚˜๋“œ ํ•˜์ฝ”ํŠธ๋Š”
07:04
at the University of Chicago organized an event,
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ํ•œ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ด€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
a conference on the idea of chance.
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๊ธฐํšŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ ํ•™ํšŒ์ฃ .
07:11
He and I were together on the panel,
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๊ทธ์™€ ์ €๋Š” ํŒจ๋„๋กœ์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
07:13
and just before delivering our papers โ€”
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์—
07:16
we didn't know each other's papers โ€”
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
we decided to take chance seriously.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชจํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
So we informed our audience
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฒญ์ค‘๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:23
that what they will just now hear
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์€
07:25
will be a random paper,
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์ž„์˜์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด๊ณ 
07:27
a mixture of the two papers
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๋‘ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์„ž์€ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
07:29
which we didn't know what each was writing.
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์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ ์ฑ„ ์“ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:33
Now, we delivered the conference in such a way.
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ•™ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
Bernard read his first paragraph,
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๋ฒ„๋‚˜๋“œ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์„ ์ฝ์—ˆ๊ณ 
07:39
I read my first paragraph,
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์ฒซ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์„ ์ฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
Bernard read his second paragraph,
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๋ฒ„๋‚˜๋“œ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์„ ์ฝ์—ˆ๊ณ 
07:44
I read my second paragraph,
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๋ฝ์„ ์ฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
in this way towards the end of our papers.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
Now, you will be surprised
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋†€๋ž„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
that a majority of our audience
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์ฒญ์ค‘ ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
07:53
did not think that what they'd just listened to
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ „ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด
07:56
was a completely random paper.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ž„์˜์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ž„์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
They couldn't believe that
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ๋‘ ๋ช…์ด
08:01
speaking from the position of authority
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๊ถŒ์œ„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
08:03
like two professors we were,
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๋ชจํ—˜์„ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„
08:05
we would take chance seriously.
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๋ฏฟ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
They thought we prepared the papers together
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
08:11
and were just joking that it's random.
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์ž„์˜์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋†๋‹ด์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
Now, we live in times with a lot of information,
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
big data,
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๋น… ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ,
08:20
a lot of knowledge about the insides of our bodies.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹ ์ฒด ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์‹.
08:23
We decoded our genome.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ํ•ด๋…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
We know about our brains more than before.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
But surprisingly, people are more and more
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์‹ ์•ž์—์„œ ์ ์ฐจ ์žฅ๋‹˜์ด ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
turning a blind eye in front of this knowledge.
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08:35
Ignorance and denial are on the rise.
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๋ฌด์ง€์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
Now, in regard to the current economic crisis,
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์ด์ œ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ
08:43
we think that we will just wake up again
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ ๊นจ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด
08:46
and everything will be the same as before,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ˆ์ „๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
08:48
and no political or social changes are needed.
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์ •์น˜์ ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
In regard to ecological crisis,
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์ƒํƒœํ•™์  ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ
08:54
we think nothing needs to be done just now,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅ ํ•  ์ผ์€ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†๊ณ 
08:57
or others need to act before us.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋จผ์ € ํ–‰๋™ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
Or even when ecological crisis already happens,
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ํ˜น์€ ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆ์˜ ๋Œ€์žฌ์•™ ๊ฐ™์€
09:03
like a catastrophe in Fukushima,
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์ƒํƒœํ•™์  ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋„๋ž˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„
09:05
often we have people living in the same environment
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์ข…์ข… ๊ฐ™์€ ์–‘์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š”
09:08
with the same amount of information,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
and half of them will be anxious about radiation
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•  ํ…Œ๊ณ 
09:14
and half of them will ignore it.
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
Now, psychoanalysts know very well
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์ž, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€๋“ค์€
๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
09:20
that people surprisingly don't have
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09:22
passion for knowledge
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์ง€์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ด์ •์€ ์—†๊ณ 
09:24
but passion for ignorance.
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๋ฌด์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ด์ •์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
Now, what does that mean?
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์ž, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
09:29
Let's say when we are facing
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ
09:30
a life-threatening illness,
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๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
09:33
a lot of people don't want to know that.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
They'd rather prefer denying the illness,
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
which is why it's not so wise to inform them
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋ฐ
09:43
if they don't ask.
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์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
Surprisingly, research shows that sometimes
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๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ
09:47
people who deny their illness
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ๋ถ€์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
09:49
live longer than those who are rationally choosing
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ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค
๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
the best treatment.
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์ž, ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌด์ง€๋Š”
09:55
Now, this ignorance, however,
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09:58
is not very helpful on the level of the social.
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์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ด๋กญ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
When we are ignorant about where we are heading,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌด์ง€ํ•  ๋•Œ
10:06
a lot of social damage can be caused.
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ํฌ๋‚˜ํฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ž, ๋ฌด์ง€์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ๋ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
10:10
Now, on top of facing ignorance,
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10:12
we are also facing today
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ 
10:14
some kind of an obviousness.
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•จ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
Now, it was French philosopher
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์ž, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ฒ ํ•™์ž์ธ
10:19
Louis Althusser who pointed out
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๋ฃจ์ด ์•ŒํŠ€์„ธ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด๋…์ด
10:22
that ideology functions in such a way
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๋ช…ํ™•ํ•จ์˜ ์žฅ๋ง‰์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
10:24
that it creates a veil of obviousness.
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๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:28
Before we do any social critique,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋น„ํŒ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
10:32
it is necessary really to lift that veil of obviousness
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์‹ค๋กœ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•จ์˜ ์žฅ๋ง‰์„ ๊ฑท์–ด ๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
and to think through a little bit differently.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
If we go back to this ideology
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ข…์ข… ํฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
10:41
of individual, rational choice
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ , ์ด์„ฑ์  ์„ ํƒ์œผ๋กœ
10:44
we often embrace,
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๋Œ์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:46
it's necessary precisely here
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ
10:48
to lift this obviousness
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๋ช…ํ™•ํ•จ์„ ๊ฑท์–ด ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
10:51
and to think a little bit differently.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
Now for me, a question often is
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์ž, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข…์ข… ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์€
10:57
why we still embrace this idea of a self-made man
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ•˜์—์„œ
11:01
on which capitalism relied from its beginning?
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์ž์ˆ˜์„ฑ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
Why do we think that we are really such masters
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์ด ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ
11:07
of our lives that we can rationally
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์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
11:10
make the best ideal choices,
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์‚ถ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
11:13
that we don't accept losses and risks?
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์™œ ์†์‹ค๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:16
And for me, it's very shocking to see sometimes very poor people,
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์ €๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ชน์‹œ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
11:19
for example, not supporting the idea
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ถ€์ž ์ฆ์„ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„
11:22
of the rich being taxed more.
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์ง€์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
Quite often here they still identify
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์ž์ฃผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ
11:27
with a certain kind of a lottery mentality.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ•œํƒ•์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฟˆ๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
Okay, maybe they don't think that they will make it
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
in the future, but maybe they think,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€
11:34
my son might become the next Bill Gates.
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๋‚ด ์ž์‹์ด ์ฐจ๊ธฐ ๋นŒ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ ๊ฐ€ ๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
And who would want to tax one's son?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ž๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธธ ์›ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
11:41
Or, a question for me is also,
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ํ˜น์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์€
์™œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ณดํ—˜ ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด
11:45
why would people who have no health insurance
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11:47
not embrace universal healthcare?
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ํฌ๊ด„์  ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณต์ง€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
Sometimes they don't embrace it,
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
11:52
again identifying with the idea of choice,
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋” ์„ ํƒ๊ณผ ๋™์ผ์‹œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
11:54
but they have nothing to choose from.
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์„ ํƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
Now, Margaret Thatcher famously said
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์ž, ๋งˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฟ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š”
12:01
that there is nothing like a society.
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์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ง์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
Society doesn't exist, it is only individuals
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์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ง ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ
12:08
and their families.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋งŒ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
Sadly, this ideology still functions very well,
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์Šฌํ”„๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด๋…์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ž˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
which is why people who are poor might feel
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์„
12:17
ashamed for their poverty.
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๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
We might endlessly feel guilty that we are
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ณ์€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋์—†๋Š” ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ์—
12:21
not making the right choices,
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์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆด์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
and that's why we didn't succeed.
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:26
We are anxious that we are not good enough.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํƒํƒ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
That's why we work very hard,
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
12:31
long hours at the workplace
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์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ง์žฅ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ 
12:33
and equally long hours on remaking ourselves.
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
Now, when we are anxious over choices,
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์ž, ์„ ํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ
12:39
sometimes we easily give our power of choice away.
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์˜ ํž˜์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ด์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
We identify with the guru
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ 
๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฃจ(์˜์  ์Šค์Šน)๋‚˜
12:46
who tells us what to do,
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12:47
self-help therapist,
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์ž๋ฆฝ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ์™€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋™์ผ์‹œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
12:50
or we embrace a totalitarian leader
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ํ˜น์€ ์„ ํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•œ ์น˜์˜ ์˜๋ฌธ๋„ ์—†์ด
12:52
who appears to have no doubts about choices,
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์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”
12:55
who sort of knows.
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์ „์ฒด์ฃผ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:57
Now, often people ask me,
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์ž, ์ข…์ข… ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
"What did you learn by studying choice?"
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"์„ ํƒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‚˜์š”?"
13:02
And there is an important message that I did learn.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์šด ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:06
When thinking about choices,
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์„ ํƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ
13:08
I stopped taking choices too seriously, personally.
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์ €๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฉˆ์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
First, I realized a lot of choice I make
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์šฐ์„ , ์ „ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์„ ํƒ์ด
13:16
is not rational.
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ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
It's linked to my unconscious,
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์„ ํƒ์€ ์ œ ๋ฌด์˜์‹๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด์„œ
13:19
my guesses of what others are choosing,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜
13:21
or what is a socially embraced choice.
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ ์ถ”์ธก๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
13:25
I also embrace the idea
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ
13:27
that we should go beyond
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์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ์„œ
13:29
thinking about individual choices,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์„ ํƒ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
13:31
that it's very important to rethink social choices,
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์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:34
since this ideology of individual choice has pacified us.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋…์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–ต๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
13:38
It really prevented us to think about social change.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ค๋กœ ๋ง‰์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
We spend so much time choosing things for ourselves
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ 
13:45
and barely reflect on
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์˜ ์„ ํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
13:47
communal choices we can make.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
Now, we should not forget that choice
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์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์ด
13:51
is always linked to change.
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์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์žŠ์–ด์„  ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
We can make individual changes,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
13:55
but we can make social changes.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
We can choose to have more wolves.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋Š‘๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
We can choose to change our environment
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฒŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ
14:04
to have more bees.
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:06
We can choose to have different rating agencies.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ ์šฉํ‰๊ฐ€ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
We can choose to control corporations
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
14:13
instead of allowing corporations to control us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:17
We have a possibility to make changes.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:20
Now, I started with a quote from Samuel Johnson,
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์ž, ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ
14:24
who said that when we make choice in life,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”
14:26
we shouldn't forget to live.
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๋ง์„ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์—˜ ์กด์Šจ์˜ ํ•œ ์ธ์šฉ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:29
Finally, you can see
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ
14:31
I did have a choice
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ
14:33
to choose one of the three quotes
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์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธ์šฉ๊ตฌ ์ค‘
14:34
with which I wanted to start my lecture.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:38
I did have a choice,
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์ €๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:40
such as nations, as people,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ผ๋“ ์ง€, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์„ ํƒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
14:42
we have choices too to rethink
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ
14:44
in what kind of society we want to live in the future.
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์‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:48
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:50
(Applause)
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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