How frustration can make us more creative | Tim Harford

328,469 views ใƒป 2016-02-02

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Roni Ravia ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Late in January 1975,
0
12760
2616
ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1975,
00:15
a 17-year-old German girl called Vera Brandes
1
15400
4416
ื™ืœื“ื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืช 17 ื‘ืฉื ื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืื ื“ืก
00:19
walked out onto the stage of the Cologne Opera House.
2
19840
3640
ืขืžื“ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืœืŸ.
00:24
The auditorium was empty.
3
24240
2080
ื”ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื™ืง.
00:27
It was lit only by the dim, green glow of the emergency exit sign.
4
27040
4600
ื“ืœืง ืจืง ืื•ืจื• ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืžืขื•ืžืขื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื.
00:32
This was the most exciting day of Vera's life.
5
32200
3936
ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื•ืจื”.
00:36
She was the youngest concert promoter in Germany,
6
36160
3016
ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžืจื’ื ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
00:39
and she had persuaded the Cologne Opera House
7
39200
2416
ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืœืŸ
00:41
to host a late-night concert of jazz
8
41640
3336
ืœืืจื— ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื’ืณืื– ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช
00:45
from the American musician, Keith Jarrett.
9
45000
2800
ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืงื™ืชืณ ื’ืณืืจื˜.
00:48
1,400 people were coming.
10
48800
3016
1400 ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ื•ื
00:51
And in just a few hours,
11
51840
1576
ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
00:53
Jarrett would walk out on the same stage,
12
53440
2416
ื’ืณืืจื˜ ื™ืขืœื” ืœื‘ืžื” ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง,
00:55
he'd sit down at the piano
13
55880
1336
ื™ืฉื‘ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ
00:57
and without rehearsal or sheet music,
14
57240
3816
ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืื• ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ื™ื,
01:01
he would begin to play.
15
61080
1280
ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ื’ืŸ.
01:04
But right now,
16
64320
1216
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื”,
01:05
Vera was introducing Keith to the piano in question,
17
65560
3576
ื•ืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื™ืชืณ ืืช ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื ื’ืŸ,
01:09
and it wasn't going well.
18
69160
1240
ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื›ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ.
01:11
Jarrett looked to the instrument a little warily,
19
71120
2656
ื’ืณืืจื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื“ื ื•ืช,
01:13
played a few notes,
20
73800
1536
ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืชื•ื™ื,
01:15
walked around it,
21
75360
1215
ื”ืชื”ืœืš ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืคืกื ืชืจ,
01:16
played a few more notes,
22
76599
1457
ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืชื•ื™ื,
01:18
muttered something to his producer.
23
78080
1696
ืžืœืžืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžืคื™ืง ืฉืœื•.
01:19
Then the producer came over to Vera and said ...
24
79800
3320
ื”ืžืคื™ืง ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืื– ืœื•ืจื” ื•ืืžืจ...
01:24
"If you don't get a new piano, Keith can't play."
25
84280
3560
ืดืื ืœื ืชื‘ื™ืื™ ืคืกื ืชืจ ืื—ืจ, ืงื™ืชืณ ืœื ื™ื ื’ืŸืด.
01:30
There'd been a mistake.
26
90000
1456
ื ืคืœื” ื˜ืขื•ืช.
01:31
The opera house had provided the wrong instrument.
27
91480
2376
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืกื™ืคืง ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:33
This one had this harsh, tinny upper register,
28
93880
2656
ื›ืœื™ ื–ื” ื”ื ืคื™ืง ืฆืœื™ืœ ืžืชื›ืชื™ ืฆื•ืจื ื‘ืชื•ื•ืš ื”ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื,
01:36
because all the felt had worn away.
29
96560
2280
ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืœื‘ื“ ื”ืชื‘ืœื”.
01:39
The black notes were sticking,
30
99640
3136
ื”ืงืœื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืชืงืขื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
01:42
the white notes were out of tune,
31
102800
1896
ื”ืงืœื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืคื•,
01:44
the pedals didn't work
32
104720
1656
ื”ืคื“ืืœื™ื ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื•
01:46
and the piano itself was just too small.
33
106400
2176
ื•ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™.
01:48
It wouldn't create the volume
34
108600
1416
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืงื•ืœ
01:50
that would fill a large space such as the Cologne Opera House.
35
110040
2920
ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืœืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืœืŸ.
01:54
So Keith Jarrett left.
36
114520
3040
ืื– ืงื™ืชืณ ื’ืณืืจื˜ ืขื–ื‘.
01:58
He went and sat outside in his car,
37
118400
1840
ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื•,
02:01
leaving Vera Brandes
38
121040
1936
ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืื ื“ืก
02:03
to get on the phone to try to find a replacement piano.
39
123000
3640
ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืกื ืชืจ ื—ืœื•ืคื™.
02:07
Now she got a piano tuner,
40
127680
1616
ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืกื ืชืจื™ื,
02:09
but she couldn't get a new piano.
41
129320
1600
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืคืกื ืชืจ ื—ื“ืฉ.
02:12
And so she went outside
42
132160
2696
ืื– ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
02:14
and she stood there in the rain,
43
134880
1600
ื•ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ื’ืฉื,
02:17
talking to Keith Jarrett,
44
137520
1200
ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืงื™ืชืณ ื’ืณืืจื˜,
02:20
begging him not to cancel the concert.
45
140000
3080
ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืœื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜.
02:24
And he looked out of his car
46
144160
1416
ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื—ืœื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื•
02:25
at this bedraggled, rain-drenched German teenager,
47
145600
3680
ื‘ื ืขืจื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขื ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ืคืจื•ืข,
02:30
took pity on her,
48
150280
1776
ืจื™ื—ื ืขืœื™ื”,
02:32
and said,
49
152080
1200
ื•ืืžืจ:
02:33
"Never forget ... only for you."
50
153960
3200
ืดืืœ ืชืฉื›ื—ื™... ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืšืด.
02:39
And so a few hours later,
51
159120
1776
ื•ื›ืš ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
02:40
Jarrett did indeed step out onto the stage of the opera house,
52
160920
3440
ื’ืณืืจื˜ ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฆื ืืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื”,
02:45
he sat down at the unplayable piano
53
165400
3160
ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™
02:49
and began.
54
169600
1200
ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.
02:51
(Music)
55
171320
2320
(ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”)
03:04
Within moments it became clear that something magical was happening.
56
184720
5336
ืžื™ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืงืกื•ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
03:10
Jarrett was avoiding those upper registers,
57
190080
2576
ื’ืณืืจื˜ ื ืžื ืข ืžืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื•ืš ื”ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื,
03:12
he was sticking to the middle tones of the keyboard,
58
192680
2616
ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืœื“ืช,
03:15
which gave the piece a soothing, ambient quality.
59
195320
4616
ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืžื‘ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ืื•ื™ืจื” ืžืจื’ื™ืขื”.
03:19
But also, because the piano was so quiet,
60
199960
2536
ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉืงื˜,
03:22
he had to set up these rumbling, repetitive riffs in the bass.
61
202520
4416
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ื•ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ ื‘ืชื•ื•ืš ื”ื‘ืืก.
03:26
And he stood up twisting, pounding down on the keys,
62
206960
5256
ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืžื“ ื•ื”ืชืคืชืœ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืงื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืœื™ื“ื™ื,
03:32
desperately trying to create enough volume to reach the people in the back row.
63
212240
5616
ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืืฉ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ืงื•ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
03:37
It's an electrifying performance.
64
217880
2016
ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืžื—ืฉืžืœืช.
03:39
It somehow has this peaceful quality,
65
219920
2936
ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืจืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืจื•ื’ืข,
03:42
and at the same time it's full of energy,
66
222880
2056
ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืœืืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
03:44
it's dynamic.
67
224960
1200
ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”.
03:47
And the audience loved it.
68
227200
1239
ื•ื”ืงื”ืœ ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื”.
03:49
Audiences continue to love it
69
229560
1656
ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
03:51
because the recording of the Kรถln Concert
70
231240
3096
ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ืงืœืŸ
03:54
is the best-selling piano album in history
71
234360
2496
ื”ื™ื ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื”ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
03:56
and the best-selling solo jazz album in history.
72
236880
3600
ื•ื›ืŸ ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืกื•ืœื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืณืื– ื”ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
04:02
Keith Jarrett had been handed a mess.
73
242560
2760
ืงื™ืชืณ ื’ืณืืจื˜ ื”ื•ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ืœืื’ืŸ.
04:06
He had embraced that mess, and it soared.
74
246280
3840
ื”ื•ื ืื™ืžืฅ ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื™ืงื•, ื•ืื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืคืจืฉ ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื.
04:12
But let's think for a moment about Jarrett's initial instinct.
75
252520
4816
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืจื’ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืณืืจื˜.
04:17
He didn't want to play.
76
257360
1576
ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื ื’ืŸ.
04:18
Of course,
77
258960
1216
ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื“ื•ืžื” ืื• ืื—ืจ,
04:20
I think any of us, in any remotely similar situation,
78
260200
2936
04:23
would feel the same way, we'd have the same instinct.
79
263160
2576
ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ, ื•ื™ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื•ืชื• ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜.
04:25
We don't want to be asked to do good work with bad tools.
80
265760
3295
ืื™ื ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขื ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
04:29
We don't want to have to overcome unnecessary hurdles.
81
269079
3641
ืื™ื ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ืขื ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื.
04:34
But Jarrett's instinct was wrong,
82
274160
1760
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื’ืณืืจื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืคื’ื•ื,
04:37
and thank goodness he changed his mind.
83
277120
2040
ื•ืžื–ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื•.
04:39
And I think our instinct is also wrong.
84
279840
3800
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื’ื ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ื• ืคื’ื•ื.
04:44
I think we need to gain a bit more appreciation
85
284800
3416
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš
04:48
for the unexpected advantages of having to cope with a little mess.
86
288240
5040
ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืงืฆืช ืื™ ืกื“ืจ.
04:55
So let me give you some examples
87
295560
2136
ืื– ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
04:57
from cognitive psychology,
88
297720
2456
ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
05:00
from complexity science,
89
300200
1416
ืžืชื—ื•ื ืžื“ืข ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช,
05:01
from social psychology,
90
301640
1456
ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
05:03
and of course, rock 'n' roll.
91
303120
1640
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจื•ืงื ืจื•ืœ.
05:05
So cognitive psychology first.
92
305680
2056
ืื– ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
05:07
We've actually known for a while
93
307760
1816
ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”
05:09
that certain kinds of difficulty,
94
309600
2336
ืฉืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืฉื™ื™ื,
05:11
certain kinds of obstacle,
95
311960
1576
ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื,
05:13
can actually improve our performance.
96
313560
1762
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
05:15
For example,
97
315346
1710
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
05:17
the psychologist Daniel Oppenheimer,
98
317080
1736
ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ,
05:18
a few years ago,
99
318840
1216
ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
ืฉื™ืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:20
teamed up with high school teachers.
100
320080
2056
05:22
And he asked them to reformat the handouts
101
322160
2736
ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื”ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช
05:24
that they were giving to some of their classes.
102
324920
2360
ื”ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื™ืชื•ืชื™ื”ื.
05:28
So the regular handout would be formatted in something straightforward,
103
328200
3334
ื”ื“ืคื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ื ื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜
05:31
such as Helvetica or Times New Roman.
104
331558
2440
ื›ืžื• ืดื”ืœื•ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”ืด ืื• ืดื˜ื™ื™ืžืก ื ื™ื• ืจื•ืžืŸืด.
05:34
But half these classes were getting handouts that were formatted
105
334840
3016
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื
05:37
in something sort of intense, like Haettenschweiler,
106
337880
3696
ื‘ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืคื•ื ื˜ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื›ืžื• ืดื”ืื˜ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ืœืจืด,
05:41
or something with a zesty bounce, like Comic Sans italicized.
107
341600
4016
ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ื›ืžื• ืดืงื•ืžื™ืง ืกืื ืกืด ื ื˜ื•ื™.
05:45
Now, these are really ugly fonts,
108
345640
1816
ืืœื• ื”ื ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื“ื™ ืžื’ืขื™ืœื™ื,
05:47
and they're difficult fonts to read.
109
347480
2176
ื•ื”ื ืงืฉื™ื ืœืงืจื™ืื”.
05:49
But at the end of the semester,
110
349680
2096
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืžืกื˜ืจ,
05:51
students were given exams,
111
351800
2616
ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื,
05:54
and the students who'd been asked to read the more difficult fonts,
112
354440
3656
ื•ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:58
had actually done better on their exams,
113
358120
2056
ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื,
06:00
in a variety of subjects.
114
360200
1536
ื‘ืฉืœืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
06:01
And the reason is,
115
361760
2016
ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื,
06:03
the difficult font had slowed them down,
116
363800
2536
ืฉื”ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื”ืื˜ื• ืื•ืชื,
06:06
forced them to work a bit harder,
117
366360
2056
ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”,
06:08
to think a bit more about what they were reading,
118
368440
2576
ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื,
06:11
to interpret it ...
119
371040
1240
ืœืคืจืฉ ืื•ืชื•...
06:13
and so they learned more.
120
373360
1200
ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ืœืžื“ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:16
Another example.
121
376320
1200
ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช,
06:18
The psychologist Shelley Carson has been testing Harvard undergraduates
122
378760
5096
ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ืงืืจืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ืืจื•ื•ืจื“
06:23
for the quality of their attentional filters.
123
383880
2976
ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื”ื.
06:26
What do I mean by that?
124
386880
1376
ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ?
06:28
What I mean is, imagine you're in a restaurant,
125
388280
2216
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื”,
06:30
you're having a conversation,
126
390520
1736
ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื”,
06:32
there are all kinds of other conversations going on in the restaurant,
127
392280
3136
ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื”,
06:35
you want to filter them out,
128
395440
1336
ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืกื ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ,
06:36
you want to focus on what's important to you.
129
396800
2136
ื•ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื.
06:38
Can you do that?
130
398960
1216
ื”ืื ืืชื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช?
ืื ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืื–ื ื” ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
06:40
If you can, you have good, strong attentional filters.
131
400200
2976
06:43
But some people really struggle with that.
132
403200
2056
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
06:45
Some of Carson's undergraduate subjects struggled with that.
133
405280
3736
ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื ื” ืงืืจืกื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฉื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
06:49
They had weak filters, they had porous filters --
134
409040
2936
ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ืœืฉื™ื,
06:52
let a lot of external information in.
135
412000
3376
ืคื™ืœื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื—ื•ืฅ.
06:55
And so what that meant is they were constantly being interrupted
136
415400
3136
ื•ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช
06:58
by the sights and the sounds of the world around them.
137
418560
2576
ืฉืœ ืžืจืื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื.
07:01
If there was a television on while they were doing their essays,
138
421160
3056
ืื ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
07:04
they couldn't screen it out.
139
424240
1416
ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืกื ืŸ ืื•ืชื”.
07:05
Now, you would think that that was a disadvantage ...
140
425680
2429
ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ...
07:09
but no.
141
429480
1216
ืื‘ืœ ืœื.
07:10
When Carson looked at what these students had achieved,
142
430720
3976
ื›ืฉืงืืจืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื,
07:14
the ones with the weak filters
143
434720
1776
ืœืืœื• ืขื ื”ืคื™ืœื˜ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื
07:16
were vastly more likely
144
436520
2416
ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™
07:18
to have some real creative milestone in their lives,
145
438960
2776
ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื,
07:21
to have published their first novel,
146
441760
2336
ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื,
07:24
to have released their first album.
147
444120
1680
ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”.
07:27
These distractions were actually grists to their creative mill.
148
447200
3696
ื”ืกื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื”ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื.
07:30
They were able to think outside the box because their box was full of holes.
149
450920
3840
ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื•ืคืกื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืœืืช ื—ื•ืจื™ื.
07:36
Let's talk about complexity science.
150
456200
1736
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืžื“ืข ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช.
07:37
So how do you solve a really complex --
151
457960
1858
ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช --
07:39
the world's full of complicated problems --
152
459842
2014
ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืœื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช --
07:41
how do you solve a really complicated problem?
153
461880
2176
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช?
07:44
For example, you try to make a jet engine.
154
464080
2136
ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื ื•ืข ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ.
07:46
There are lots and lots of different variables,
155
466240
2216
ื™ืฉื ื ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื,
07:48
the operating temperature, the materials,
156
468480
1953
ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืžื ื•ืข, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘,
07:50
all the different dimensions, the shape.
157
470457
2439
ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžื ื•ืข.
07:52
You can't solve that kind of problem all in one go,
158
472920
2536
ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ืฉื›ื–ื• ื‘ืžื›ื” ืื—ืช,
07:55
it's too hard.
159
475480
1216
ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืžื™ื“ื™.
07:56
So what do you do?
160
476720
1216
ืื– ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
07:57
Well, one thing you can do is try to solve it step-by-step.
161
477960
4936
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื.
08:02
So you have some kind of prototype
162
482920
1696
ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืื™ื–ื• ื’ืจืกืช ืื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช
08:04
and you tweak it, you test it, you improve it.
163
484640
3416
ืœืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชื”, ืœื ืกื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืฉืคืจ ืื•ืชื”.
08:08
You tweak it, you test it, you improve it.
164
488080
2800
ืœืชืงืŸ, ืœื ืกื•ืช, ืœืฉืคืจ.
08:12
Now, this idea of marginal gains will eventually get you a good jet engine.
165
492040
5496
ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื–ืขืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื ื•ืข ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™.
08:17
And it's been quite widely implemented in the world.
166
497560
3296
ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:20
So you'll hear about it, for example, in high performance cycling,
167
500880
3496
ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืชื—ื•ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื.
08:24
web designers will talk about trying to optimize their web pages,
168
504400
3296
ืื• ื›ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื™ืขื•ืœ ื”ืืชืจ.
08:27
they're looking for these step-by-step gains.
169
507720
2296
ื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™.
08:30
That's a good way to solve a complicated problem.
170
510040
2840
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
08:34
But you know what would make it a better way?
171
514440
2440
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ?
08:38
A dash of mess.
172
518600
1200
ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ.
08:41
You add randomness,
173
521320
2016
ืืชื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืื™ ืกื“ืจ,
08:43
early on in the process,
174
523360
1376
ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ื™ื,
08:44
you make crazy moves,
175
524760
1496
ืืชื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื,
08:46
you try stupid things that shouldn't work,
176
526280
3375
ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“,
08:49
and that will tend to make the problem-solving work better.
177
529679
3017
ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื”.
08:52
And the reason for that is
178
532720
1536
ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื
08:54
the trouble with the step-by-step process,
179
534280
2056
ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ืขื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื,
08:56
the marginal gains,
180
536360
1216
ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™,
08:57
is they can walk you gradually down a dead end.
181
537600
3536
ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืชื›ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื•ื™ ืกืชื•ื.
09:01
And if you start with the randomness, that becomes less likely,
182
541160
4216
ื•ืื ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ืื™ ืกื“ืจ, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ืงื˜ืŸ,
09:05
and your problem-solving becomes more robust.
183
545400
2400
ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืžืชื—ืฉืœ.
09:10
Let's talk about social psychology.
184
550440
1680
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
09:12
So the psychologist Katherine Phillips, with some colleagues,
185
552720
3096
ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืงืชืณืจื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ืคืก ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
09:15
recently gave murder mystery problems to some students,
186
555840
4056
ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ืจืฆื— ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื.
09:19
and these students were collected in groups of four
187
559920
2856
ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ื—ื•ืœืงื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื”
09:22
and they were given dossiers with information about a crime --
188
562800
3336
ื•ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืชื™ืงื™ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคืฉืข --
09:26
alibis and evidence, witness statements and three suspects.
189
566160
3880
ืืœื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช, ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื,
09:31
And the groups of four students were asked to figure out who did it,
190
571000
4176
ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœืคืขื ื— ืžื™ ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช,
09:35
who committed the crime.
191
575200
1200
ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืคืฉืข.
09:37
And there were two treatments in this experiment.
192
577280
2400
ื•ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.
09:40
In some cases these were four friends,
193
580760
3216
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
09:44
they all knew each other well.
194
584000
1560
ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืงืจื•ื‘.
09:46
In other cases,
195
586160
1776
ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืื—ืจ,
09:47
three friends and a stranger.
196
587960
1920
ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืื“ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื–ืจ.
09:51
And you can see where I'm going with this.
197
591040
2056
ื•ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ืจื•ืื™ื ืœืืŸ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืชืจ.
09:53
Obviously I'm going to say
198
593120
1256
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืืžืจ
09:54
that the groups with the stranger solved the problem more effectively,
199
594400
3416
ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขื ื”ื–ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื”
09:57
which is true, they did.
200
597840
1280
ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
09:59
Actually, they solved the problem quite a lot more effectively.
201
599800
3496
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื”.
10:03
So the groups of four friends,
202
603320
2880
ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
10:07
they only had a 50-50 chance of getting the answer right.
203
607120
2976
ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 50% ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
10:10
Which is actually not that great --
204
610120
1696
ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื›ื–ื” ืื“ื™ืจ--
10:11
in multiple choice, for three answers? 50-50's not good.
205
611840
2936
ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช? 50% ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื•.
10:14
(Laughter)
206
614800
1176
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:16
The three friends and the stranger,
207
616000
1696
ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื–ืจ,
10:17
even though the stranger didn't have any extra information,
208
617720
2816
ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœื–ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ,
10:20
even though it was just a case
209
620560
1536
ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืง ื”ืฉืคื™ืข
10:22
of how that changed the conversation to accommodate that awkwardness,
210
622120
6296
ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื•ืกืคืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื›ื”.
10:28
the three friends and the stranger,
211
628440
1696
ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื–ืจ,
10:30
they had a 75 percent chance of finding the right answer.
212
630160
2666
ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 75% ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
10:32
That's quite a big leap in performance.
213
632850
1726
ื–ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื“ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื.
10:34
But I think what's really interesting
214
634600
2336
ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื
10:36
is not just that the three friends and the stranger did a better job,
215
636960
3239
ืœื ืจืง ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื–ืจ ืขืฉื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:40
but how they felt about it.
216
640223
1440
ืืœื ื’ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”.
10:42
So when Katherine Phillips interviewed the groups of four friends,
217
642400
4936
ื›ืฉืงืชืณืจื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ืคืก ืจืื™ื™ื ื” ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
10:47
they had a nice time,
218
647360
1856
ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื›ื™ืฃ,
10:49
they also thought they'd done a good job.
219
649240
1960
ื•ื”ื ื’ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืขืฉื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
10:52
They were complacent.
220
652720
1200
ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืื ื ื™ื.
10:54
When she spoke to the three friends and the stranger,
221
654800
2496
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื–ืจ,
10:57
they had not had a nice time --
222
657320
1496
ืœื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ืฃ --
10:58
it's actually rather difficult, it's rather awkward ...
223
658840
2600
ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงืฉื” ื•ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืš...
11:02
and they were full of doubt.
224
662480
2240
ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื™ ืกืคืงื•ืช.
11:06
They didn't think they'd done a good job even though they had.
225
666200
2920
ื”ื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืขืฉื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื”ืคืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
11:10
And I think that really exemplifies
226
670080
1736
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื’ื™ื
11:11
the challenge that we're dealing with here.
227
671840
2240
ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉื ื™ืฆื‘ ืžื•ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ.
11:14
Because, yeah --
228
674680
1816
ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ --
11:16
the ugly font,
229
676520
1856
ื”ืคื•ื ื˜ ื”ืžื’ืขื™ืœ,
11:18
the awkward stranger,
230
678400
1776
ื”ืžื‘ื•ื›ื” ืžื–ืจื™ื,
11:20
the random move ...
231
680200
1320
ื”ืฆืขื“ ื—ืกืจ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ...
11:22
these disruptions help us solve problems,
232
682280
3376
ืื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
11:25
they help us become more creative.
233
685680
2336
ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื.
11:28
But we don't feel that they're helping us.
234
688040
2056
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื•.
11:30
We feel that they're getting in the way ...
235
690120
2040
ืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœื ื•...
11:33
and so we resist.
236
693040
1200
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื•.
11:36
And that's why the last example is really important.
237
696000
2440
ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
11:39
So I want to talk about somebody
238
699360
2216
ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
11:41
from the background of the world of rock 'n' roll.
239
701600
4936
ืฉื‘ื ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ืงื ืจื•ืœ.
11:46
And you may know him, he's actually a TED-ster.
240
706560
2896
ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืจืฆื” ื‘-TED.
11:49
His name is Brian Eno.
241
709480
1376
ืฉืžื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื•.
11:50
He is an ambient composer -- rather brilliant.
242
710880
2816
ื”ื•ื ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืžื‘ื™ื™ื ื˜ -- ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื ื”ื“ืจ.
11:53
He's also a kind of catalyst
243
713720
2680
ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืจื– ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™
11:57
behind some of the great rock 'n' roll albums of the last 40 years.
244
717160
4016
ื›ืžื” ืžืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื”ืจื•ืงื ืจื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘-40 ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
12:01
He's worked with David Bowie on "Heroes,"
245
721200
3616
ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ืขื ื“ื™ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ืื™ ืขืœ ืดื”ื™ืจื•ืกืด,
12:04
he worked with U2 on "Achtung Baby" and "The Joshua Tree,"
246
724840
3136
ืขื U2 ืขืœ ืดืื—ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืด ื•ืดื’ืณื•ืฉื•ืข ื˜ืจื™ืด,
12:08
he's worked with DEVO,
247
728000
1536
ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ืขื ื“ื™ื•ื•,
12:09
he's worked with Coldplay, he's worked with everybody.
248
729560
2576
ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ืขื ืงื•ืœื“ืคืœื™ื™, ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ืขื ื›ื•ืœื.
12:12
And what does he do to make these great rock bands better?
249
732160
3920
ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ?
12:17
Well, he makes a mess.
250
737720
1240
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ.
12:19
He disrupts their creative processes.
251
739840
1816
ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœื”ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”.
12:21
It's his role to be the awkward stranger.
252
741680
2096
ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืื™ ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช.
12:23
It's his role to tell them
253
743800
1416
ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื
12:25
that they have to play the unplayable piano.
254
745240
3176
ืœื ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™.
12:28
And one of the ways in which he creates this disruption
255
748440
2656
ื•ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืงื˜ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”
12:31
is through this remarkable deck of cards --
256
751120
2960
ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืคื™ืกืช ืงืœืคื™ื --
12:34
I have my signed copy here -- thank you, Brian.
257
754680
2560
ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ ื—ืคื™ืกื” ืขื ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช -- ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืŸ
12:38
They're called The Oblique Strategies,
258
758560
1856
ืงืœืคื™ื ืืœื• ื ืงืจืื™ื ืดืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืงื™ืคื•ืชืด,
12:40
he developed them with a friend of his.
259
760440
1858
ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื•.
12:42
And when they're stuck in the studio,
260
762800
3040
ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื‘ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•,
12:46
Brian Eno will reach for one of the cards.
261
766880
2296
ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืฉืœืฃ ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžืงืœืคื™ื•,
12:49
He'll draw one at random,
262
769200
1456
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™,
12:50
and he'll make the band follow the instructions on the card.
263
770680
4256
ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื”ืœื”ืงื” ืœืžืœื ืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก.
12:54
So this one ...
264
774960
1320
ืื– ื–ื” ืœืžืฉืœ ืื•ืžืจ...
12:57
"Change instrument roles."
265
777040
1296
ืดื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื‘ื™ื ื›ื ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ืืด,
12:58
Yeah, everyone swap instruments -- Drummer on the piano --
266
778360
2715
ื›ืŸ ื›ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื -- ืžืชื•ืคืฃ ื™ื ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ --
13:01
Brilliant, brilliant idea.
267
781099
1997
ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง.
13:03
"Look closely at the most embarrassing details. Amplify them."
268
783120
3680
ืดื‘ื—ื ื• ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื›ื™ื. ื›ืขืช ื”ืขืฆื™ืžื• ืื•ืชืืด.
13:08
"Make a sudden, destructive, unpredictable action. Incorporate."
269
788360
4720
ืดื‘ืฆืขื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื”. ืฉืœื‘ื• ืื•ืชื”ืด.
13:14
These cards are disruptive.
270
794960
1360
ื”ืงืœืคื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืจืกื ื™ื™ื.
13:17
Now, they've proved their worth in album after album.
271
797080
3640
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ืื—ืจ ืืœื‘ื•ื.
13:21
The musicians hate them.
272
801880
2296
ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืฉื ืื• ืื•ืชื
13:24
(Laughter)
273
804200
1496
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:25
So Phil Collins was playing drums on an early Brian Eno album.
274
805720
3416
ืคื™ืœ ืงื•ืœื™ื ืก ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืชื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื•.
13:29
He got so frustrated he started throwing beer cans across the studio.
275
809160
4000
ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืคื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
13:34
Carlos Alomar, great rock guitarist,
276
814400
2376
ืงืจืœื•ืก ืืœื•ืžืจ, ื ื’ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ืื“ื™ืจ,
13:36
working with Eno on David Bowie's "Lodger" album,
277
816800
3776
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ืดืœื•ื“ื’ืณืจืด ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ืื™,
13:40
and at one point he turns to Brian and says,
278
820600
2576
ืคื ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœื‘ืจืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืืžืจ:
13:43
"Brian, this experiment is stupid."
279
823200
3480
ืดื‘ืจืื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉืด.
13:49
But the thing is it was a pretty good album,
280
829360
2760
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœื ืจืข ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
13:53
but also,
281
833120
1200
ื•ืžื” ื’ื,
13:55
Carlos Alomar, 35 years later, now uses The Oblique Strategies.
282
835040
4816
ืฉืงืจืœื•ืก ืืœื•ืžืจ, 35 ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืดืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืงื™ืคื•ืชืด.
13:59
And he tells his students to use The Oblique Strategies
283
839880
2736
ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืดืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืงื™ืคื•ืชืด.
14:02
because he's realized something.
284
842640
1720
ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื•.
14:05
Just because you don't like it doesn't mean it isn't helping you.
285
845240
4640
ื–ื” ืฉืืชื” ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืžืฉื”ื•, ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืš.
14:12
The strategies actually weren't a deck of cards originally,
286
852000
2762
ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื›ื—ืคื™ืกืช ืงืœืคื™ื,
14:14
they were just a list --
287
854786
1190
ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื›ืจืฉื™ืžื” --
14:16
list on the recording studio wall.
288
856000
1816
ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืขืœ ืงื™ืจ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•.
14:17
A checklist of things you might try if you got stuck.
289
857840
3800
ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืื ื ืชืงืœืชื ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™.
14:23
The list didn't work.
290
863280
1200
ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื”.
14:26
Know why?
291
866160
1200
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื”?
14:29
Not messy enough.
292
869400
1200
ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ืฆืจื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ.
14:31
Your eye would go down the list
293
871680
2016
ืขื™ื ื›ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื•ืจืงืช ืืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”
14:33
and it would settle on whatever was the least disruptive,
294
873720
4056
ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฆื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืื™ืชื” ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื—,
14:37
the least troublesome,
295
877800
1200
ื”ืขืฆื” ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื›ื,
14:40
which of course misses the point entirely.
296
880480
3880
ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืคืกืคืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืื ื˜ื”.
14:46
And what Brian Eno came to realize was,
297
886160
2376
ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืœืžื“ ืžื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืŸ --
14:48
yes, we need to run the stupid experiments,
298
888560
4496
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉ,
14:53
we need to deal with the awkward strangers,
299
893080
2056
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื–ืจ ื”ืžืฉืจื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช
14:55
we need to try to read the ugly fonts.
300
895160
2136
ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ื ื˜ ื”ืžื›ื•ืขืจ.
14:57
These things help us.
301
897320
1256
ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื•.
14:58
They help us solve problems,
302
898600
1376
ื”ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
15:00
they help us be more creative.
303
900000
1896
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื.
15:01
But also ...
304
901920
1200
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื....
15:04
we really need some persuasion if we're going to accept this.
305
904320
3200
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื™ื–ื• ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื–ืืช.
15:08
So however we do it ...
306
908200
1240
ืื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ...
15:10
whether it's sheer willpower,
307
910400
2056
ืื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื— ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ,
15:12
whether it's the flip of a card
308
912480
2080
ืื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ืคื™ืกืช ืงืœืคื™ื
15:15
or whether it's a guilt trip from a German teenager,
309
915560
3200
ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœื ื• ื ืขืจื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
15:19
all of us, from time to time,
310
919680
2136
ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื,
15:21
need to sit down and try and play the unplayable piano.
311
921840
4440
ืœืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™.
15:27
Thank you.
312
927640
1216
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
15:28
(Applause)
313
928880
1880
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7