How frustration can make us more creative | Tim Harford

326,219 views ใƒป 2016-02-02

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: KwangYu Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
Late in January 1975,
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1975๋…„ 1์›” ๋ง์—
00:15
a 17-year-old German girl called Vera Brandes
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๋ฒ ๋ผ ๋ธŒ๋ž€๋ฐ์Šค๋ผ๋Š” 17์‚ด ๋…์ผ ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ์ด
00:19
walked out onto the stage of the Cologne Opera House.
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์พฐ๋ฅธ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ๊ทน์žฅ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฑธ์–ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
The auditorium was empty.
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๊ฐ์„์€ ๋น„์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:27
It was lit only by the dim, green glow of the emergency exit sign.
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๋น„์ƒ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ํ๋ฆฟํ•œ ์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰ ๋น›๋งŒ์ด ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋น„์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
This was the most exciting day of Vera's life.
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๋ฒ ๋ผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์ƒ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚ ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:36
She was the youngest concert promoter in Germany,
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๋ฒ ๋ผ๋Š” ๋…์ผ ์ตœ์—ฐ์†Œ ๊ณต์—ฐ ๊ธฐํš์ž์˜€๊ณ ,
00:39
and she had persuaded the Cologne Opera House
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์พฐ๋ฅธ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ๊ทน์žฅ์ด
00:41
to host a late-night concert of jazz
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€ ํ‚ค์Šค ์ž๋ ›์˜ ์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ์ฃผ์ตœํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๋“ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
from the American musician, Keith Jarrett.
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00:48
1,400 people were coming.
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์ฒœ ์‚ฌ๋ฐฑ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ชจ์˜€์ฃ .
00:51
And in just a few hours,
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๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋งŒ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด
00:53
Jarrett would walk out on the same stage,
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์ž๋ ›์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์œ„๋กœ ๊ฑธ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€
00:55
he'd sit down at the piano
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๊ทธ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ์— ์•‰์•„
00:57
and without rehearsal or sheet music,
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์˜ˆํ–‰์—ฐ์Šต์ด๋‚˜ ์•…๋ณด ์—†์ด
01:01
he would begin to play.
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์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
But right now,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋•Œ,
01:05
Vera was introducing Keith to the piano in question,
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๋ฒ ๋ผ๋Š” ์ž๋„ท์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:09
and it wasn't going well.
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
01:11
Jarrett looked to the instrument a little warily,
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์ž๋ ›์€ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ ํ›„
01:13
played a few notes,
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๋ช‡ ์Œ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
01:15
walked around it,
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ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋งด๋Œ๊ณ ๋Š”,
01:16
played a few more notes,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ช‡ ์Œ ๋” ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
01:18
muttered something to his producer.
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๋ฌด๋Œ€ ๊ฐ๋…์—๊ฒŒ ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ค‘์–ผ๊ฑฐ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
Then the producer came over to Vera and said ...
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๊ฐ๋…์€ ๋ฒ ๋ผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™€ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
"If you don't get a new piano, Keith can't play."
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"์ƒˆ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ์ž๋ ›์€ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋„ค์š”."
01:30
There'd been a mistake.
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์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:31
The opera house had provided the wrong instrument.
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์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ๊ทน์žฅ์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์•…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:33
This one had this harsh, tinny upper register,
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๋†’์€ ์Œ์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ท€์— ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋“ค๋ ธ๋˜๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:36
because all the felt had worn away.
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๋ถ€์งํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ณ์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
The black notes were sticking,
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๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ๊ฑด๋ฐ˜์€ ๋ˆ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ ธ๊ณ ,
01:42
the white notes were out of tune,
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ํ•˜์–€์ƒ‰ ๊ฑด๋ฐ˜์€ ์Œ์ด ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ ,
01:44
the pedals didn't work
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ํŽ˜๋‹ฌ์€ ๊ณ ์žฅ๋‚˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
01:46
and the piano itself was just too small.
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ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž‘์•˜์–ด์š”.
01:48
It wouldn't create the volume
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์พฐ๋ฅธ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ๊ทน์žฅ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
01:50
that would fill a large space such as the Cologne Opera House.
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ํฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ฑ„์šธ ์Œ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
So Keith Jarrett left.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ‚ค์Šค ์ž๋ ›์€ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
He went and sat outside in his car,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ์ฐจ ์•ˆ์— ์•‰์•„์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:01
leaving Vera Brandes
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๋ฒ ๋ผ ๋ธŒ๋ž€๋ฐ์Šค๊ฐ€
02:03
to get on the phone to try to find a replacement piano.
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๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์ „ํ™”ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
Now she got a piano tuner,
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์ด์ œ ๋ฒ ๋ผ๋Š” ์กฐ์œจ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฐพ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
02:09
but she couldn't get a new piano.
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์ƒˆ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๋Š” ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
And so she went outside
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๊ทน์žฅ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€
02:14
and she stood there in the rain,
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๋น„๋ฅผ ๋งž์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„œ์„œ
02:17
talking to Keith Jarrett,
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ํ‚ค์Šค ์ž๋ ›์—๊ฒŒ
02:20
begging him not to cancel the concert.
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๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ์ทจ์†Œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ์• ์›ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:24
And he looked out of his car
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๋น„์— ํ ๋ป‘ ์ –์–ด ํ›„์ค„๊ทธ๋ ˆํ•œ
02:25
at this bedraggled, rain-drenched German teenager,
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๋…์ผ ์‹ญ๋Œ€์†Œ๋…€๋ฅผ ์ฐจ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Š”
02:30
took pity on her,
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๋ฒ ๋ผ์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๋ฏผ์„ ๋Š๊ปด
02:32
and said,
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๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
"Never forget ... only for you."
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"์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์žŠ์ง€๋งˆ๋ผ. ๋„ˆ ๋งŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ."
02:39
And so a few hours later,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„,
02:40
Jarrett did indeed step out onto the stage of the opera house,
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์ž๋ ›์€ ์ •๋ง ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ๊ทน์žฅ์˜ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฑธ์–ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€
02:45
he sat down at the unplayable piano
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์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ์— ์•‰์•„
02:49
and began.
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์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
(Music)
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(์—ฐ์ฃผ ์Œ์•…)
03:04
Within moments it became clear that something magical was happening.
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์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ๋งˆ๋ฒ• ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
Jarrett was avoiding those upper registers,
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์ž๋ ›์€ ๋†’์€ ์Œ์—ญ์„ ํ”ผํ•ด
03:12
he was sticking to the middle tones of the keyboard,
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๊ฑด๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—๋งŒ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋ฉฐ
03:15
which gave the piece a soothing, ambient quality.
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์ž”์ž”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ˆ„๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์Œ์•…์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
But also, because the piano was so quiet,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž‘์•˜๊ธฐ์—
03:22
he had to set up these rumbling, repetitive riffs in the bass.
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๋‚ฎ์€ ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฅด๋ฆ‰๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์•…์ ˆ์„ ๊ณ„์† ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
And he stood up twisting, pounding down on the keys,
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๋’ท ์ค„์— ์•‰์€ ์ฒญ์ค‘์ด ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ
03:32
desperately trying to create enough volume to reach the people in the back row.
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์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋ชธ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ ค ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ๊ฑด๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
It's an electrifying performance.
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์†Œ๋ฆ„ ๋‹๋Š” ์—ฐ์ฃผ์˜€์ฃ .
03:39
It somehow has this peaceful quality,
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์–ด๋–ค ํ‰ํ™”์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›€๊ณผ
03:42
and at the same time it's full of energy,
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๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:44
it's dynamic.
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์—ญ๋™์ ์ด๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
03:47
And the audience loved it.
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์ฒญ์ค‘์€ ๊ทธ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
03:49
Audiences continue to love it
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:51
because the recording of the Kรถln Concert
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์พฐ๋ฅธ ์—ฐ์ฃผ ์‹คํ™ฉ ๋…น์Œ์ด ์Œ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์—์„œ
03:54
is the best-selling piano album in history
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ํŒ”๋ฆฐ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์•จ๋ฒ”์ด์ž
03:56
and the best-selling solo jazz album in history.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ํŒ”๋ฆฐ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ๋…์ฃผ ์•จ๋ฒ”์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
Keith Jarrett had been handed a mess.
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ํ‚ค์Šค ์ž๋ ›์€ ์—‰๋ง์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋น ์กŒ์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:06
He had embraced that mess, and it soared.
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์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ณ  ๋‚ ์•„์˜ฌ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
But let's think for a moment about Jarrett's initial instinct.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž ์‹œ ์ž๋ ›์˜ ์ฒซ ๋Š๋‚Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
04:17
He didn't want to play.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ค ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
04:18
Of course,
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๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜์ฃ ,
04:20
I think any of us, in any remotely similar situation,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์™ธ๋”ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
04:23
would feel the same way, we'd have the same instinct.
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋Š๋‚„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”. ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
04:25
We don't want to be asked to do good work with bad tools.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜์œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ข‹์€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํƒ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
04:29
We don't want to have to overcome unnecessary hurdles.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธธ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
04:34
But Jarrett's instinct was wrong,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ž๋ ›์˜ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์ด ํ‹€๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
04:37
and thank goodness he changed his mind.
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ์–ด์š”.
04:39
And I think our instinct is also wrong.
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์ „ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ๋„ ํ‹€๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”.
04:44
I think we need to gain a bit more appreciation
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์ „ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์—‰๋ง์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ, ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ๊ธฐ์น˜ ์•Š์€ ์ด์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
04:48
for the unexpected advantages of having to cope with a little mess.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›Œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
So let me give you some examples
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
from cognitive psychology,
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์ธ์ง€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ ๊ณผํ•™,
05:00
from complexity science,
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05:01
from social psychology,
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์‚ฌํšŒ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฝ ์•ค ๋กค์—์„œ์š”.
05:03
and of course, rock 'n' roll.
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05:05
So cognitive psychology first.
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์ธ์ง€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ฃ .
05:07
We've actually known for a while
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ํ•œ ๋™์•ˆ
05:09
that certain kinds of difficulty,
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์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€๊ณผ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„
05:11
certain kinds of obstacle,
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05:13
can actually improve our performance.
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ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
For example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด,
05:17
the psychologist Daniel Oppenheimer,
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜ ์˜คํŽœํ•˜์ž„์€
05:18
a few years ago,
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๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „
05:20
teamed up with high school teachers.
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๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์งœ์„œ ์ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:22
And he asked them to reformat the handouts
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์—… ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ค„
05:24
that they were giving to some of their classes.
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์œ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์„œ์‹์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์–ด์ฃ .
05:28
So the regular handout would be formatted in something straightforward,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์œ ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ์„œ์‹์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
such as Helvetica or Times New Roman.
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ํ—ฌ๋ฒ ํ‹ฐ์นด๋‚˜ ํƒ€์ž„์Šค ๋‰ด ๋กœ๋งŒ ๊ธ€์”จ์ฒด ๊ฐ™์ด์š”.
05:34
But half these classes were getting handouts that were formatted
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ฐ˜ ์ˆ˜์—…์šฉ ์œ ์ธ๋ฌผ์€
05:37
in something sort of intense, like Haettenschweiler,
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ํ•ดํƒ ์‰ฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•œ ๊ธ€์”จ์ฒด๋‚˜
05:41
or something with a zesty bounce, like Comic Sans italicized.
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ํ™œ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๊ฒŒ ํ†ตํ†ต ํŠ€๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ๊ตต์€ ์ฝ”๋ฏน์„ผ์Šค ๊ธ€์”จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
Now, these are really ugly fonts,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹ซ๊ณ 
05:47
and they're difficult fonts to read.
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์ฝ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ์„œ์ฒด์ฃ .
05:49
But at the end of the semester,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ•™๊ธฐ ๋ง ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๋ดค๋”๋‹ˆ
05:51
students were given exams,
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05:54
and the students who'd been asked to read the more difficult fonts,
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๋” ์ฝ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ์„œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฝ์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด
05:58
had actually done better on their exams,
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์—์„œ ๋” ์ž˜ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:00
in a variety of subjects.
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06:01
And the reason is,
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
06:03
the difficult font had slowed them down,
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๊ธ€์”จ๋ฅผ ์ฝ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋“ค์ž
06:06
forced them to work a bit harder,
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์ฝ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด,
06:08
to think a bit more about what they were reading,
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ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋” ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ ,
06:11
to interpret it ...
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06:13
and so they learned more.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐฐ์› ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:16
Another example.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:18
The psychologist Shelley Carson has been testing Harvard undergraduates
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž ์‰˜๋ฆฌ ์นผ์Šจ์€ ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ํ•™๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
06:23
for the quality of their attentional filters.
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์ฃผ์˜๋ ฅ ์—ฌ๊ณผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ์‹คํ—˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
What do I mean by that?
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๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์ด๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
06:28
What I mean is, imagine you're in a restaurant,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ๋ ˆ์Šคํ† ๋ž‘์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ™” ์ค‘์ธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:30
you're having a conversation,
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06:32
there are all kinds of other conversations going on in the restaurant,
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๋ ˆ์Šคํ† ๋ž‘์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ์–‘๊ฐ์ƒ‰์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:35
you want to filter them out,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜์ฃ .
06:36
you want to focus on what's important to you.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:38
Can you do that?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ์ง‘์ค‘๋ ฅ ์—ฌ๊ณผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
06:40
If you can, you have good, strong attentional filters.
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06:43
But some people really struggle with that.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ํž˜๋“ค์–ดํ•ด์š”.
06:45
Some of Carson's undergraduate subjects struggled with that.
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์นผ์Šจ ๊ต์ˆ˜์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๋„ ํž˜๋“ค์–ดํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:49
They had weak filters, they had porous filters --
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์•ฝํ•œ ์—ฌ๊ณผ๊ธฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋˜๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:52
let a lot of external information in.
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์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:55
And so what that meant is they were constantly being interrupted
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๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์ด๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
06:58
by the sights and the sounds of the world around them.
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์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
07:01
If there was a television on while they were doing their essays,
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๊ณผ์ œ๋ฌผ์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•  ๋•Œ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ ผ์ด ์ผœ์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
๊ทธ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:04
they couldn't screen it out.
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07:05
Now, you would think that that was a disadvantage ...
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์†์‹ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
but no.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
07:10
When Carson looked at what these students had achieved,
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์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•œ ๊ฑธ ์นผ์Šจ ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ
07:14
the ones with the weak filters
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์•ฝํ•œ ์—ฌ๊ณผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€
07:16
were vastly more likely
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์‚ถ์—์„œ ์ง„์งœ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ
07:18
to have some real creative milestone in their lives,
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ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ผ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
07:21
to have published their first novel,
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์†Œ์„ค์„ ์ถœํŒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์Œ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
to have released their first album.
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07:27
These distractions were actually grists to their creative mill.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ์›๋™๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:30
They were able to think outside the box because their box was full of holes.
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์ฃผ์˜๋ ฅ ์ƒ์ž์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:36
Let's talk about complexity science.
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๋ณต์žก์„ฑ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
07:37
So how do you solve a really complex --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ง„์งœ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ฝํžŒ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ‘ธ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ๋ฐ...
07:39
the world's full of complicated problems --
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์„ธ์ƒ์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•ด์š”.
07:41
how do you solve a really complicated problem?
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์ •๋ง ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ‘ธ์‹œ์ฃ ?
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ œํŠธ ์—”์ง„์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
07:44
For example, you try to make a jet engine.
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07:46
There are lots and lots of different variables,
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์ •๋ง ๋งŽ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
07:48
the operating temperature, the materials,
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์ž‘๋™ ์ค‘์˜ ์˜จ๋„, ์žฌ๋ฃŒ,
07:50
all the different dimensions, the shape.
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์˜จ๊ฐ– ๋ฉด์ , ๋ชจ์–‘ ๋“ค์ด์š”.
07:52
You can't solve that kind of problem all in one go,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑด ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
it's too hard.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์–ด๋ ต์ฃ .
07:56
So what do you do?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜์‹ค๋ž˜์š”?
07:57
Well, one thing you can do is try to solve it step-by-step.
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์Œ, ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:02
So you have some kind of prototype
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๊ณง ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋งŒ๋“  ํ›„
08:04
and you tweak it, you test it, you improve it.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:08
You tweak it, you test it, you improve it.
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๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:12
Now, this idea of marginal gains will eventually get you a good jet engine.
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๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ด๋“์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์ข‹์€ ์ œํŠธ ์—”์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
And it's been quite widely implemented in the world.
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ œ๋ฒ• ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
08:20
So you'll hear about it, for example, in high performance cycling,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์‹ค ๊ฑฐ๊ณ ,
08:24
web designers will talk about trying to optimize their web pages,
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์›น ์„ค๊ณ„์ž๋„ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ์œผ๋กœ ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ๋„,
08:27
they're looking for these step-by-step gains.
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๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ด๋“์„ ์ฐพ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
That's a good way to solve a complicated problem.
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ‘ธ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์—์š”.
08:34
But you know what would make it a better way?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ข€ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•„์„ธ์š”?
08:38
A dash of mess.
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์—‰๋ง์ง„์ฐฝ์ธ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋Œ๊ฒฉ์ด์ฃ .
08:41
You add randomness,
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ๋”ํ•ด์„œ
08:43
early on in the process,
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08:44
you make crazy moves,
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๊ด‘์ ์ธ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์š”.
08:46
you try stupid things that shouldn't work,
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ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•œ ์ผ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋ฉด,
08:49
and that will tend to make the problem-solving work better.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋” ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ค„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
08:52
And the reason for that is
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
08:54
the trouble with the step-by-step process,
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๋‹จ๊ณ„์  ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ,
08:56
the marginal gains,
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๊ณง, ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ด๋“์€
08:57
is they can walk you gradually down a dead end.
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์ ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ๋ง‰๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ง‰๊ธธ๋กœ ๋Œ๊ณ  ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:01
And if you start with the randomness, that becomes less likely,
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๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ 
09:05
and your problem-solving becomes more robust.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ด ๋” ํ™•๊ณ ํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
Let's talk about social psychology.
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์‚ฌํšŒ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์ฃ .
09:12
So the psychologist Katherine Phillips, with some colleagues,
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž ์บ์„œ๋ฆฐ ํ•„๋ฆฝ์Šค๋Š” ๋™๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
09:15
recently gave murder mystery problems to some students,
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์–ผ๋งˆ ์ „ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์‚ด์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ์คฌ์–ด์š”.
09:19
and these students were collected in groups of four
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ํ•™์ƒ 4๋ช…์ด ํ•œ ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
09:22
and they were given dossiers with information about a crime --
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ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ธด ๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ์ฃ .
09:26
alibis and evidence, witness statements and three suspects.
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์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด, ์ฆ๊ฑฐ, ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž ์ง„์ˆ ์„œ์™€ ์šฉ์˜์ž ์„ธ ๋ช…์ด์ฃ .
09:31
And the groups of four students were asked to figure out who did it,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ 4๋ช…์ด ์ด๋ฃฌ ์กฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ €์งˆ๋ €๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
09:35
who committed the crime.
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๋ฒ”์ธ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
09:37
And there were two treatments in this experiment.
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
In some cases these were four friends,
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•™์ƒ ๋„ค ๋ช…์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ผ์„œ
09:44
they all knew each other well.
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์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:46
In other cases,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
09:47
three friends and a stranger.
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์„ธ ๋ช…์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ณ  ํ•œ ๋ช…์€ ๋‚ฏ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:51
And you can see where I'm going with this.
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์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋ญ˜ ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๋Š”์ง€ ์•„์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
Obviously I'm going to say
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ . ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ง์€
09:54
that the groups with the stranger solved the problem more effectively,
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๋‚ฏ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์„ž์ธ ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:57
which is true, they did.
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์ •๋ง์ด์—์š”. ๊ทธ ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”.
09:59
Actually, they solved the problem quite a lot more effectively.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:03
So the groups of four friends,
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์นœ๊ตฌ ๋„ค ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์กฐ๋Š”
10:07
they only had a 50-50 chance of getting the answer right.
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์ •๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด 50๋Œ€ 50์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:10
Which is actually not that great --
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์„ ๋‹คํ˜• ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ ๋‹ต์•ˆ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”?
10:11
in multiple choice, for three answers? 50-50's not good.
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50๋Œ€ 50์€ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
10:14
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
์นœ๊ตฌ ์„ธ ๋ช…๊ณผ ๋‚ฏ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ•œ ๋ช…์€,
10:16
The three friends and the stranger,
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10:17
even though the stranger didn't have any extra information,
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์„ค๋ น ๋‚ฏ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„์ง€๋ผ๋„,
10:20
even though it was just a case
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์„ค๋ น ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด
10:22
of how that changed the conversation to accommodate that awkwardness,
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์–ด์ƒ‰ํ•จ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„,
10:28
the three friends and the stranger,
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์นœ๊ตฌ ์„ธ ๋ช…๊ณผ ๋‚ฏ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด
10:30
they had a 75 percent chance of finding the right answer.
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์ •๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ์„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ 75%์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
That's quite a big leap in performance.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ๊ฝค ํฐ ๋„์•ฝ์ด์ฃ .
10:34
But I think what's really interesting
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฑด
10:36
is not just that the three friends and the stranger did a better job,
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์นœ๊ตฌ ์„ธ ๋ช…๊ณผ ๋‚ฏ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ์ผ์„ ๋” ์ž˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:40
but how they felt about it.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
So when Katherine Phillips interviewed the groups of four friends,
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์บ์„œ๋ฆฐ ํ•„๋ฆฝ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋„ค ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฉด๋‹ดํ–ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ
10:47
they had a nice time,
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๊ทธ ์กฐ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๊ณ ,
10:49
they also thought they'd done a good job.
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์ผ๋„ ์ž˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
They were complacent.
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์ž๊ธฐ๋งŒ์กฑ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:54
When she spoke to the three friends and the stranger,
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์นœ๊ตฌ ์„ธ ๋ช…๊ณผ ๋‚ฏ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ•œ ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ
10:57
they had not had a nice time --
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒ ์ข‹์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:58
it's actually rather difficult, it's rather awkward ...
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ  ์–ด์ƒ‰ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
11:02
and they were full of doubt.
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๋ถˆ์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€๋“ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
They didn't think they'd done a good job even though they had.
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์ผ์„ ์ž˜ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค..
11:10
And I think that really exemplifies
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์ „ ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ
11:11
the challenge that we're dealing with here.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์˜ˆ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”.
11:14
Because, yeah --
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์Œ...
11:16
the ugly font,
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์ฝ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ๊ธ€์ž์ฒด,
11:18
the awkward stranger,
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๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ๋‚ฏ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ,
11:20
the random move ...
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๋ณ€์น™์ ์ธ ์›€์ง์ž„...
11:22
these disruptions help us solve problems,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ฃ .
11:25
they help us become more creative.
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์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ด ๋˜์ฃ .
11:28
But we don't feel that they're helping us.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋ผ์งˆ ์•Š์ฃ .
11:30
We feel that they're getting in the way ...
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ๊ธธ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๊ปด์„œ
11:33
and so we resist.
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์ €ํ•ญํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
And that's why the last example is really important.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์š”.
11:39
So I want to talk about somebody
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๋ก ์Œ์•…์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”.
11:41
from the background of the world of rock 'n' roll.
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11:46
And you may know him, he's actually a TED-ster.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ์ง€ ๋‹ค ์•„์‹ค ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ TED์ธ์ด์ฃ .
11:49
His name is Brian Eno.
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์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ์—๋…ธ์˜ˆ์š”.
11:50
He is an ambient composer -- rather brilliant.
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ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ž”์ž”ํ•œ ์Œ์•…์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€์ฃ .
11:53
He's also a kind of catalyst
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์ง€๋‚œ 40๋…„๊ฐ„ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ก ์Œ์•… ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ๋’ค์—์„œ ๋„์šด ์ด‰๋งค์ œ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์ฃ .
11:57
behind some of the great rock 'n' roll albums of the last 40 years.
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๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ๋ณด์œ„์˜ "์˜์›…"์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘์—…ํ–ˆ๊ณ ์š”,
12:01
He's worked with David Bowie on "Heroes,"
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12:04
he worked with U2 on "Achtung Baby" and "The Joshua Tree,"
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์œ ํˆฌ(U2)์˜ "์กฐ์‹ฌํ•ด ์•„๊ฐ€"์™€ "์—ฌํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์•„ ๋‚˜๋ฌด"๋„ ์ž‘์—…ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
12:08
he's worked with DEVO,
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๋ฐ๋ณด(DEVO)์™€๋„ ์ž‘์—…ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
12:09
he's worked with Coldplay, he's worked with everybody.
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๊ณจ๋“œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด(Coldplay)๋ž‘๋„, ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘์—…ํ–ˆ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
And what does he do to make these great rock bands better?
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ก ๋ฐด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋‚ซ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
12:17
Well, he makes a mess.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์—‰๋ง์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์š”.
12:19
He disrupts their creative processes.
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์Œ์•…๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•ด์š”.
12:21
It's his role to be the awkward stranger.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ์ด๋ฐฉ์ธ์ด ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:23
It's his role to tell them
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์—ฐ์ฃผ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๋ฅผ
12:25
that they have to play the unplayable piano.
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์—ฐ์ฃผํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด์—์š”.
12:28
And one of the ways in which he creates this disruption
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
12:31
is through this remarkable deck of cards --
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์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์นด๋“œ ํ•œ ๋ฒŒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
12:34
I have my signed copy here -- thank you, Brian.
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์ „ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ์ด ์„œ๋ช…ํ•œ ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”, ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:38
They're called The Oblique Strategies,
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"๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ์ „๋žต"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €์ฃ .
12:40
he developed them with a friend of his.
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๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ ํ•œ ๋ช…๊ณผ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
12:42
And when they're stuck in the studio,
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๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์‹ค์—์„œ ๊ผผ์งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด
12:46
Brian Eno will reach for one of the cards.
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๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ์—๋…ธ๋Š” ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ง‘์–ด
12:49
He'll draw one at random,
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๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฝ‘๊ณ 
12:50
and he'll make the band follow the instructions on the card.
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๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์นด๋“œ์— ์ ํžŒ ์ง€์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ญ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
So this one ...
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๊ฑด...
12:57
"Change instrument roles."
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"์•…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์„œ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•ด๋ผ."
12:58
Yeah, everyone swap instruments -- Drummer on the piano --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์š”, ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์•…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์š”. ๋“œ๋Ÿผ ์ฃผ์ž๋Š” ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
13:01
Brilliant, brilliant idea.
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์ •๋ง ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด์ฃ .
13:03
"Look closely at the most embarrassing details. Amplify them."
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"์ œ์ผ ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์„ธ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ดํŽด๋ผ. ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋” ์ž์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ด๋ผ."
13:08
"Make a sudden, destructive, unpredictable action. Incorporate."
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"๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ , ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ด๊ณ , ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๊ณก์— ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผœ๋ผ."
13:14
These cards are disruptive.
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์ด ์นด๋“œ๋Š” ์ฐธ ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์š”.
13:17
Now, they've proved their worth in album after album.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์•จ๋ฒ”๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
13:21
The musicians hate them.
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์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•ด์š”.
13:24
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
13:25
So Phil Collins was playing drums on an early Brian Eno album.
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ํ•„ ๊ณจ๋ฆฐ์Šค๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ์—๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์—…ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์•จ๋ฒ”์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
13:29
He got so frustrated he started throwing beer cans across the studio.
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๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋‹ต๋‹ตํ•ด์„œ ๋งฅ์ฃผ ์บ”์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์‹ค ๋„ˆ๋จธ๋กœ ๋˜์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
13:34
Carlos Alomar, great rock guitarist,
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์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ก ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž ์นด๋ฅผ๋กœ์Šค ์• ๋กœ๋งˆ๊ฐ€
13:36
working with Eno on David Bowie's "Lodger" album,
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๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ๋ณด์œ„์˜ "ํ•˜์ˆ™์ธ" ์•จ๋ฒ”์—์„œ ์—๋…ธ ์”จ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•  ๋•Œ
13:40
and at one point he turns to Brian and says,
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์€ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋ชธ์„ ๋Œ๋ ค ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ ,
13:43
"Brian, this experiment is stupid."
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"๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•œ ์ง“์ด์•ผ."
13:49
But the thing is it was a pretty good album,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฑด ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์€ ์•จ๋ฒ”์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
13:53
but also,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
13:55
Carlos Alomar, 35 years later, now uses The Oblique Strategies.
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35๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ํ›„ ์ด์ œ ์นด๋ฅผ๋กœ์Šค ์• ๋กœ๋งˆ๋„
ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ์ „๋žต์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ฃ .
13:59
And he tells his students to use The Oblique Strategies
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14:02
because he's realized something.
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
Just because you don't like it doesn't mean it isn't helping you.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:12
The strategies actually weren't a deck of cards originally,
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์ด ์ „๋žต์€ ์›๋ž˜ ํ•œ ๋ฒŒ์˜ ์นด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
14:14
they were just a list --
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
14:16
list on the recording studio wall.
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์—ฐ์ฃผ์‹ค ๋ฒฝ์— ๋ถ™์€ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:17
A checklist of things you might try if you got stuck.
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๊ผผ์ง ๋ชปํ•  ๋•Œ, ์‹œ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•ญ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
14:23
The list didn't work.
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๋ชฉ๋ก์€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์•„์š”.
14:26
Know why?
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์™ ์ง€ ์•„์„ธ์š”?
14:29
Not messy enough.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์—‰๋ง์ง„์ฐฝ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
14:31
Your eye would go down the list
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๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋ˆˆ์ด ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ ,
14:33
and it would settle on whatever was the least disruptive,
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์ง€์žฅ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ œ์ผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ณ ,
14:37
the least troublesome,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ์— ์š”์ ์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ
14:40
which of course misses the point entirely.
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์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋ˆˆ์ด ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์—ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
14:46
And what Brian Eno came to realize was,
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๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ์—๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์€ ๊ฑด
14:48
yes, we need to run the stupid experiments,
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๋งž์•„์š”, ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
14:53
we need to deal with the awkward strangers,
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๋‚ฏ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋Œ€ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
14:55
we need to try to read the ugly fonts.
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์ฝ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ธ€์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฝ์„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค์˜€์ฃ .
14:57
These things help us.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์š”.
14:58
They help us solve problems,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ‘ธ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋•์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:00
they help us be more creative.
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์šฐ๋ฆด ๋” ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ค˜์š”.
15:01
But also ...
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ...
15:04
we really need some persuasion if we're going to accept this.
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์˜ ์„ค๋“์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ด์š”.
15:08
So however we do it ...
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„...
15:10
whether it's sheer willpower,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์˜์ง€๋ ฅ์ด๋“ 
15:12
whether it's the flip of a card
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์นด๋“œ ํ•œ ์žฅ์ด๋“ ์ง€
15:15
or whether it's a guilt trip from a German teenager,
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ํ˜น์€ ์‚ฌ์ถ˜๊ธฐ ๋…์ผ ์†Œ๋…€์ด ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ ์—ฌํ–‰์ด๋“ ์ง€,
15:19
all of us, from time to time,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ
15:21
need to sit down and try and play the unplayable piano.
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์—ฐ์ฃผ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ์— ์•‰์•„์„œ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:27
Thank you.
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๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:28
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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