Why societies collapse | Jared Diamond

1,455,091 views ใƒป 2008-10-28

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Avihu Turzion
00:18
I think all of us have been interested, at one time or another,
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ,
00:22
in the romantic mysteries of all those societies that collapsed,
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ื‘ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงืจืกื•,
00:27
such as the classic Maya in the Yucatan, the Easter Islanders,
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืงืœืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืงื˜ืŸ,
ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืื™-ื”ืคืกื—ื, ื”ืื ืกืื–ื™, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื”ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื”,
00:32
the Anasazi, Fertile Crescent society, Angor Wat, Great Zimbabwe
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ืื ื’ืงื•ืจ ื•ืื˜, ื–ื™ืžื‘ื‘ื•ื•ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
00:36
and so on. And within the last decade or two,
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ื•ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœื ื•
00:40
archaeologists have shown us that there were environmental problems
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
00:44
underlying many of these past collapses.
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ืืš ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
00:47
But there were also plenty of places in the world
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00:48
where societies have been developing for thousands of years
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ื‘ื”ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
00:52
without any sign of a major collapse,
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ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
00:54
such as Japan, Java, Tonga and Tikopea. So evidently, societies
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ืคืŸ, ื™ืื•ื•ื”, ื˜ื•ื ื’ื” ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืคืื”.
ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:00
in some areas are more fragile than in other areas.
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01:03
How can we understand what makes some societies more fragile
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ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื•ืช?
01:06
than other societies? The problem is obviously relevant
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื,
01:12
to our situation today, because today as well, there are
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ื›ื™ ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงืจืกื•,
01:15
some societies that have already collapsed, such as Somalia
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ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืžืœื™ื”, ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ื•ื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ.
01:19
and Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia. There are also
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01:22
societies today that may be close to collapse, such as Nepal, Indonesia and Columbia.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื’ื ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช,
ื›ืžื• ื ืคืืœ, ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื•ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”.
01:27
What about ourselves?
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ื•ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ื•?
01:30
What is there that we can learn from the past that would help us avoid
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ืžื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข
01:36
declining or collapsing in the way that so many past societies have?
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ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืื• ืงืจื™ืกื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช-ืขื‘ืจ ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช?
01:41
Obviously the answer to this question is not going
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื ืขื•ืฆื” ื‘ื’ื•ืจื ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
01:43
to be a single factor. If anyone tells you that there is a single-factor
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืง ื’ื•ืจื ืื—ื“
01:47
explanation for societal collapses, you know right away
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ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”,
ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืžื™ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื“ื™ื•ื˜. ื–ื”ื• ื ื•ืฉื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
01:50
that they're an idiot. This is a complex subject.
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01:54
But how can we make sense out of the complexities of this subject?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”?
ื“ืจืš ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงืจื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ืช 5 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช;
01:58
In analyzing societal collapses, I've arrived at a
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02:01
five-point framework -- a checklist of things that I go through
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ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช.
02:05
to try and understand collapses. And I'll illustrate that five-point
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ืื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช 5 ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช
02:10
framework by the extinction of the Greenland Norse society.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืงืจื” ื”ื™ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“.
ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืขื‘ืจ ืžืชื•ืขื“,
02:15
This is a European society with literate records,
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02:18
so we know a good deal about the people and their motivation.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื•ืขืœ ืžื ื™ืขื™ื•.
02:22
In AD 984 Vikings went out to Greenland, settled Greenland,
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ื‘-984 ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื™ืฆืื• ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ืœื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“ ื•ื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืื•ืชื”,
02:26
and around 1450 they died out -- the society collapsed,
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ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 1450 ื”ื ื’ื•ื•ืขื• ื•ื ืขืœืžื•: ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืงืจืกื”,
02:30
and every one of them ended up dead.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชื• ืขื“ ืื—ื“.
02:32
Why did they all end up dead? Well, in my five-point framework,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ืžืชื•?
ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช 5 ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
02:36
the first item on the framework is to look for human impacts
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ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”:
02:40
on the environment: people inadvertently destroying the resource
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’ ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
02:43
base on which they depend. And in the case of the Viking Norse,
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื. ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื™ื,
02:48
the Vikings inadvertently caused soil erosion and deforestation,
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ื”ื ื’ืจืžื• ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’ ืœืกื—ืฃ ืงืจืงืข ื•ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช,
02:53
which was a particular problem for them because
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื,
ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื–ืงืงื• ืœื™ืขืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืคื—ื ื•ื‘ืจื–ืœ,
02:56
they required forests to make charcoal, to make iron.
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02:59
So they ended up an Iron Age European society, virtually
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช-ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ
ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืœืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ.
03:03
unable to make their own iron. A second item on my checklist is
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ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
03:08
climate change. Climate can get warmer or colder or dryer or wetter.
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ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื, ืงืจ, ื™ื‘ืฉ ืื• ืœื— ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:14
In the case of the Vikings -- in Greenland, the climate got colder
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“,
ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืชืงืจืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-13 ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-14,
03:18
in the late 1300s, and especially in the 1400s. But a cold climate
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ืืš ืืงืœื™ื ืงืจ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืงื˜ืœื ื™, ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืืกืงื™ืžื•ืกื™ื
03:22
isn't necessarily fatal, because the Inuit -- the Eskimos inhabiting
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ืฉื—ื™ื• ืื– ื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“, ืฉื’ืฉื’ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื.
03:27
Greenland at the same time -- did better, rather than worse,
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03:29
with cold climates. So why didn't the Greenland Norse as well?
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืงืจื” ื›ืš ืขื ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“?
03:33
The third thing on my checklist is relations with neighboring
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ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืขื
ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœืš,
03:37
friendly societies that may prop up a society. And if that
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ื•ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช ื–ื•, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
03:41
friendly support is pulled away, that may make a society
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03:44
more likely to collapse. In the case of the Greenland Norse,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“,
03:48
they had trade with the mother country -- Norway --
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ื”ื ื ื™ื”ืœื• ืกื—ืจ ืขื ืืจืฅ-ื”ืื, ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื”,
03:50
and that trade dwindled: partly because Norway got weaker,
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ื•ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ื™ื“ืœื“ืœ, ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ื—ืœืฉื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื”,
03:54
partly because of sea ice between Greenland and Norway.
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ื•ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืงืจื— ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“ ื•ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื”.
03:59
The fourth item on my checklist is relations with hostile societies.
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ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช.
04:05
In the case of Norse Greenland, the hostiles were the Inuit --
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ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืื™ื ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื,
04:08
the Eskimos sharing Greenland -- with whom the Norse
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ื”ืืกืงื™ืžื•ืกื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื’ื ื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“,
ื•ืฉื™ื—ืกื™ื”ื ืขื ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•.
04:12
got off to bad relationships. And we know that the Inuit
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ื’ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืื™ื ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:16
killed the Norse and, probably of greater importance,
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04:19
may have blocked access to the outer fjords, on which
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ื—ืกืžื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืคื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื,
04:23
the Norse depended for seals at a critical time of the year.
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ืฉื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœื“ื™ื’ ื›ืœื‘ื™-ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”.
04:27
And then finally, the fifth item on my checklist is the political,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื™
ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”,
04:31
economic, social and cultural factors in the society that make it
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ืฉืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช
04:35
more or less likely that the society will perceive and solve its
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ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืชืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช.
04:39
environmental problems. In the case of the Greenland Norse,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“,
ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืงืฉื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื,
04:44
cultural factors that made it difficult for them
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04:46
to solve their problems were: their commitments to a
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืชื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืฉื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืชื“ืจืœื•ืช,
04:49
Christian society investing heavily in cathedrals; their being
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04:53
a competitive-ranked chiefly society; and their scorn for the Inuit,
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ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืขืžื“ื™ืช-ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ื•ื”ื‘ื•ื– ืฉืจื—ืฉื• ืœืื™ื ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื,
04:59
from whom they refused to learn. So that's how the five-part
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ืžื”ื ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“.
ืื– ื›ืš ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช
05:02
framework is relevant to the collapse and eventual extinction of the Greenland Norse.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“.
05:07
What about a society today?
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ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•?
05:10
For the past five years, I've been taking my wife and kids to
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ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ืืฉืชื™ ื•ื™ืœื“ื™
05:14
Southwestern Montana, where I worked as a teenager
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ืœื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘ ืžื•ื ื˜ื ื”, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืงืฆื™ืจ.
05:17
on the hay harvest. And Montana, at first sight, seems
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ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื•ื ื˜ื ื” ื ืจืื™ืช
ื›ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
05:21
like the most pristine environment in the United States.
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05:24
But scratch the surface, and Montana suffers from serious problems.
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ืืš ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืžื•ื ื˜ื ื” ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช.
05:29
Going through the same checklist: human environmental impacts?
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ืื ื ื™ืฆืžื“ ืœืจืฉื™ืžื”: ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” -
05:33
Yes, acute in Montana. Toxic problems from mine waste
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ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื ื˜ื ื”. ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืกื•ืœืช ืžื›ืจื•ืช
05:38
have caused damage of billions of dollars.
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ื’ืจืžื• ืœื ื–ืง ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฉื‘ื™-ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจืชื ืขืœื• ืœืžื•ื ื˜ื ื” ืงืจื•ื‘
05:41
Problems from weeds, weed control, cost Montana nearly
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05:44
200 million dollars a year. Montana has lost agricultural areas
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ืœ-200 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”. ืื‘ื“ื• ืœื” ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื
05:48
from salinization, problems of forest management,
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ืขืงื‘ ื”ืžืœื—ืช ืžื™-ืชื”ื•ื, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ืจ
ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืคืช-ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
05:52
problems of forest fires. Second item on my checklist:
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ืกืขื™ืฃ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
05:56
climate change. Yes -- the climate in Montana is getting warmer
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื˜ื ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื—ื ื•ื™ื‘ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:59
and drier, but Montana agriculture depends especially on irrigation
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ืืš ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ื‘ืžื™-ืฉืœื’ื™ื,
06:03
from the snow pack, and as the snow is melting -- for example,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืฉืœื’ ื ืžืก, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
ืขื ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ "ื’ืœืฉื™ื™ืจ",
06:07
as the glaciers in Glacier National Park are disappearing --
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06:10
that's bad news for Montana irrigation agriculture.
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ืืœื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช-ื”ืฉืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื˜ื ื”.
06:14
Third thing on my checklist: relations with friendlies
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ืžืก' 3 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื™: ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื
06:16
that can sustain the society. In Montana today, more than half of
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ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื˜ื ื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœื ื‘ืื” ืžื”ืชืคืจื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื˜ื ื” ืขืฆืžื”,
06:20
the income of Montana is not earned within Montana,
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06:24
but is derived from out of state: transfer payments from
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ืืœื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”: ื”ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™, ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”,
06:27
social security, investments and so on --
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06:30
which makes Montana vulnerable to the rest of the United States.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืžื•ื ื˜ื ื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉืืจ ืืจื”"ื‘.
06:34
Fourth: relations with hostiles. Montanans have the same problems
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4: ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื™ ืžื•ื ื˜ื ื” ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
06:38
as do all Americans, in being sensitive to problems
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ืฉืžืงื•ืจืŸ
06:42
created by hostiles overseas affecting our oil supplies,
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ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืœื ื•,
06:46
and terrorist attacks. And finally, last item on my checklist:
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ื•ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ื•ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืชื™:
ืžื” ื—ืœืงืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
06:52
question of how political, economic, social, cultural attitudes
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06:55
play into this. Montanans have long-held values, which today
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ืื ืฉื™-ืžื•ื ื˜ื ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื
ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
07:00
seem to be getting in the way of their solving their own problems.
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07:03
Long-held devotion to logging and to mines and to agriculture,
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ืžืกื•ืจืช ืืจื•ื›ืช-ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืชืช-ืขืฆื™ื, ืžื›ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
07:07
and to no government regulation; values that worked well
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ื•ื”ืขื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืงื ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช.
ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
07:11
in the past, but they don't seem to be working well today.
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07:15
So, I'm looking at these issues of collapses
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืกื”
07:17
for a lot of past societies and for many present societies.
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ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช-ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช-ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
07:22
Are there any general conclusions that arise?
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ื”ืื ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ?
07:24
In a way, just like Tolstoy's statement about every unhappy marriage
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ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™, ืฉื›ืœ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื
ื”ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื”, ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืงื•ืจืกืช ืื• ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื”:
07:29
being different, every collapsed or endangered society is different --
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07:32
they all have different details. But nevertheless, there are certain
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ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืืš ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื
07:36
common threads that emerge from these comparisons
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ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืืœื”
07:39
of past societies that did or did not collapse
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช-ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืงืจืกื• ืื• ืœื ืงืจืกื•,
07:42
and threatened societies today. One interesting common thread
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื.
ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช,
07:49
has to do with, in many cases, the rapidity of collapse
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07:53
after a society reaches its peak. There are many societies
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ืื”.
ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”,
07:57
that don't wind down gradually, but they build up -- get richer
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ืืœื ื ื‘ื ื•ืช, ืžืชืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืฆื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื›ื•ื—,
08:00
and more powerful -- and then within a short time, within a few decades
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ื•ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ, ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช.
08:04
after their peak, they collapse. For example,
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08:06
the classic lowland Maya of the Yucatan began to collapse in the
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืœื” ื”ืงืœืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืงื˜ืŸ
ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืงืจื•ืก ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-8, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžืื™ื” ื‘ื ื•
08:12
early 800s -- literally a few decades after the Maya were building
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08:15
their biggest monuments, and Maya population was greatest.
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ืืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืื”.
08:20
Or again, the collapse of the Soviet Union took place
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ืื• ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™, ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”
08:23
within a couple of decades, maybe within a decade, of the time
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ืชื•ืš 2 ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื—ื“, ืžืื– ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื”
08:27
when the Soviet Union was at its greatest power.
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ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื•.
08:30
An analogue would be the growth of bacteria in a petri dish.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืฆืœื•ื—ื™ืช-ืคื˜ืจื™.
08:35
These rapid collapses are especially likely where there's
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ืงืจื™ืกื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช
08:38
a mismatch between available resources and resource consumption,
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ืื™-ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ืชื,
ืื• ืื™-ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
08:43
or a mismatch between economic outlays and economic potential.
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08:47
In a petri dish, bacteria grow. Say they double every generation,
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ื‘ืฆืœื—ืช-ืคื˜ืจื™, ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื’ื“ืœื”. ืื ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืคืœืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจ,
08:52
and five generations before the end the petri dish is 15/16ths empty,
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ื•-5 ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกื•ืฃ 15/16 ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืฆืœื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ ืจื™ืงื™ื,
08:57
and then the next generation's 3/4ths empty, and the next generation
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ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื 3/4 ืจื™ืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืจื™ืงื” ืœืžื—ืฆื”.
09:01
half empty. Within one generation after the petri dish still
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ืชื•ืš ื“ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืื– ืฉื”ืฆืœื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฆื™-ืจื™ืงื”,
09:05
being half empty, it is full. There's no more food and the bacteria have collapsed.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืœืื”. ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืชื ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืงื•ืจืกืช.
09:10
So, this is a frequent theme:
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ืื– ื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื”ืจื‘ื”,
09:12
societies collapse very soon after reaching their peak in power.
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ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื™ื ื›ื•ื—ืŸ.
09:17
What it means to put it mathematically is that, if you're concerned
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื“ืื’
09:19
about a society today, you should be looking not at the value
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ืช-ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืขืจืš
09:24
of the mathematical function -- the wealth itself -- but you should
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ ืขืฆืžื•,
ืืœื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื”.
09:27
be looking at the first derivative and the second derivatives
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09:30
of the function. That's one general theme. A second general theme
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ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืื—ื“. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ
09:35
is that there are many, often subtle environmental factors that make
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื, ืœืจื•ื‘ ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื,
09:40
some societies more fragile than others. Many of those factors
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื•ืช,
ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜,
09:44
are not well understood. For example, why is it that in the Pacific,
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09:48
of those hundreds of Pacific islands, why did Easter Island end up as
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ืžื›ืœ ืžืื•ืช ื”ืื™ื™ื, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™-ื”ืคืกื—ื ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
09:52
the most devastating case of complete deforestation?
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ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืžื–ืขื–ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ื-ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜?
09:56
It turns out that there were about nine different environmental
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ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›-9 ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื,
09:59
factors -- some, rather subtle ones -- that were working against
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ื—ืœืงื ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™, ืฉืคืขืœื• ื ื’ื“ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืื™ ื”ืคืกื—ื,
10:03
the Easter Islanders, and they involve fallout of volcanic tephra,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื ืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ืช, ืงื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘, ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื.
10:08
latitude, rainfall. Perhaps the most subtle of them
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืกืžื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื•ื,
10:11
is that it turns out that a major input of nutrients
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ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื,
10:14
which protects island environments in the Pacific is from
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ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜,
10:18
the fallout of continental dust from central Asia.
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ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื ืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ืง ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”.
10:21
Easter, of all Pacific islands, has the least input of dust
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื™ื ืฉื, ืœืื™-ื”ืคืกื—ื ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื˜ ืื‘ืง ืžืืกื™ื”,
10:25
from Asia restoring the fertility of its soils. But that's
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉืงื ืืช ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื“ืžืชื•.
ืืš ื’ื•ืจื ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื ื• ืขื“ 1999.
10:29
a factor that we didn't even appreciate until 1999.
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10:34
So, some societies, for subtle environmental reasons,
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืžื” ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ืกืžื•ื™ื•ืช,
10:36
are more fragile than others. And then finally,
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ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื•ืช. ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
10:39
another generalization. I'm now teaching a course
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ื”ื›ืœืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืงื•ืจืก
10:42
at UCLA, to UCLA undergraduates, on these collapses
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™,
10:45
of societies. What really bugs my UCLA undergraduate students is,
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ืขืœ ืงืจื™ืกืช ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ื•, ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื,
10:49
how on earth did these societies not see what they were doing?
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ืื™ืš ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ืœื ืจืื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžืŸ?
10:52
How could the Easter Islanders have deforested their environment?
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ืื™ืš ื™ื›ืœื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืื™-ื”ืคืกื—ื ืœื‘ืจื ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื?
10:55
What did they say when they were cutting down the last palm tree?
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ืžื” ื”ื ืืžืจื• ื›ืฉื›ืจืชื• ืืช ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืงืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ?
10:59
Didn't they see what they were doing? How could societies
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ื”ืื ืœื ืจืื• ืžื” ื”ื ืžืขื•ืœืœื™ื?
ืื™ืš ื™ื›ืœื• ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชืŸ ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชืŸ
11:02
not perceive their impacts on the environments and stop in time?
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ื•ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื“?
11:07
And I would expect that, if our human civilization carries on,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆืคื” ืฉืื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืชื™ืžืฉืš,
11:14
then maybe in the next century people will be asking,
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ื›ื™-ืื– ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืืœื•,
11:17
why on earth did these people today in the year 2003 not see
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ืื™ืš ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘-2003,
ืœื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืขื•ืœืœื™ื ื•ื ืงื˜ื• ืฆืขื“ื™ื?
11:21
the obvious things that they were doing and take corrective action?
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11:25
It seems incredible in the past. In the future, it'll seem
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื-ื™ื™ืืžืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ,
ื•ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื™ืจืื” ืœื-ื™ื™ืืžืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืขื•ืœืœื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
11:28
incredible what we are doing today. And so I've been
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ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืคืชื— ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื,
11:31
trying to develop a hierarchical set of considerations
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11:36
about why societies fail to solve their problems --
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ --
11:40
why they fail to perceive the problems or, if they perceive them,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•,
11:42
why they fail to tackle them. Or, if they tackle them,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ืœืžืŸ? ื•ืื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื‘ื•ืœืžืŸ,
11:45
why do they fail to succeed in solving them?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ?
11:48
I'll just mention two generalizations in this area.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ืืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื•ืช.
11:52
One blueprint for trouble, making collapse likely,
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ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœืฆืจื”, ื”ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ืจื”,
11:55
is where there is a conflict of interest between the short-term
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืงืฆืจ-ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—
11:58
interest of the decision-making elites and the long-term
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ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช-ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช,
ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืืจื•ืš-ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
12:02
interest of the society as a whole, especially if the elites
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ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืขืฆืžืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื”ืŸ.
12:06
are able to insulate themselves from the consequences
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12:08
of their actions. Where what's good in the short run for the elite
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื” ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื”, ืจืข ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
12:12
is bad for the society as a whole, there's a real risk of the elite
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ ืฉื”ืืœื™ื˜ื”
12:16
doing things that would bring the society down in the long run.
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ืชืคืขืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš.
12:19
For example, among the Greenland Norse --
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“,
12:21
a competitive rank society -- what the chiefs really wanted
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืขืžื“ื™ืช-ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ืช,
ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืจืฆื• ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื, ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
12:24
is more followers and more sheep and more resources
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12:27
to outcompete the neighboring chiefs. And that led the chiefs
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื,
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืงืจื•ื™ "ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ื”ืืจืฅ",
12:30
to do what's called flogging the land: overstocking the land,
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ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ-ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ,
12:34
forcing tenant farmers into dependency. And that made
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ื›ืคื™ื™ืช ืชืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื-ื”ืืจื™ืกื™ื.
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ,
12:38
the chiefs powerful in the short run,
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ืืš ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš.
12:42
but led to the society's collapse in the long run.
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12:46
Those same issues of conflicts of interest are acute
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ืื•ืชืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื’ื•ื“-ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
12:49
in the United States today. Especially because
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ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
12:52
the decision makers in the United States are frequently
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืขืฆืžื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช
12:56
able to insulate themselves from consequences
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12:59
by living in gated compounds, by drinking bottled water
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ืข"ื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื—ืžื™ื ืžื’ื•ื“ืจื™ื, ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืงื‘ืงื™ื ื•ื›ื•'.
13:02
and so on. And within the last couple of years,
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
13:05
it's been obvious that the elite in the business world
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ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื
13:09
correctly perceive that they can advance
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืงืฆืจื™-ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœื”
13:11
their short-term interest by doing things that are
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ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื, ืืš ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
13:14
good for them but bad for society as a whole,
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13:16
such as draining a few billion dollars out of Enron
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ื›ืžื• ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืž"ืื ืจื•ืŸ" ื•ืžืขืกืงื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
13:19
and other businesses. They are quite correct
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ื”ื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืš
13:23
that these things are good for them in the short term,
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ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ,
13:26
although bad for society in the long term.
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ืืฃ ืฉื”ื ืจืขื™ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš.
13:29
So, that's one general conclusion about why societies
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ืืช ืžืกืงื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืื—ืช,
ืžื“ื•ืข ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช: ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™-ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื.
13:32
make bad decisions: conflicts of interest.
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13:36
And the other generalization that I want to mention
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ื•ื”ื”ื›ืœืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ,
13:40
is that it's particularly hard for a society to make
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืงื‘ืœ,
13:42
quote-unquote good decisions when there is a conflict involving
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ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜, "ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช", ื›ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืจืฉื™ื,
13:48
strongly held values that are good in many circumstances
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ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืš ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
13:53
but are poor in other circumstances. For example,
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13:56
the Greenland Norse, in this difficult environment,
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ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืงืฉื”,
13:59
were held together for four-and-a-half centuries
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืข ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžืื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื“ื™ืงื•ืชื ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช
14:02
by their shared commitment to religion,
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14:05
and by their strong social cohesion. But those two things --
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ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื—ื–ืง. ืืš ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” --
14:09
commitment to religion and strong social cohesion --
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ื”ืื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช --
14:12
also made it difficult for them to change at the end
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ื”ื ืฉื’ื ื”ืงืฉื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืื™ื ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื.
14:15
and to learn from the Inuit. Or today -- Australia.
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ืื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
14:18
One of the things that enabled Australia to survive
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืœืฉืจื•ื“
14:21
in this remote outpost of European civilization
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืฆื‘-ื—ื•ืฅ ื ื™ื“ื— ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 250 ืฉื ื”,
14:24
for 250 years has been their British identity.
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ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช.
14:28
But today, their commitment to a British identity
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ืืš ื›ื™ื•ื, ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืชื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช
14:32
is serving Australians poorly in their need to adapt
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ืžืคืจื™ืขื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืžืขืžื“ื ื‘ืืกื™ื”.
14:35
to their situation in Asia. So it's particularly difficult
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ื›ืš ืฉืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื ืชื™ื‘
14:39
to change course when the things that get you in trouble
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ื›ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชืš ืœืฆืจื”
14:43
are the things that are also the source of your strength.
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ื”ื ื’ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ื•ื—ืš.
14:47
What's going to be the outcome today?
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ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•?
14:49
Well, all of us know the dozen sorts of ticking time bombs
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช-ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชืงืชืงื•ืช
14:55
going on in the modern world, time bombs that have fuses
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ืฉืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™. ืคืฆืฆื•ืช-ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื•ืจืš ืคืชื™ืœืŸ
15:01
of a few decades to -- all of them, not more than 50 years,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœืŸ - ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-50 ืฉื ื”,
15:05
and any one of which can do us in; the time bombs of water,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืกืœื ื•. ืคืฆืฆื•ืช-ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื,
15:10
of soil, of climate change, invasive species,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื, ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื,
15:14
the photosynthetic ceiling, population problems, toxics, etc., etc. --
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ืชืงืจืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื›ืœื•ืก, ืจืขืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื” --
15:19
listing about 12 of them. And while these time bombs --
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ื™ืฉ ื›-12 ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”. ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช-ื–ืžืŸ ืืœื” --
15:23
none of them has a fuse beyond 50 years, and most of them
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ืฉืœืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืชื™ืœ ืืจื•ืš ืž-50 ืฉื ื”,
15:25
have fuses of a few decades -- some of them, in some places,
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ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืชืŸ ืคืชื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช-ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช --
ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ืŸ ืคืชื™ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฆืจ.
15:28
have much shorter fuses. At the rate at which we're going now,
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ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื,
15:32
the Philippines will lose all its accessible loggable forest
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ื”ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื ื™ืื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™-ื›ืจื™ืชื” ืชื•ืš 5 ืฉื ื™ื,
15:36
within five years. And the Solomon Islands are only
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืจืง ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช
15:39
one year away from losing their loggable forest,
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ืžืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™-ื”ื›ืจื™ืชื” ืฉืœื”ื, ืขื ืฃ ื”ื™ืฆื•ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
15:42
which is their major export. And that's going to be spectacular
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ ืฉืœืžื”.
15:44
for the economy of the Solomons. People often ask me,
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ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื™: ื’'ืืจื“, ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:48
Jared, what's the most important thing that we need to do
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื?
15:51
about the world's environmental problems?
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15:53
And my answer is, the most important thing we need to do
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื™ื, ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
15:55
is to forget about there being any single thing that is
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ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืžื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“
ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช:
15:58
the most important thing we need to do.
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16:00
Instead, there are a dozen things, any one of which could do us in.
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ื™ืฉ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื—ืกืœื ื•,
16:03
And we've got to get them all right, because if we solve 11,
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ื•ืœื, ื›ื™ ืื ื ืคืชื•ืจ 11 ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
16:06
we fail to solve the 12th -- we're in trouble. For example,
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ื•ื ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”-12, ืื ื• ื‘ืฆืจื”.
16:09
if we solve our problems of water and soil and population,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื ืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื, ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื”ืื™ื›ืœื•ืก,
16:12
but don't solve our problems of toxics, then we are in trouble.
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ืืš ืœื ื ืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืขืœื™ื, ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฆืจื”.
16:18
The fact is that our present course is a non-sustainable course,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืชื™ื‘ื ื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื,
16:23
which means, by definition, that it cannot be maintained.
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ื•ื›ื”ื’ื“ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื•.
16:27
And the outcome is going to get resolved within a few decades.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
16:34
That means that those of us in this room who are less than
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ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืืœื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืื•ืœื ื–ื”, ืฉื’ื™ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-50 ืื• 60
16:37
50 or 60 years old will see how these paradoxes are resolved,
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ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ืชื™ืคืชืจื ื” ื”ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
16:41
and those of us who are over the age of 60 may not see
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ื•ืืœื• ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉื’ื™ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-60 ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ
16:44
the resolution, but our children and grandchildren certainly will.
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ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ื ื• ื™ืจืื• ืื•ืชื•.
16:48
The resolution is going to achieve either of two forms:
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ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื™ืœื‘ืฉ ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:
16:51
either we will resolve these non-sustainable time-fuses
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ืื• ืฉื ืคืชื•ืจ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช-ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืืœื”
16:56
in pleasant ways of our own choice by taking remedial action,
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื ื•ืขื ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ืข"ื™ ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืฆืขื“ื™-ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ,
17:01
or else these conflicts are going to get settled
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ืื• ืฉื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื™ืคืชืจื•
17:04
in unpleasant ways not of our choice -- namely, by war,
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื-ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” -- ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื• ืจืขื‘.
17:08
disease or starvation. But what's for sure is that our
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืชื™ื‘ื ื•, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื,
17:12
non-sustainable course will get resolved in one way or another
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ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ืคืชืจ ื›ืš ืื• ืื—ืจืช ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
17:14
in a few decades. In other words, since the theme of this session
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื ื•ืฉื ืžืคื’ืฉื ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืจื™ืจื”.
17:18
is choices, we have a choice. Does that mean that we should
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื•
17:23
get pessimistic and overwhelmed? I draw the reverse conclusion.
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ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ืจื•ืื™-ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืžื™ื? ืžืกืงื ืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื”.
17:28
The big problems facing the world today are not at all
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื ื•.
17:31
things beyond our control. Our biggest threat is not an asteroid
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ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“,
17:35
about to crash into us, something we can do nothing about.
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ื›ืฉื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืš ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ,
17:39
Instead, all the major threats facing us today are problems
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ืืœื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืžื•ืœื ื• ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืœื‘ื“ื ื• ื™ืฆืจื ื•.
17:42
entirely of our own making. And since we made the problems,
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืื ื• ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ.
17:46
we can also solve the problems. That then means that it's
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืœื”.
17:50
entirely in our power to deal with these problems.
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ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ?
17:54
In particular, what can all of us do? For those of you
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17:57
who are interested in these choices, there are lots of things
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ืœืืœื” ืžื›ื ืฉืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื”, ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
18:00
you can do. There's a lot that we don't understand,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ.
18:04
and that we need to understand. And there's a lot that
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื,
18:07
we already do understand, but aren't doing, and that
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ืืš ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ,
18:11
we need to be doing. Thank you.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ื”. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
18:13
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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