Why societies collapse | Jared Diamond

1,436,458 views ใƒป 2008-10-28

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: boyoung rhim ๊ฒ€ํ† : JS Park
00:18
I think all of us have been interested, at one time or another,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์ฏค์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
in the romantic mysteries of all those societies that collapsed,
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๊ทธ ๋งŽ๋˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋œ ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:27
such as the classic Maya in the Yucatan, the Easter Islanders,
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋งˆ์•ผ, ์œ ์นดํƒ„ ๋ฐ˜๋„์˜ ๊ณ ๋Œ€๋ฌธ๋ช…, ์ด์Šคํ„ฐ ์„ฌ ๋ฌธ๋ช…,
00:32
the Anasazi, Fertile Crescent society, Angor Wat, Great Zimbabwe
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ํ˜น์€ ์•„๋‚˜์‚ฌ์ง€ ๋ฌธํ™”(๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์•„๋ฆฌ์กฐ๋‚˜, ์œ ํƒ€ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ ์ธ๋””์–ธ ๋ฌธํ™” - ์—ญ์ž), ๋น„์˜ฅํ•œ ์ดˆ์Šน๋‹ฌ์ง€๋Œ€, ์•™์ฝ”๋ฅด์™€ํŠธ, ๋Œ€ ์ง๋ฐ”๋ธŒ์›จ ์œ ์ (์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ค‘๋‚จ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋„์‹œ ์œ ์  - ์—ญ์ž) ๋“ฑ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:36
and so on. And within the last decade or two,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๋‚œ ์‹ญ ๋…„, ํ˜น์€ ์ด์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
00:40
archaeologists have shown us that there were environmental problems
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
underlying many of these past collapses.
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์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€๋‚œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์ €์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:47
But there were also plenty of places in the world
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—๋Š” ์ด ์™ธ์—๋„ ์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณณ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
where societies have been developing for thousands of years
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๋ช‡ ์ฒœ ๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค
00:52
without any sign of a major collapse,
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํฐ ๋ถ•๊ดด์˜ ์กฐ์ง ์—†์ด ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์ ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ณณ๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:54
such as Japan, Java, Tonga and Tikopea. So evidently, societies
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์ผ๋ณธ, ์ž๋ฐ”, ํ†ต๊ฐ€, ํ‹ฐ์ฝ”ํ”ผ์•„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:00
in some areas are more fragile than in other areas.
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์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์ด ํŠน์ • ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
How can we understand what makes some societies more fragile
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”์ง€
01:06
than other societies? The problem is obviously relevant
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜
01:12
to our situation today, because today as well, there are
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ํ˜„์žฌ์—๋„ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค,
01:15
some societies that have already collapsed, such as Somalia
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์†Œ๋ง๋ฆฌ์•„, ๋ฅด์™„๋‹ค, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ๊ณ ์Šฌ๋ผ๋น„์•„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์€,
01:19
and Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia. There are also
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์ด๋ฏธ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ค‘์—๋„
01:22
societies today that may be close to collapse, such as Nepal, Indonesia and Columbia.
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๋„คํŒ”, ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„, ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
What about ourselves?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค๊ฐ€์š”?
01:30
What is there that we can learn from the past that would help us avoid
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:36
declining or collapsing in the way that so many past societies have?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‡„๋ฝํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
01:41
Obviously the answer to this question is not going
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ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์€ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
to be a single factor. If anyone tells you that there is a single-factor
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถ•๊ดด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค ๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
01:47
explanation for societal collapses, you know right away
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
that they're an idiot. This is a complex subject.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
But how can we make sense out of the complexities of this subject?
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์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:58
In analyzing societal collapses, I've arrived at a
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถ•๊ดด๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด, ์ €๋Š” ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ์—
02:01
five-point framework -- a checklist of things that I go through
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์ด๋ฅด๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ•๊ดด๋“ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ
02:05
to try and understand collapses. And I'll illustrate that five-point
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์‚ฌํ•ญ๋“ค์˜ ์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด 5๊ฐœ ํ•ญ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€์„
02:10
framework by the extinction of the Greenland Norse society.
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์„ค๋ช…ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ž€๋“œ ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋งŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฉธ๋ง์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
This is a European society with literate records,
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๋ฌธ์ž ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์‚ฌํšŒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
02:18
so we know a good deal about the people and their motivation.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
In AD 984 Vikings went out to Greenland, settled Greenland,
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์„œ๊ธฐ 984๋…„ ๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ž€๋“œ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ
02:26
and around 1450 they died out -- the society collapsed,
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์•ฝ 1450๋…„ ๊ฒฝ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
02:30
and every one of them ended up dead.
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:32
Why did they all end up dead? Well, in my five-point framework,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์™œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €์„๊นŒ์š”? ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์ œ 5๊ฐœ ํ•ญ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ ์ค‘
02:36
the first item on the framework is to look for human impacts
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ฏธ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
on the environment: people inadvertently destroying the resource
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์› ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋ฌด์‹ฌํžˆ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
base on which they depend. And in the case of the Viking Norse,
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๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋งŒ์กฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—
02:48
the Vikings inadvertently caused soil erosion and deforestation,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ† ์–‘์œ ์‹ค๊ณผ ์‚ผ๋ฆผํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐ์‹œ์ผฐ์ฃ .
02:53
which was a particular problem for them because
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์ด๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋“ค ํŠน์œ ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
02:56
they required forests to make charcoal, to make iron.
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์ฒ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชฉํƒ„(์ˆฏ)์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ชฉํƒ„์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ˆฒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
So they ended up an Iron Age European society, virtually
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ฒ ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ์„œ, ๊ทธ๋“ค ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ฒ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด
03:03
unable to make their own iron. A second item on my checklist is
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๋ฉธ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ ์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€,
03:08
climate change. Climate can get warmer or colder or dryer or wetter.
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๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ›„๋Š” ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„, ์ถ”์›Œ์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„, ๊ฑด์กฐํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„, ์Šตํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:14
In the case of the Vikings -- in Greenland, the climate got colder
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๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ž€๋“œ ๋ฐ”์ดํ‚น๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” 1300๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ๊ธฐํ›„๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ์ถ”์›Œ์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:18
in the late 1300s, and especially in the 1400s. But a cold climate
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1400๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๋” ์‹ฌํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์ถ”์šด ๊ธฐํ›„๊ฐ€
03:22
isn't necessarily fatal, because the Inuit -- the Eskimos inhabiting
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๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆœ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ, ์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ด๋‰ด์ž‡์กฑ--๋™์‹œ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ž€๋“œ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋˜ ์—์Šคํ‚ค๋ชจ๋“ค--์€
03:27
Greenland at the same time -- did better, rather than worse,
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์ถ”์šด ๋‚ ์”จ์—๋„ ๋‚˜๋น ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹จ ์ž˜ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•˜์ฃ .
03:29
with cold climates. So why didn't the Greenland Norse as well?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋งŒ ์กฑ์€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:33
The third thing on my checklist is relations with neighboring
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์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€, ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
03:37
friendly societies that may prop up a society. And if that
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์šฐํ˜ธ์ ์ธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐํ˜ธ์ ์ธ ์ง€์›์ด
03:41
friendly support is pulled away, that may make a society
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์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด๋Š” ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
more likely to collapse. In the case of the Greenland Norse,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋งŒ ์กฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
03:48
they had trade with the mother country -- Norway --
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด์™€ ๋ฌด์—ญ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
03:50
and that trade dwindled: partly because Norway got weaker,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋Š๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด๊ฐ€ ์‡„๋ฝํ•ด ๊ฐ”๋˜ ์ ๊ณผ
03:54
partly because of sea ice between Greenland and Norway.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ž€๋“œ์™€ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ๊ฒฐ๋น™์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํƒ“์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
The fourth item on my checklist is relations with hostile societies.
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์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€, ์ ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
In the case of Norse Greenland, the hostiles were the Inuit --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋งŒ ์กฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
04:08
the Eskimos sharing Greenland -- with whom the Norse
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๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ž€๋“œ๋ฅผ ์–‘๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์ด๋‰ด์ž‡์กฑ
04:12
got off to bad relationships. And we know that the Inuit
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์ฆ‰, ์—์Šคํ‚ค๋ชจ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ ๋Œ€์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
killed the Norse and, probably of greater importance,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋‰ด์ž‡ ์กฑ์ด ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋งŒ ์กฑ์„ ์ฃฝ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋Š”
04:19
may have blocked access to the outer fjords, on which
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ํ”ผ์š”๋ฅด๋“œ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ๋ง‰์•„
04:23
the Norse depended for seals at a critical time of the year.
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์—ฐ์ค‘ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋งŒ ์กฑ์ด ๋ฐ”๋‹คํ‘œ๋ฒ”, ๋ฌผ๊ฐœ ๋“ฑ์„ ์žก์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
And then finally, the fifth item on my checklist is the political,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€,
04:31
economic, social and cultural factors in the society that make it
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์ •์น˜โ€ข๊ฒฝ์ œโ€ข์‚ฌํšŒโ€ข๋ฌธํ™”์  ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ
04:35
more or less likely that the society will perceive and solve its
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์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚ฎ์ถฐ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
environmental problems. In the case of the Greenland Norse,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ž€๋“œ ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋งŒ์กฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ 
04:44
cultural factors that made it difficult for them
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๋ฌธํ™”์  ์š”์ธ์€,
04:46
to solve their problems were: their commitments to a
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ—Œ์‹ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
Christian society investing heavily in cathedrals; their being
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„ฑ๋‹น์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ ,
04:53
a competitive-ranked chiefly society; and their scorn for the Inuit,
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์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ ์ธ ์„œ์—ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ €์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋‰ด์ž‡ ์กฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋ฉธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
04:59
from whom they refused to learn. So that's how the five-part
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๊ทธ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ 5๊ฐœํ•ญ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€์ด
05:02
framework is relevant to the collapse and eventual extinction of the Greenland Norse.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ž€๋“œ ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋งŒ์กฑ์˜ ๋ถ•๊ดด์™€ ์ข…๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฉธ๋ง์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
What about a society today?
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค๊ฐ€์š”?
05:10
For the past five years, I've been taking my wife and kids to
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์ง€๋‚œ 5๋…„๊ฐ„, ์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์•„๋‚ด์™€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
05:14
Southwestern Montana, where I worked as a teenager
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๋ฏธ ๋‚จ์„œ๋ถ€ ๋ชฌํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์— ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ญ๋Œ€์‹œ์ ˆ
05:17
on the hay harvest. And Montana, at first sight, seems
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๊ฑด์ดˆ ์ˆ˜ํ™• ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณณ์ด์ฃ . ๋ชฌํƒœ๋‚˜์˜ ์ฒซ ์ธ์ƒ์€
05:21
like the most pristine environment in the United States.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž์—ฐ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
But scratch the surface, and Montana suffers from serious problems.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒ‰์„ ๋“ค์ถฐ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด, ๋ชฌํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ณ ํ†ต ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:29
Going through the same checklist: human environmental impacts?
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ.
05:33
Yes, acute in Montana. Toxic problems from mine waste
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๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํƒœ๋‚˜์—์„  ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด‘์‚ฐํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์œ ๋…์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด
05:38
have caused damage of billions of dollars.
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:41
Problems from weeds, weed control, cost Montana nearly
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์žก์ดˆ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค๊ณผ ์žก์ดˆ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋น„์šฉ์€ ๋ชฌํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์—
05:44
200 million dollars a year. Montana has lost agricultural areas
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋งค๋…„ 2000 ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
from salinization, problems of forest management,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ† ์–‘์—ผํ™”, ์‚ผ๋ฆผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ, ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
05:52
problems of forest fires. Second item on my checklist:
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๋ชฌํƒœ๋‚˜์˜ ๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€๋Š” ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ ์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€,
05:56
climate change. Yes -- the climate in Montana is getting warmer
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๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์ฃ . ๋„ค, ๋ชฌํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„๋Š” ์ ์  ๋”์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
and drier, but Montana agriculture depends especially on irrigation
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ . ํŠนํžˆ ๋ชฌํƒœ๋‚˜์˜ ๋†์—…์€ ์Œ“์ธ ๋ˆˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ด€๊ฐœ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
06:03
from the snow pack, and as the snow is melting -- for example,
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์ด ๋ˆˆ์ด ๋…น๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€,
06:07
as the glaciers in Glacier National Park are disappearing --
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(์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด Glacier National Park์˜ ๋น™ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”),
06:10
that's bad news for Montana irrigation agriculture.
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๋ชฌํƒœ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ด€๊ฐœ๋†์—…์—๋Š” ๋‚˜์œ ์†Œ์‹์ด ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
Third thing on my checklist: relations with friendlies
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€, ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐํ˜ธ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
that can sustain the society. In Montana today, more than half of
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋ชฌํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ ์ˆ˜์ž…์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์ด
06:20
the income of Montana is not earned within Montana,
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๋ชฌํƒœ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:24
but is derived from out of state: transfer payments from
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์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
social security, investments and so on --
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณด์žฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ง€๊ธ‰๊ธˆ์ด๋‚˜ ํˆฌ์ž ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
06:30
which makes Montana vulnerable to the rest of the United States.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
Fourth: relations with hostiles. Montanans have the same problems
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๋„ท์งธ๋Š”, ์ ๋Œ€์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํƒœ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
as do all Americans, in being sensitive to problems
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์ฆ‰, ํ•ด์™ธ ์ ๋Œ€ ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
06:42
created by hostiles overseas affecting our oil supplies,
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์›์œ  ๊ณต๊ธ‰์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์•ˆ๊ณผ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
and terrorist attacks. And finally, last item on my checklist:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ธ ์ •์น˜์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œโ€ข์‚ฌํšŒโ€ข๋ฌธํ™”์  ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€
06:52
question of how political, economic, social, cultural attitudes
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์ •์น˜โ€ข๊ฒฝ์ œโ€ข์‚ฌํšŒโ€ข๋ฌธํ™”์  ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
play into this. Montanans have long-held values, which today
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๋ชฌํƒœ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด
07:00
seem to be getting in the way of their solving their own problems.
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๋ฐฉํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
Long-held devotion to logging and to mines and to agriculture,
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์˜ค๋ž˜๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์ผœ์˜จ ํ† ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ๊ด‘์—…, ๋†์—…, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
and to no government regulation; values that worked well
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์€
07:11
in the past, but they don't seem to be working well today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
So, I'm looking at these issues of collapses
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ €๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒช๋Š”
07:17
for a lot of past societies and for many present societies.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ•๊ดด ์ด์Šˆ๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
Are there any general conclusions that arise?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ๋„์ถœ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:24
In a way, just like Tolstoy's statement about every unhappy marriage
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด, ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์€ ์ œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ†จ์Šคํ† ์ด์˜ ๋ง์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
07:29
being different, every collapsed or endangered society is different --
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๋ถ•๊ดด๋๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์œ„ํ—˜์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ์–‘๊ฐ์ƒ‰์ด์ฃ .
07:32
they all have different details. But nevertheless, there are certain
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ๋ถ€์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
07:36
common threads that emerge from these comparisons
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช… ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
of past societies that did or did not collapse
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๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ง€๋‚œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค๊ณผ
07:42
and threatened societies today. One interesting common thread
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์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋น ์ง„ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ . ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์€
07:49
has to do with, in many cases, the rapidity of collapse
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด, ๋ถ•๊ดด์˜ ๊ธ‰์†์„ฑ์ด
07:53
after a society reaches its peak. There are many societies
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ์ •์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•œ ์ดํ›„์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์ด
07:57
that don't wind down gradually, but they build up -- get richer
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์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‡„๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ถ€๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ ,
08:00
and more powerful -- and then within a short time, within a few decades
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๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ์งง์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ฆ‰, ์ฆ‰, ๊ทธ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅธ ํ›„ ์‹ญ ์ˆ˜๋…„ ๋‚ด์—,
08:04
after their peak, they collapse. For example,
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๋ถ•๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ . ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด,
08:06
the classic lowland Maya of the Yucatan began to collapse in the
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์œ ์นดํƒ„ ๋ฐ˜๋„์˜ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ €์ง€๋Œ€ ๋งˆ์•ผ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์€ 800๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
08:12
early 800s -- literally a few decades after the Maya were building
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ, ๋งˆ์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ธฐ๋…๋ฌผ์„ ์ถ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ 
08:15
their biggest monuments, and Maya population was greatest.
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๊ทธ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๋Œ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ์ดํ›„์ฃ .
08:20
Or again, the collapse of the Soviet Union took place
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ๋ถ•๊ดด ๋˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋‚ด์— ์ด๋ค„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
within a couple of decades, maybe within a decade, of the time
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋‚ด์—
08:27
when the Soviet Union was at its greatest power.
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๋ถ•๊ดดํ•œ ๊ฑด ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
An analogue would be the growth of bacteria in a petri dish.
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์ƒฌ๋ ˆ(ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์ ‘์‹œ)์˜ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
These rapid collapses are especially likely where there's
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํŠนํžˆ ๋” ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
a mismatch between available resources and resource consumption,
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์ฆ‰, ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž์›๊ณผ ์ž์› ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ„์— ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
08:43
or a mismatch between economic outlays and economic potential.
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ง€์ถœ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ๊ฐ„์— ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ๋•Œ์ฃ .
08:47
In a petri dish, bacteria grow. Say they double every generation,
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์ƒฌ๋ ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ์”ฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
08:52
and five generations before the end the petri dish is 15/16ths empty,
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๋์—์„œ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ธ๋Œ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ด๋ ˆ๊ฐ€ 15/16๋งŒํผ ๋น„์–ด์žˆ๊ณ ,
08:57
and then the next generation's 3/4ths empty, and the next generation
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€์—์„œ๋Š” 3/4์ด ๋น„๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋น•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
half empty. Within one generation after the petri dish still
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์ƒฌ๋ ˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ๋ฐ˜์ด๋‚˜ ๋น„์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ํ•œ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋งŒ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด, ์ƒฌ๋ ˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค ์ฐจ๊ณ  ๋ง™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
being half empty, it is full. There's no more food and the bacteria have collapsed.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธด ๋” ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ด ์—†๊ณ , ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
So, this is a frequent theme:
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ํ…Œ๋งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
societies collapse very soon after reaching their peak in power.
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์ฆ‰, ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํž˜์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ์น˜์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์–ผ๋งˆ ํ›„์— ๋ถ•๊ดด๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:17
What it means to put it mathematically is that, if you're concerned
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์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š”,
09:19
about a society today, you should be looking not at the value
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ผ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ด
09:24
of the mathematical function -- the wealth itself -- but you should
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ํ•จ์ˆ˜๊ฐ’ ์ฆ‰, ๋ถ€(ๅฏŒ) ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
09:27
be looking at the first derivative and the second derivatives
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๊ทธ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„๊ฐ’(๋ถ€์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€/๊ฐ์†Œ ์†๋„ - ์—ญ์ž)๊ณผ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„๊ฐ’(๋ถ€(ๅฏŒ) ์ฆ๊ฐ€/๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์†๋„ - ์—ญ์ž)์„ ๋ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
of the function. That's one general theme. A second general theme
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ…Œ๋งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ…Œ๋งˆ๋Š”,
09:35
is that there are many, often subtle environmental factors that make
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํŠน์ • ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์„ ๋” ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ ,
09:40
some societies more fragile than others. Many of those factors
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์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
are not well understood. For example, why is it that in the Pacific,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํƒœํ‰์–‘์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ฌ๋“ค ์ค‘,
09:48
of those hundreds of Pacific islands, why did Easter Island end up as
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์™œ ์ด์Šคํ„ฐ ์„ฌ์ด ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์‚ผ๋ฆผํŒŒ๊ดด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
09:52
the most devastating case of complete deforestation?
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ผ€์ด์Šค๋กœ ๋์ด ๋‚ฌ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
09:56
It turns out that there were about nine different environmental
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์•ฝ ์•„ํ™‰ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
09:59
factors -- some, rather subtle ones -- that were working against
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์ด์Šคํ„ฐ์„ฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ด๋“ค ์š”์ธ๋“ค์—๋Š”,
10:03
the Easter Islanders, and they involve fallout of volcanic tephra,
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ํ™”์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋‚™์ง„, ์œ„๋„, ๊ฐ•์šฐ๋Ÿ‰ ๋“ฑ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
latitude, rainfall. Perhaps the most subtle of them
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์€,
10:11
is that it turns out that a major input of nutrients
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ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์„ฌ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”,
10:14
which protects island environments in the Pacific is from
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์˜์–‘๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณต๊ธ‰์›์ด
10:18
the fallout of continental dust from central Asia.
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์ค‘์•™ ์•„์‹œ์•„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜จ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ๋‚™์ง„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
Easter, of all Pacific islands, has the least input of dust
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํƒœํ‰์–‘์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ฌ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ด์Šคํ„ฐ ์„ฌ์€
10:25
from Asia restoring the fertility of its soils. But that's
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ํ† ์–‘์˜ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„ ํšŒ๋ณต์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋จผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•„์‹œ์•„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
a factor that we didn't even appreciate until 1999.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ 1999๋…„์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ฃ .
10:34
So, some societies, for subtle environmental reasons,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์€, ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
10:36
are more fragile than others. And then finally,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ทจ์•ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ,
10:39
another generalization. I'm now teaching a course
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ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋” ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ก ์„ ๋งํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” UCLA์—์„œ
10:42
at UCLA, to UCLA undergraduates, on these collapses
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ํ•™๋ถ€์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ•๊ดด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
of societies. What really bugs my UCLA undergraduate students is,
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
how on earth did these societies not see what they were doing?
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๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ™์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ง“์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ?
10:52
How could the Easter Islanders have deforested their environment?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด์Šคํ„ฐ ์„ฌ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์‚ผ๋ฆผํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฅผ ์žํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์„๊นŒ?
10:55
What did they say when they were cutting down the last palm tree?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‚จ์€ ์•ผ์ž ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ž๋ฅผ ๋•Œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ?
10:59
Didn't they see what they were doing? How could societies
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ?
11:02
not perceive their impacts on the environments and stop in time?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์„๊นŒ?
11:07
And I would expect that, if our human civilization carries on,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์ด ๊ณ„์†๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
11:14
then maybe in the next century people will be asking,
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์ฏค, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
why on earth did these people today in the year 2003 not see
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๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ์™œ 2003๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์žํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
11:21
the obvious things that they were doing and take corrective action?
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๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๋“ค์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ ค์„œ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„๊นŒ?
11:25
It seems incredible in the past. In the future, it'll seem
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์ด์ผœ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋†€๋ž์ฃ .
11:28
incredible what we are doing today. And so I've been
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š”, ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด ๋†€๋ผ์›Œ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
trying to develop a hierarchical set of considerations
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด,
11:36
about why societies fail to solve their problems --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์ ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
why they fail to perceive the problems or, if they perceive them,
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
11:42
why they fail to tackle them. Or, if they tackle them,
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๋˜ํ•œ, ๋น„๋ก ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„, ์™œ ๊ทธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
11:45
why do they fail to succeed in solving them?
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๋˜ํ•œ, ๋น„๋ก ๊ทธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„, ์™œ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
11:48
I'll just mention two generalizations in this area.
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ €๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ก ์„ ํŽผ์น˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
One blueprint for trouble, making collapse likely,
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๋ถ•๊ดดํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฒญ์‚ฌ์ง„์€,
11:55
is where there is a conflict of interest between the short-term
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์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
11:58
interest of the decision-making elites and the long-term
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์ •์ฑ…๊ฒฐ์ • ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์  ์ด์ต๊ณผ
12:02
interest of the society as a whole, especially if the elites
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์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์ด์ต์ด ์ถฉ๋Œํ•  ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:06
are able to insulate themselves from the consequences
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ํŠนํžˆ๋‚˜ ์ด ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
12:08
of their actions. Where what's good in the short run for the elite
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์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ . ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ต์„ ์•ˆ๊ฒจ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
12:12
is bad for the society as a whole, there's a real risk of the elite
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์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „์ฒด๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํ•ด์•…์ด ๋  ๋•Œ, ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ง„์งœ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:16
doing things that would bring the society down in the long run.
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์ด ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์นจ๋ชฐ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:19
For example, among the Greenland Norse --
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋งŒ์กฑ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
12:21
a competitive rank society -- what the chiefs really wanted
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์—ดํ™”๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜€์ฃ , ๊ทธ ๋ถ€์กฑ์žฅ๋“ค์ด ์ง„์งœ๋กœ ์›ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑด
12:24
is more followers and more sheep and more resources
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ถ”์ข…์ž๋“ค, ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘๋“ค, ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ž์›๋“ค๋กœ
12:27
to outcompete the neighboring chiefs. And that led the chiefs
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์ด์›ƒ ๋ถ€์กฑ์žฅ๋“ค์„ ์••๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
to do what's called flogging the land: overstocking the land,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑด ๋ถ€์กฑ์žฅ๋“ค์ด ๋•…์„ ๋งˆ๊ตฌ ์ง“๋ฐŸ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋” ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
12:34
forcing tenant farmers into dependency. And that made
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์ฆ‰, ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ชฉ, ์†Œ์ž‘๋†์˜ ์˜์กด์„ ๊ฐ•์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:38
the chiefs powerful in the short run,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๋“ค์ด ๋ถ€์กฑ์žฅ๋“ค์„ ์ž ์‹œ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
12:42
but led to the society's collapse in the long run.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ•๊ดด์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
Those same issues of conflicts of interest are acute
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์ด์™€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜
12:49
in the United States today. Especially because
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:52
the decision makers in the United States are frequently
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์ด๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๊ฒฐ์ •์ž๋“ค์ด
12:56
able to insulate themselves from consequences
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ๋ฐ,
12:59
by living in gated compounds, by drinking bottled water
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์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ณ‘์„ ์‚ฌ ๋งˆ์‹ ๋‹ค๋“ ๊ฐ€, ์ž˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋œ ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๋“ ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
13:02
and so on. And within the last couple of years,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
13:05
it's been obvious that the elite in the business world
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๋น„์ง€๋‹ˆ์Šค ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
correctly perceive that they can advance
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์ฆ‰, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์  ์ด์ต์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
13:11
their short-term interest by doing things that are
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ด์ต์ด ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ,
13:14
good for them but bad for society as a whole,
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์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „์ฒด๋กœ๋Š” ํ•ด์•…์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:16
such as draining a few billion dollars out of Enron
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์—”๋ก  ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ถœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
13:19
and other businesses. They are quite correct
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฝค ์ •ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
that these things are good for them in the short term,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ต์„ ์•ˆ๊ฒจ์ค„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:26
although bad for society in the long term.
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์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ๋ด์„  ํ•ด์•…์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
13:29
So, that's one general conclusion about why societies
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์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์ด
13:32
make bad decisions: conflicts of interest.
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๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ โ€˜์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œโ€™.
13:36
And the other generalization that I want to mention
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ก ์€,
13:40
is that it's particularly hard for a society to make
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๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
13:42
quote-unquote good decisions when there is a conflict involving
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ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ํŠนํžˆ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ตณ๊ฒŒ ๋ฏฟ์–ด์˜จ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์ด,
13:48
strongly held values that are good in many circumstances
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๋งŽ์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ณ๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„,
13:53
but are poor in other circumstances. For example,
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๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:56
the Greenland Norse, in this difficult environment,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ž€๋“œ ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋งŒ์กฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
13:59
were held together for four-and-a-half centuries
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ•˜์—์„œ 4์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ด๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ฌถ์–ด์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์€
14:02
by their shared commitment to religion,
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์ข…๊ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ—Œ์‹ ๊ณผ
14:05
and by their strong social cohesion. But those two things --
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๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฒฐ์†๋ ฅ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€โ€”
14:09
commitment to religion and strong social cohesion --
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์ข…๊ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ—Œ์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฒฐ์†โ€”๋Š”,
14:12
also made it difficult for them to change at the end
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
14:15
and to learn from the Inuit. Or today -- Australia.
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์ด๋‰ด์ž‡ ์กฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์ฃ . ํ•œํŽธ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
14:18
One of the things that enabled Australia to survive
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์—์„œ
14:21
in this remote outpost of European civilization
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250๋…„๊ฐ„ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด์œ  ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”,
14:24
for 250 years has been their British identity.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ตญ์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:28
But today, their commitment to a British identity
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ—Œ์‹ ์ด
14:32
is serving Australians poorly in their need to adapt
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ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์ธ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ
14:35
to their situation in Asia. So it's particularly difficult
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์•„์‹œ์•„์— ์†ํ•ด์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
14:39
to change course when the things that get you in trouble
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํŠนํžˆ ๋” ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:43
are the things that are also the source of your strength.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ์›๋™๋ ฅ์ผ ๋•Œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
14:47
What's going to be the outcome today?
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๋ง์ด ๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”?
14:49
Well, all of us know the dozen sorts of ticking time bombs
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์žฌ๊น๋Œ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œํ•œ ํญํƒ„ ์‹ญ์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
14:55
going on in the modern world, time bombs that have fuses
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ํญ๋ฐœ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ฐ–์— ๋‚จ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹œํ•œํญํƒ„.
15:01
of a few decades to -- all of them, not more than 50 years,
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๊ทธ ์‹œํ•œ์€ 50๋…„๋„ ์ฑ„ ๋‚จ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ ,
15:05
and any one of which can do us in; the time bombs of water,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ ๋ ค๋ฒ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
15:10
of soil, of climate change, invasive species,
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๋ฌผ, ํ† ์–‘, ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ์™ธ๋ž˜ ์ข…,
15:14
the photosynthetic ceiling, population problems, toxics, etc., etc. --
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„(photosynthetic ceiling), ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ, ์œ ๋…์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ...
15:19
listing about 12 of them. And while these time bombs --
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์—ด ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์‹œํ•œ ํญํƒ„๋“ค ์ค‘
15:23
none of them has a fuse beyond 50 years, and most of them
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50๋…„์„ ๋„˜์–ด ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
15:25
have fuses of a few decades -- some of them, in some places,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๋ฐ–์— ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ • ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‹œํ•œ ํญํƒ„๋“ค์€
15:28
have much shorter fuses. At the rate at which we're going now,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์งง์€ ์‹ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ . ์ง€๊ธˆ ์†๋„๋Œ€๋กœ๋ผ๋ฉด,
15:32
the Philippines will lose all its accessible loggable forest
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ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์€ ๋ฒŒ๋ชฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‚ผ๋ฆผ ์ „๋ถ€๋ฅผ
15:36
within five years. And the Solomon Islands are only
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5๋…„ ๋‚ด์— ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆด ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์†”๋กœ๋ชฌ ์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
15:39
one year away from losing their loggable forest,
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1๋…„๋งŒ ๋” ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฒŒ๋ชฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‚ผ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
15:42
which is their major export. And that's going to be spectacular
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์ด๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ˆ˜์ถœํ’ˆ์ด์ฃ .
15:44
for the economy of the Solomons. People often ask me,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ณณ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป๊ณค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:48
Jared, what's the most important thing that we need to do
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์ œ๋ ˆ๋“œ, ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
15:51
about the world's environmental problems?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์ด ๋ญ”๊ฐ€์š”?
15:53
And my answer is, the most important thing we need to do
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์€,
15:55
is to forget about there being any single thing that is
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ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์ด ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žŠ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:58
the most important thing we need to do.
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โ™ช
16:00
Instead, there are a dozen things, any one of which could do us in.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ญ์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํฐ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:03
And we've got to get them all right, because if we solve 11,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋งŒ์•ฝ 11๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„,
16:06
we fail to solve the 12th -- we're in trouble. For example,
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12๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
16:09
if we solve our problems of water and soil and population,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ฌผ, ํ† ์–‘, ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
16:12
but don't solve our problems of toxics, then we are in trouble.
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์œ ๋…์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ์‹คํŒจํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:18
The fact is that our present course is a non-sustainable course,
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๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€, ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋ฉฐ,
16:23
which means, by definition, that it cannot be maintained.
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์ด ๋ง์˜ ์ •์˜ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ, ์ด๋Œ€๋กœ๋Š” ์œ ์ง€๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:27
And the outcome is going to get resolved within a few decades.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ์•ˆ์— ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
16:34
That means that those of us in this room who are less than
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด, ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘
16:37
50 or 60 years old will see how these paradoxes are resolved,
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50์„ธ ํ˜น์€ 60์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ธ ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ด ์—ญ์„ค๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋  ๊ฑด์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:41
and those of us who are over the age of 60 may not see
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  60์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์ธ ๋ถ„๋“ค์€, ๊ทธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
16:44
the resolution, but our children and grandchildren certainly will.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹๋“ค, ์†์ฃผ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:48
The resolution is going to achieve either of two forms:
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๊ท€๊ฒฐ๋  ํ…๋ฐ์š”,
16:51
either we will resolve these non-sustainable time-fuses
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹œํ•œ ํญํƒ„๋“ค์„
16:56
in pleasant ways of our own choice by taking remedial action,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ์žก๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ทจํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰ํ™”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋“ ๊ฐ€,
17:01
or else these conflicts are going to get settled
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋“ค์ด
17:04
in unpleasant ways not of our choice -- namely, by war,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ ํƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ํ‰ํ™”๋กญ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
17:08
disease or starvation. But what's for sure is that our
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ „์Ÿ, ์งˆ๋ณ‘, ๊ธฐ์•„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ . ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๊ฑด,
17:12
non-sustainable course will get resolved in one way or another
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์ด ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:14
in a few decades. In other words, since the theme of this session
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ์•ˆ์—์š”. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด ์„ธ์…˜์˜ ํ…Œ๋งˆ๊ฐ€
17:18
is choices, we have a choice. Does that mean that we should
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์„ ํƒ๋“ค ์ด๋‹ˆ๋งŒํผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ง์ด ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
17:23
get pessimistic and overwhelmed? I draw the reverse conclusion.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ด€์ ์ด ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์••๋„๋‹นํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”? ์ €๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•ด ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:28
The big problems facing the world today are not at all
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ†ต์ œ ๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:31
things beyond our control. Our biggest threat is not an asteroid
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์†Œํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:35
about to crash into us, something we can do nothing about.
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์ด๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด์ฐŒํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
17:39
Instead, all the major threats facing us today are problems
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๊ทธ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘,
17:42
entirely of our own making. And since we made the problems,
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์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
17:46
we can also solve the problems. That then means that it's
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š”,
17:50
entirely in our power to deal with these problems.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์†์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:54
In particular, what can all of us do? For those of you
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๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
17:57
who are interested in these choices, there are lots of things
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ ํƒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ด€์‹ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์€, ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:00
you can do. There's a lot that we don't understand,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์€๋ฐ,
18:04
and that we need to understand. And there's a lot that
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:07
we already do understand, but aren't doing, and that
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ๋งŽ์€๋ฐ,
18:11
we need to be doing. Thank you.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:13
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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