Why the pencil is perfect | Small Thing Big Idea, a TED series

647,463 views ใƒป 2018-11-03

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Krystian Aparta Reviewer: Camille Martรญnez
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yael Ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Nir Bibi
00:12
The sound is a really big part, I think, of the experience of using a pencil,
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ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืคืจื•ืŸ,
00:15
and it has this really audible scratchiness.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฆืœื™ืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ื“ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
00:19
(Scratching)
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(ื’ื™ืจื•ื“)
00:22
[Small thing. Big idea.]
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(ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ. ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.)
00:25
[Caroline Weaver on the Pencil]
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(ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืคืจื•ืŸ)
00:28
The pencil is a very simple object.
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ื”ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืžืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
00:30
It's made of wood with some layers of paint
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืขืฅ ืขื ื›ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข,
00:33
an eraser and a core,
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ืžื—ืง ื•ืœื™ื‘ื”,
00:34
which is made out of graphite, clay and water.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžื’ืจืคื™ื˜, ื—ืžืจ ื•ืžื™ื.
00:37
Yeah, it took hundreds of people over centuries
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
00:39
to come to this design.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ื–ืืช.
00:41
And it's that long history of collaboration
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื”
00:44
that, to me, makes it a very perfect object.
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ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืคืฅ ืžื•ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
00:48
The story of the pencil starts with graphite.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื’ืจืคื™ื˜.
00:50
People started finding really useful applications
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื
00:53
for this new substance.
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ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื”.
00:54
They cut it into small sticks
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ื”ื ื—ืชื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืงืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื
00:57
and wrapped it in string or sheepskin or paper
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ื•ืขื˜ืคื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื•ื˜, ืื• ืฆืžืจ ืื• ื ื™ื™ืจ
00:59
and sold it on the streets of London
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ื•ืžื›ืจื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ
01:01
to be used for writing or for drawing
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ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืื• ืœืฆื™ื•ืจ
01:03
or, a lot of times, by farmers and shepherds,
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ืื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื›ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื,
01:06
who used it to mark their animals.
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ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ืœืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
01:08
Over in France,
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ื‘ืฆืจืคืช,
01:09
Nicolas-Jacques Contรฉ figured out a method of grinding the graphite,
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ื ื™ืงื•ืœื-ื–'ืืง ืงื•ื ื˜ื” ืžืฆื ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื˜,
01:13
mixing it with powdered clay and water to make a paste.
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ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืื‘ืงืช ื—ื™ืžืจ ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื™ืกื”.
01:16
From there, this paste was filled into a mold and fired in a kiln,
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ืžืฉื, ื”ืขื™ืกื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ืžืžื” ื‘ื›ื‘ืฉืŸ,
01:19
and the result was a really strong graphite core
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ื‘ืช ื’ืจืคื™ื˜ ืžืžืฉ ื—ื–ืงื”,
01:22
that wasn't breakable, that was smooth, usable --
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ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืจื”, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืงื” ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช --
01:25
it was so much better than anything else that existed at the time,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื•.
01:29
and to this day, that's the method that's still used in making pencils.
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ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœืคื™ื” ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืขืคืจื•ื ื•ืช.
01:33
Meanwhile, over in America, in Concord, Massachusetts,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืงื•ื ืงื•ืจื“, ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก,
01:36
it was Henry David Thoreau who came up with the grading scale
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ื”ื ืจื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืชื•ืจื• ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’
01:39
for different hardnesses of pencil.
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ืœื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืงื•ืฉื™ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืคืจื•ื ื•ืช.
01:41
It was graded one through four,
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ื”ืžื“ืจื’ ื”ื™ื” ืžืื—ืช ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข,
01:43
number two being the ideal hardness for general use.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ืœืœื™.
01:47
The softer the pencil, the more graphite it had in it,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืš, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจืคื™ื˜,
01:49
and the darker and smoother the line will be.
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ื•ื”ืงื• ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื—ืœืง ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:53
The firmer the pencil, the more clay it had in it
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ืžืจ
01:55
and the lighter and finer it will be.
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ื•ื”ืงื• ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื“ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:58
Originally, when pencils were handmade, they were made round.
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื, ื›ืฉื”ืขืคืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื™ื“ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื.
02:01
There was no easy way to make them,
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืงืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื,
02:03
and it was the Americans who really mechanized the craft.
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ื•ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืžื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
02:06
A lot of people credit Joseph Dixon
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ื“ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ
02:08
for being one of the first people to start developing actual machines
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ืขืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
02:12
to do things like cut wood slats, cut grooves into the wood,
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ืฉืขืฉื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฅ, ืœื’ืœืฃ ืฉืงืขื™ื ื‘ืขืฅ,
02:16
apply glue to them ...
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ืœืžืจื•ื— ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ื‘ืง ...
02:17
And they figured out it was easier and less wasteful
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื™
02:20
to do a hexagonal pencil,
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ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืฉื•ืฉื”,
02:22
and so that became the standard.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜.
02:24
Since the early days of pencils,
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ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืคืจื•ืŸ,
02:26
people have loved that they can be erased.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืื•ืชื•.
02:29
Originally, it was bread crumbs
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืคื™ืจื•ืจื™ ืœื—ื
02:31
that were used to scratch away pencil marks
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ืขืคืจื•ืŸ
02:33
and later, rubber and pumice.
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’ื•ืžื™ ื•ืกืคื•ื’.
02:35
The attached eraser happened in 1858,
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ื”ืžื—ืง ื”ืžื•ื“ื‘ืง ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘-1858,
02:38
when American stationer Hymen Lipman patented the first pencil
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ื›ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืกื“ืงื™ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืžืŸ ืœื™ืคืžืŸ, ืจืฉื ืืช ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
02:42
with an attached eraser,
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ืขื ืžื—ืง ืžื•ื“ื‘ืง,
02:44
which really changed the pencil game.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืžืฉ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืขืคืจื•ืŸ.
02:46
The world's first yellow pencil was the KOH-I-NOOR 1500.
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ื”ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”-KOH-I-NOOR 1500.
02:50
KOH-I-NOOR did this crazy thing
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KOH-I-NOOR ืขืฉื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข
02:51
where they painted this pencil with 14 coats of yellow paint
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ื”ื ืฆื‘ืขื• ืืช ื”ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘-14 ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืฆื”ื•ื‘
02:54
and dipped the end in 14-carat gold.
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ื•ื˜ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืงืฆื” ื‘ื–ื”ื‘ 14 ืงืจืื˜.
02:57
There is a pencil for everyone,
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ื™ืฉ ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“,
02:59
and every pencil has a story.
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื•.
03:02
The Blackwing 602 is famous for being used by a lot of writers,
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ื”-Blackwing 602 ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื•,
03:06
especially John Steinbeck and Vladimir Nabokov.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืง ื•-ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื ื‘ื•ืงื•ื‘.
03:09
And then, you have the Dixon pencil company.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืขืคืจื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ.
03:12
They're responsible for the Dixon Ticonderoga.
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ื”ื ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœ-Dixon Ticondraga.
03:15
It's an icon,
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ื–ื”ื• ืื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืกื,
03:16
it's what people think of when they think of a pencil
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืคืจื•ืŸ
03:18
and what they think of when they think of school.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ.
03:21
And the pencil's really a thing that, I think,
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ื•ื”ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื”ื•, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช,
03:23
the average user has never thought twice about,
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ืฉื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชืขืžืง ื‘ื•,
03:25
how it's made or why it's made the way it is,
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ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ืืช,
03:28
because it's just always been that way.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื›ื”.
03:31
In my opinion, there's nothing that can be done
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ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
03:33
to make the pencil better than it is.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืขืคืจื•ืŸ.
03:36
It's perfect.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืœื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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