Dame Stephanie Shirley: Why do ambitious women have flat heads?

177,580 views ใƒป 2015-03-27

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
When I wrote my memoir,
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ื›ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™,
00:14
the publishers were really confused.
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ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ.
00:18
Was it about me as a child refugee,
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ื›ื™ืœื“ื” ืคืœื™ื˜ื”,
00:22
or as a woman who set up a high-tech software company back in the 1960s,
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ืื• ื›ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 60,
00:28
one that went public
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ืื—ืช ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช
00:30
and eventually employed over 8,500 people?
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืกื™ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 8,500 ืื ืฉื™ื?
00:34
Or was it as a mother of an autistic child?
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ืื• ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜?
00:39
Or as a philanthropist that's now given away serious money?
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ืื• ืขืœ ืคื™ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืฉื ืชื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ?
00:43
Well, it turns out, I'm all of these.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉืื ื™ ื›ืœ ืืœื”.
00:46
So let me tell you my story.
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ืื– ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™.
00:51
All that I am stems from when I got onto a train in Vienna,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™, ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื•ื™ื ื”,
00:58
part of the Kindertransport that saved nearly 10,000 Jewish children
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื™ื ื“ืจื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 10,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื
01:03
from Nazi Europe.
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ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช.
01:05
I was five years old, clutching the hand of my nine-year-old sister
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืช ื—ืžืฉ, ืชืคืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืช ื”ืชืฉืข
01:09
and had very little idea as to what was going on.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
01:13
"What is England and why am I going there?"
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"ืžื” ื–ื” ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืฉื?"
01:18
I'm only alive because so long ago, I was helped by generous strangers.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ, ืขื–ืจื• ืœื™ ื–ืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื.
01:26
I was lucky, and doubly lucky to be later reunited
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืจืช ืžื–ืœ, ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืžื–ืœ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืื—ื“ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:30
with my birth parents.
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ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
01:32
But, sadly, I never bonded with them again.
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืื™ืชื ืฉื•ื‘.
01:39
But I've done more in the seven decades since that miserable day
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืื– ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืื•ืžืœืœ
01:43
when my mother put me on the train
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ื›ืฉืื™ืžื™ ืฉืžื” ืื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช
01:45
than I would ever have dreamed possible.
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ืžืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจื™.
01:48
And I love England, my adopted country,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืืจืฆื™ ื”ืžืืžืฆืช,
01:51
with a passion that perhaps only someone who has lost their human rights can feel.
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ืขื ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืจืง ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ.
01:57
I decided to make mine a life that was worth saving.
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื”.
02:04
And then, I just got on with it.
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ื•ืื–, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืขื ื–ื”.
02:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:11
Let me take you back to the early 1960s.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 60.
02:15
To get past the gender issues of the time,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
02:19
I set up my own software house at one of the first such startups in Britain.
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ื”ืงืžืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืžืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื˜ืืจื˜ืืคื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”.
02:26
But it was also a company of women, a company for women,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื ืฉื™ื,
02:32
an early social business.
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ืขืกืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื.
02:35
And people laughed at the very idea because software, at that time,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆื—ืงื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
02:39
was given away free with hardware.
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ื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื”.
02:41
Nobody would buy software, certainly not from a woman.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืงื ื” ืชื•ื›ื ื”, ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื ืžื ืฉื™ื.
02:45
Although women were then coming out of the universities with decent degrees,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ืื– ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืขื ืชืืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
02:51
there was a glass ceiling to our progress.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืงืจืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
02:56
And I'd hit that glass ceiling too often,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืชืงืจืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื™,
03:00
and I wanted opportunities for women.
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ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื.
03:04
I recruited professionally qualified women who'd left the industry on marriage,
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ื’ื™ื™ืกืชื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื” ืขื ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื,
03:09
or when their first child was expected
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ืื• ื›ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
03:11
and structured them into a home-working organization.
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช.
03:16
We pioneered the concept of women going back into the workforce
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
03:21
after a career break.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืกืงื” ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”.
03:23
We pioneered all sorts of new, flexible work methods:
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ืœื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช:
03:27
job shares, profit-sharing, and eventually, co-ownership
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ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช
03:32
when I took a quarter of the company into the hands of the staff
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ื›ืฉืœืงื—ืชื™ ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช
03:36
at no cost to anyone but me.
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ืœืœื ืขืœื•ืช ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžื ื™.
03:41
For years, I was the first woman this, or the only woman that.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ืื• ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื—ื“ื” ื‘ื–ื”.
03:47
And in those days, I couldn't work on the stock exchange,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื”,
03:51
I couldn't drive a bus or fly an airplane.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืื• ืœื”ื˜ื™ืก ืžื˜ื•ืก.
03:55
Indeed, I couldn't open a bank account without my husband's permission.
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ื‘ืืžืช, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืง ืœืœื ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™.
04:01
My generation of women fought the battles for the right to work
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ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
04:05
and the right for equal pay.
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ื•ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื›ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื”.
04:10
Nobody really expected much from people at work or in society
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืฆื™ืคื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”
04:14
because all the expectations then
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืื–
04:16
were about home and family responsibilities.
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
04:20
And I couldn't really face that,
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ื•ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื”,
04:23
so I started to challenge the conventions of the time,
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
04:29
even to the extent of changing my name from "Stephanie" to "Steve"
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืฉืžื™ ืž"ืกื˜ืคื ื™" ืœ"ืกื˜ื™ื‘"
04:35
in my business development letters,
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ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืขืกืงื™ ืฉืœื™,
04:36
so as to get through the door before anyone realized
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ื›ืš ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ
04:39
that he was a she.
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ืฉืื ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื.
04:40
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:44
My company, called Freelance Programmers, and that's precisely what it was,
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™, ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืคืจื™ืœื ืก ืคืจื•ื’ืจืžืจืก, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื”,
04:51
couldn't have started smaller: on the dining room table,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ,
04:56
and financed by the equivalent of 100 dollars in today's terms,
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ื•ืžื•ืžื ืชื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœ 100 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
05:01
and financed by my labor and by borrowing against the house.
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ื•ืžื•ืžื ืชื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
05:08
My interests were scientific, the market was commercial --
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื, ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ --
05:14
things such as payroll, which I found rather boring.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ื“ื™ ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื.
05:18
So I had to compromise with operational research work,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ ืขื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ,
05:23
which had the intellectual challenge that interested me
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืฉืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™
05:27
and the commercial value that was valued by the clients:
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ื•ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืขืกืงื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื™:
05:34
things like scheduling freight trains,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื,
05:40
time-tabling buses, stock control, lots and lots of stock control.
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ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื, ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื ื™ื•ืช.
05:46
And eventually, the work came in.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื›ื ืกื”.
05:50
We disguised the domestic and part-time nature of the staff
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ื”ื—ื‘ืื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช
05:54
by offering fixed prices, one of the very first to do so.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
05:59
And who would have guessed that the programming
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ื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื—ืฉ ืฉื”ืชื›ื ื•ืช
06:02
of the black box flight recorder of Supersonic Concord
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืงื•ืจื“ ื”ืขืœ ืงื•ืœื™
06:06
would have been done by a bunch of women working in their own homes.
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ืชื™ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื”ืŸ.
06:11
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
06:19
All we used was a simple "trust the staff" approach
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ืฉืช "ื‘ื˜ื—ื• ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช" ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
06:24
and a simple telephone.
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ื•ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
06:26
We even used to ask job applicants, "Do you have access to a telephone?"
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืืœื ื• ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช, "ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ?"
06:34
An early project was to develop software standards
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ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืคืชื— ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืช
06:37
on management control protocols.
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ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืจื”.
06:39
And software was and still is a maddeningly hard-to-control activity,
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ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ืงืจื”,
06:45
so that was enormously valuable.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
06:47
We used the standards ourselves,
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•,
06:49
we were even paid to update them over the years,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืœื ื• ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื,
06:52
and eventually, they were adopted by NATO.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื ืื•ืžืฆื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•.
06:58
Our programmers -- remember, only women,
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ื”ืžืชื›ื ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• -- ื–ื›ืจื•, ืจืง ื ืฉื™ื,
07:02
including gay and transgender --
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœืกื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืจื ืกื’'ื ื“ืจื™ื•ืช --
07:05
worked with pencil and paper to develop flowcharts
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ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ื•ื ื™ื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ื–ืจื™ืžื”
07:10
defining each task to be done.
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ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
07:14
And they then wrote code, usually machine code,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื• ืงื•ื“, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืงื•ื“ ืžื›ื•ื ื”,
07:18
sometimes binary code,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื ืจื™,
07:20
which was then sent by mail to a data center
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ืฉื ืฉืœื— ืื– ื‘ื“ื•ืืจ ืœืžืจื›ื– ืžื™ื“ืข
07:25
to be punched onto paper tape or card
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืงื‘ ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืื• ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ืช
07:29
and then re-punched, in order to verify it.
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ื•ืื– ืœื ืงื‘ ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืื•ืชื•.
07:34
All this, before it ever got near a computer.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ื™ื“ ืžื—ืฉื‘.
07:37
That was programming in the early 1960s.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 60,
07:43
In 1975, 13 years from startup,
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ื‘ 1975, 13 ืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
07:48
equal opportunity legislation came in in Britain
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ื—ื•ืง ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
07:51
and that made it illegal to have our pro-female policies.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื• ื ืฉื™ืช.
07:58
And as an example of unintended consequences,
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ื•ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช,
08:02
my female company had to let the men in.
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
08:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:11
When I started my company of women,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื™,
08:13
the men said, "How interesting, because it only works because it's small."
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ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžืจื•, "ื›ืžื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืงื˜ืŸ."
08:20
And later, as it became sizable, they accepted, "Yes, it is sizable now,
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
08:26
but of no strategic interest."
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™."
08:30
And later, when it was a company valued at over three billion dollars,
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
08:37
and I'd made 70 of the staff into millionaires,
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ื•ื”ืคื›ืชื™ 70 ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ืจื™ื,
08:41
they sort of said, "Well done, Steve!"
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ื”ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื•, "ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืกื˜ื™ื‘!"
08:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:49
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:53
You can always tell ambitious women by the shape of our heads:
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ืืชื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื”ืŸ:
08:58
They're flat on top for being patted patronizingly.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืจืืฉ ืฉื˜ื•ื— ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื”ื˜ืคื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื ืฉืื•ืช.
09:01
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:07
And we have larger feet to stand away from the kitchen sink.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื›ื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื—.
09:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:13
Let me share with you two secrets of success:
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืื™ืชื›ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”:
09:17
Surround yourself with first-class people and people that you like;
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ื”ืงื™ืคื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื;
09:23
and choose your partner very, very carefully.
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ื•ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
09:30
Because the other day when I said, "My husband's an angel,"
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืืžืจืชื™, "ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืœืืš,"
09:33
a woman complained -- "You're lucky," she said,
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ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืชืœื•ื ื ื” -- "ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžื–ืœ," ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”,
09:35
"mine's still alive."
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"ืฉืœื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™."
09:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:45
If success were easy, we'd all be millionaires.
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ืื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืœื”, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืœื™ื•ื ืจื™ื.
09:51
But in my case, it came in the midst of family trauma and indeed, crisis.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื™, ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜, ืžืฉื‘ืจ.
10:01
Our late son, Giles, was an only child, a beautiful, contented baby.
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ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•, ื’'ื™ื™ืœืก, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™, ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ืคื™ืคื” ื•ืžืกืคืง.
10:09
And then, at two and a half,
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ื•ืื–, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™,
10:13
like a changeling in a fairy story,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืคื™ื•ืช,
10:16
he lost the little speech that he had
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืขื˜ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื•
10:20
and turned into a wild, unmanageable toddler.
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ื•ื”ืคืš ืœื–ืื˜ื•ื˜ ืคืจืื™ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
10:25
Not the terrible twos;
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ืœื ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจื;
10:27
he was profoundly autistic and he never spoke again.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื‘.
10:36
Giles was the first resident in the first house of the first charity that I set up
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ื’'ื™ื™ืœืก ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืงืžืชื™
10:41
to pioneer services for autism.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื˜ื™ื–ื.
10:45
And then there's been a groundbreaking Prior's Court school
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืฉืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืคืจื™ื•ืจ
10:48
for pupils with autism
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ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ืื•ื˜ื™ื–ื
10:50
and a medical research charity, again, all for autism.
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ื•ืขืžื•ืชืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืจืคื•ืื™, ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื›ืœ ืœืื•ื˜ื™ื–ื.
10:54
Because whenever I found a gap in services, I tried to help.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ืคืขืจ ื‘ืฉืจื•ืช, ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
11:01
I like doing new things and making new things happen.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช.
11:06
And I've just started a three-year think tank for autism.
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ื•ืจืง ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื•ื˜ื™ื–ื.
11:13
And so that some of my wealth does go back to the industry from which it stems,
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ื•ื›ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื™ ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืขืฉื™ื” ืžืžื ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข,
11:18
I've also founded the Oxford Internet Institute
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ื™ืกื“ืชื™ ื’ื ืืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
11:22
and other IT ventures.
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ื•ืขืกืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข.
11:24
The Oxford Internet Institute focuses not on the technology,
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ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžืชืžืงื“ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
11:28
but on the social, economic, legal and ethical issues of the Internet.
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ืืœื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืืชื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
11:35
Giles died unexpectedly 17 years ago now.
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ื’'ื™ื™ืœืก ืžืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืคื ื™ 17 ืฉื ื”.
11:42
And I have learned to live without him,
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ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•.
11:46
and I have learned to live without his need of me.
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ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื• ื‘ื™.
11:51
Philanthropy is all that I do now.
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ืคื™ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
11:54
I need never worry about getting lost
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ืื ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“
11:57
because several charities would quickly come and find me.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื™.
12:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:12
It's one thing to have an idea for an enterprise,
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขืกืง,
12:16
but as many people in this room will know,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
12:19
making it happen is a very difficult thing
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”
12:22
and it demands extraordinary energy, self-belief and determination,
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืืžืฅ ืื“ื™ืจ, ืืžื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ื™ื•ืช,
12:30
the courage to risk family and home,
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ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ืœืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืช,
12:34
and a 24/7 commitment that borders on the obsessive.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ 24/7 ืฉื’ื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืื•ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
12:39
So it's just as well that I'm a workaholic.
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ืื– ืžื–ืœ ืฉืื ื™ ื•ื•ืจืงื•ื”ื•ืœื™ืช.
12:43
I believe in the beauty of work when we do it properly and in humility.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืขื ื•ื•ื”.
12:50
Work is not just something I do when I'd rather be doing something else.
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
12:57
We live our lives forward.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
12:59
So what has all that taught me?
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ืื– ืžื” ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื™?
13:04
I learned that tomorrow's never going to be like today,
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืฉืžื—ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
13:07
and certainly nothing like yesterday.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ื›ืžื• ืืชืžื•ืœ.
13:10
And that made me able to cope with change,
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ื•ื–ื” ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
13:14
indeed, eventually to welcome change,
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ื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜, ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
13:18
though I'm told I'm still very difficult.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”.
13:23
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
13:25
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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