Abundance is our future | Peter Diamandis

497,968 views ใƒป 2012-03-01

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ron Bentata ืžื‘ืงืจ: Eran Givoni
00:15
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
00:18
(Video) Announcer: Threats, in the wake of Bin Laden's death, have spiked.
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(ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ) ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ืขื ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ-ืœืื“ืŸ ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื™ื.
00:21
Announcer Two: Famine in Somalia. Announcer Three: Police pepper spray.
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™: ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืžืœื™ื”. ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™: ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืžืจืกืกืช ืคืœืคืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ.
00:23
Announcer Four: Vicious cartels. Announcer Five: Caustic cruise lines.
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™: ืงืจื˜ืœื™ื ืื›ื–ืจื™ื™ื. ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™: ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ ืžื–ื”ืžื•ืช.
00:25
Announcer Six: Societal decay. Announcer Seven: 65 dead.
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื™: ืจืงื‘ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™: 65 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื.
00:28
Announcer Eight: Tsunami warning. Announcer Nine: Cyberattacks.
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื ื™: ื”ืชืจืื•ืช ืฆื•ื ืืžื™. ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื™ืขื™: ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ืžืงื•ื•ื ื•ืช.
00:30
Multiple Announcers: Drug war. Mass destruction. Tornado.
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ืงืจื™ื™ื ื™ื: ืžืœื—ืžืช ืกืžื™ื. ื”ืจืก ื”ืžื•ื ื™. ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•.
00:32
Recession. Default. Doomsday. Egypt. Syria.
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ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ. ื”ืขื“ืจื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืกื•ืจื™ื”.
00:34
Crisis. Death. Disaster.
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ืžืฉื‘ืจ. ืžื•ื•ืช. ืืกื•ืŸ.
00:36
Oh, my God.
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ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื.
00:39
Peter Diamandis: So those are just a few of the clips
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ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื“ื™ืืžื ื“ื™ืก: ืืœื” ื”ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื
00:41
I collected over the last six months --
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ืฉืืกืคืชื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 6 ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื --
00:43
could have easily been the last six days
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืž-6 ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
00:45
or the last six years.
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ืื• ืž-6 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
00:47
The point is that the news media
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืจื•ืฆื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
00:49
preferentially feeds us negative stories
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ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื
00:52
because that's what our minds pay attention to.
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืžืงื“
00:55
And there's a very good reason for that.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“.
00:57
Every second of every day,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
00:59
our senses bring in way too much data
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ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ืข
01:01
than we can possibly process in our brains.
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ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื•ื—.
01:04
And because nothing is more important to us
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื•
01:06
than survival,
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืฉืจื•ื“,
01:08
the first stop of all of that data
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ื”ืชื—ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:10
is an ancient sliver of the temporal lobe
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื“ ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ืื•ื ื” ื”ืจืงืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ื ื•
01:12
called the amygdala.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื”.
01:14
Now the amygdala is our early warning detector,
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ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืคืขืžื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
01:17
our danger detector.
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ื’ืœืื™ ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
01:19
It sorts and scours through all of the information
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ื”ื™ื ืกื•ืจืงืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
01:22
looking for anything in the environment that might harm us.
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ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื ื•.
01:25
So given a dozen news stories,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœื ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช,
01:27
we will preferentially look
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ืื ื• ื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื—ืคืฉ
01:29
at the negative news.
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ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช.
01:31
And that old newspaper saying,
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ื•ื”ืื™ืžืจื” ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื”,
01:33
"If it bleeds it leads,"
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"ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื“ื, ื–ื” ื—ื",
01:35
is very true.
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ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
01:37
So given all of our digital devices
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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
01:40
that are bringing all the negative news to us
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ืืฉืจ ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช
01:42
seven days a week, 24 hours a day,
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ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข, 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžืžื”,
01:45
it's no wonder that we're pessimistic.
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ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคืกื™ืžื™ื™ื.
01:47
It's no wonder that people think
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ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
01:49
that the world is getting worse.
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ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื’ืจื•ืข.
01:53
But perhaps that's not the case.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืš.
01:56
Perhaps instead,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขืฆื,
01:58
it's the distortions brought to us
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ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ื•ืชื™ื
02:00
of what's really going on.
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.
02:03
Perhaps the tremendous progress we've made
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•
02:05
over the last century
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
02:07
by a series of forces
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
02:09
are, in fact, accelerating to a point
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืื™ืฆื” ื›ืขืช ืขื“ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื”
02:12
that we have the potential in the next three decades
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ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
02:15
to create a world of abundance.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืฉืคืข.
02:18
Now I'm not saying
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ
02:20
we don't have our set of problems --
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช--
02:22
climate crisis, species extinction,
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ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื, ื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื–ื ื™ื,
02:24
water and energy shortage -- we surely do.
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ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” -- ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
02:27
And as humans, we are far better
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ื•ื›ื‘ื ื™-ืื ื•ืฉ, ืื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:29
at seeing the problems way in advance,
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ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื“,
02:32
but ultimately we knock them down.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื• ืžื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ
02:36
So let's look
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ
02:38
at what this last century has been
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
02:40
to see where we're going.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืืŸ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ื•.
02:42
Over the last hundred years,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
02:44
the average human lifespan has more than doubled,
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ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื•ื›ืคืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:47
average per capita income adjusted for inflation
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ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœื ืคืฉ, ื”ืžื•ืชืื ืœืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”,
02:50
around the world has tripled.
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ืขืœื” ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:52
Childhood mortality
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ืชืžื•ืชืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
02:54
has come down a factor of 10.
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ื™ืจื“ื” ื‘ืžืงื“ื ืฉืœ 10.
02:56
Add to that the cost of food, electricity,
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ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื›ืš ืืช ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ,
02:58
transportation, communication
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ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
03:00
have dropped 10 to 1,000-fold.
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ืฉื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ืคื™ 10 ืขื“ 1000..
03:04
Steve Pinker has showed us
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ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ืคื™ื ืงืจ ื”ืจืื” ืœื ื•
03:06
that, in fact, we're living during the most peaceful time ever
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ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื
03:09
in human history.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
03:11
And Charles Kenny
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ื•ืฆ'ืจืœืก ืงื ื™ ื”ืจืื” ืœื ื•
03:13
that global literacy has gone from 25 percent to over 80 percent
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ืฉื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืขืœืชื” ืž-25 ืื—ื•ื– ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-80 ืื—ื•ื–.
03:16
in the last 130 years.
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ื‘-130 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
03:19
We truly are living in an extraordinary time.
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ืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช-ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
03:23
And many people forget this.
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื–ืืช.
03:25
And we keep setting our expectations higher and higher.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืจืฃ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:28
In fact, we redefine what poverty means.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžื”ื• ื”ืขื•ื ื™.
03:31
Think of this, in America today,
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš: ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
03:33
the majority of people under the poverty line
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ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืงื• ื”ืขื•ื ื™
03:36
still have electricity, water, toilets, refrigerators,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืžื™ื, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ืžืงืจืจื™ื,
03:39
television, mobile phones,
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ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื,
03:41
air conditioning and cars.
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ืžื–ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
03:44
The wealthiest robber barons of the last century, the emperors on this planet,
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ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื”,
03:47
could have never dreamed of such luxuries.
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ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื—ืœื•ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
03:53
Underpinning much of this
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ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื›ืœ ื–ื”
03:56
is technology,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
03:58
and of late,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
04:00
exponentially growing technologies.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™.
04:02
My good friend Ray Kurzweil
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืจื™ื™ ืงื•ืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ
04:04
showed that any tool that becomes an information technology
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ื”ืจืื” ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ืข
04:07
jumps on this curve, on Moore's Law,
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ืžืชืื™ื ืœืขืงื•ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืจ,
04:10
and experiences price performance doubling
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ื•ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ื›ืคืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืก ืžื—ื™ืจ-ืชืžื•ืจื”
04:12
every 12 to 24 months.
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ืžื™ื“ื™ 12 ืขื“ 24 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
04:15
That's why the cellphone in your pocket
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื›ื™ืก ืฉืœื›ื
04:17
is literally a million times cheaper and a thousand times faster
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื”ื™ืจ ืคื™ ืืœืฃ, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•,
04:19
than a supercomputer of the '70s.
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ืžืžื—ืฉื‘-ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70.
04:21
Now look at this curve.
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ื›ืขืช ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืงื•ืžื” ื”ื–ื•.
04:23
This is Moore's Law over the last hundred years.
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช 100 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
04:25
I want you to notice two things from this curve.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืงื•ืžื” ื–ื•.
04:27
Number one, how smooth it is --
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ืื—ื“, ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืงื” --
04:31
through good time and bad time, war time and peace time,
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืจืขื™ื, ื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœื•ื,
04:34
recession, depression and boom time.
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ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉืคืœ ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
04:37
This is the result of faster computers
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ื–ื• ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:39
being used to build faster computers.
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ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:42
It doesn't slow for any of our grand challenges.
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืื˜ื” ื‘ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
04:46
And also, even though it's plotted
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ื•ื’ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ืชื•ื•ื”
04:48
on a log curve on the left,
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ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืช-ืžืขืงื‘ ืžืฉืžืืœ,
04:50
it's curving upwards.
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ื–ื” ืžืชืขืงืœ ืœืžืขืœื”.
04:52
The rate at which the technology is getting faster
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ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืืฆืช
04:54
is itself getting faster.
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ืžื•ืืฅ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
04:57
And on this curve, riding on Moore's Law,
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ื•ื‘ืขืงื•ืžื” ื–ื•, ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืจื•ื›ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืจ,
05:00
are a set of extraordinarily powerful technologies
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช-ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
05:03
available to all of us.
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ืฉื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•.
05:05
Cloud computing,
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ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘-ืขื ืŸ,
05:07
what my friends at Autodesk call infinite computing;
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ืžื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ ื‘"ืื•ื˜ื•ื“ืกืง" ืžื›ื ื™ื 'ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™';
05:09
sensors and networks; robotics;
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ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช; ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”;
05:12
3D printing, which is the ability to democratize and distribute
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ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืชืฃ ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ
05:15
personalized production around the planet;
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ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื;
05:17
synthetic biology;
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช;
05:19
fuels, vaccines and foods;
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ื“ืœืงื™ื, ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ;
05:22
digital medicine; nanomaterials; and A.I.
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช, ื ื ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
05:25
I mean, how many of you saw the winning of Jeopardy
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืจืื• ืืช ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” "ื’'ืคืจื“ื™"
05:28
by IBM's Watson?
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ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืฆื— ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”"ื•ื•ื˜ืกื•ืŸ" ืฉืœ ืื™ื™-ื‘ื™-ืื?
05:30
I mean, that was epic.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื™ ืจื’ืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™.
05:33
In fact, I scoured the headlines
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช
05:35
looking for the best headline in a newspaper I could.
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ืืช ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื.
05:37
And I love this: "Watson Vanquishes Human Opponents."
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืช ืขืœ ื–ืืช: "ื•ื•ื˜ืกื•ืŸ ืžื—ืกืœ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื".
05:42
Jeopardy's not an easy game.
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"ื’'ืคืจื“ื™" ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฉื—ืง ืงืœ.
05:44
It's about the nuance of human language.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื“ืงื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
05:47
And imagine if you would
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”
05:49
A.I.'s like this on the cloud
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ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื›ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘
05:51
available to every person with a cellphone.
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ืฉื–ืžื™ื ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืขื ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“.
05:54
Four years ago here at TED,
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ืœืคื ื™ 4 ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืืŸ ื‘-TED,
05:56
Ray Kurzweil and I started a new university
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ืจื™ื™ ืงื•ืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื•ืื ื•ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืกื“ื ื• ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
05:58
called Singularity University.
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ื‘ืฉื "ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช".
06:00
And we teach our students all of these technologies,
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
06:03
and particularly how they can be used
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ
06:05
to solve humanity's grand challenges.
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ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
06:08
And every year we ask them
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžื”ื
06:10
to start a company or a product or a service
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
06:13
that can affect positively the lives of a billion people
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืฉ
06:16
within a decade.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื—ื“.
06:18
Think about that, the fact that, literally, a group of students
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•
06:21
can touch the lives of a billion people today.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืฉ.
06:24
30 years ago that would have sounded ludicrous.
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ืœืคื ื™ 30 ืฉื ื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื’ื•ื—ืš.
06:26
Today we can point at dozens of companies
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
06:29
that have done just that.
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ืฉืขืฉื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”.
06:31
When I think about creating abundance,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉืคืข,
06:37
it's not about creating a life of luxury for everybody on this planet;
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืขืœื™-ืื“ืžื•ืช;
06:40
it's about creating a life of possibility.
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ืืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
06:43
It is about taking that which was scarce
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืžื—ืกื•ืจ
06:46
and making it abundant.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉืคืข.
06:48
You see, scarcity is contextual,
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืชืœื•ื™-ื”ืงืฉืจ,
06:51
and technology is a resource-liberating force.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื—ืจืจ-ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
06:56
Let me give you an example.
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื.
06:59
So this is a story of Napoleon III
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
07:01
in the mid-1800s.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-19.
07:03
He's the dude on the left.
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ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ.
07:06
He invited over to dinner
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœืืจื•ื—ื”
07:08
the king of Siam.
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ืืช ื”ืžืœืš ืฉืœ ืกื™ืื.
07:10
All of Napoleon's troops
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ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ
07:12
were fed with silver utensils,
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ืื›ืœื• ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ,
07:15
Napoleon himself with gold utensils.
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ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืื›ืœ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื–ื”ื‘.
07:17
But the King of Siam,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืฉืœ ืกื™ืื,
07:19
he was fed with aluminum utensils.
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ืื›ืœ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื.
07:21
You see, aluminum
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ื”ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื™
07:23
was the most valuable metal on the planet,
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ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™-ืื“ืžื•ืช,
07:26
worth more than gold and platinum.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืžืคืœื˜ื™ื ื”.
07:29
It's the reason that the tip of the Washington Monument
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื ื“ืจื˜ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ
07:32
is made of aluminum.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื.
07:34
You see, even though aluminum
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื
07:36
is 8.3 percent of the Earth by mass,
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ื”ื•ื 8.3 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืžืกืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
07:39
it doesn't come as a pure metal.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืžืชื›ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”.
07:41
It's all bound by oxygen and silicates.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืœื ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ืกื™ืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื.
07:44
But then the technology of electrolysis came along
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ืืš ืื– ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื–ื”
07:47
and literally made aluminum so cheap
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœื–ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš
07:50
that we use it with throw-away mentality.
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ืขื“ ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืœื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ื™ื.
07:53
So let's project this analogy going forward.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื ืงื• ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ื”.
07:57
We think about energy scarcity.
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
07:59
Ladies and gentlemen,
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ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™,
08:01
we are on a planet
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ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช
08:03
that is bathed with 5,000 times more energy
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ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื™ 5,000 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
08:06
than we use in a year.
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ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
08:09
16 terawatts of energy hits the Earth's surface
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16 ื˜ืจื”-ื•ื•ืื˜ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
08:11
every 88 minutes.
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ื‘ื›ืœ 88 ื“ืงื•ืช.
08:15
It's not about being scarce,
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ,
08:17
it's about accessibility.
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ืืœื ืขืœ ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช.
08:19
And there's good news here.
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ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
08:21
For the first time, this year
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ื”ืฉื ื”, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
08:23
the cost of solar-generated electricity
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ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืง ืžืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
08:26
is 50 percent that of diesel-generated electricity in India --
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ื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืคืงืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื“ื™ื–ืœ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• --
08:30
8.8 rupees versus 17 rupees.
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8.8 ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช 17 ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช.
08:33
The cost of solar dropped 50 percent last year.
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ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ืฆื ื—ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื‘-50 ืื—ื•ื–.
08:35
Last month, MIT put out a study
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ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก ืคื™ืจืกื ืžื—ืงืจ
08:37
showing that by the end of this decade,
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ืืฉืจ ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ,
08:39
in the sunny parts of the United States,
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
08:41
solar electricity will be six cents a kilowatt hour
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ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืืจื™ ื™ืขืœื” 6 ืกื ื˜ื™ื ืœืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜-ืฉืขื”
08:43
compared to 15 cents
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ืœืขื•ืžืช 15 ืกื ื˜
08:45
as a national average.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.
08:47
And if we have abundant energy,
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืคืข,
08:50
we also have abundant water.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืข.
08:53
Now we talk about water wars.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื.
08:58
Do you remember
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื
09:00
when Carl Sagan turned the Voyager spacecraft
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืงืืจืœ ืกืื’ืืŸ ื”ืคื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื•ื•ื™ืื’'ืจ
09:02
back towards the Earth,
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
09:04
in 1990 after it just passed Saturn?
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ื‘-1990, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืœืคื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืชืื™?
09:06
He took a famous photo. What was it called?
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืœื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช. ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืื”?
09:09
"A Pale Blue Dot."
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"ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจืช".
09:11
Because we live on a water planet.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื.
09:14
We live on a planet 70 percent covered by water.
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืฉ-70% ืžืžื ื• ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื.
09:17
Yes, 97.5 percent is saltwater,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, 97.5 ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื ืžื™ื ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื,
09:19
two percent is ice,
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ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจื—,
09:21
and we fight over a half a percent of the water on this planet,
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ื•ืื ื• ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืื—ื•ื– ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื”,
09:24
but here too there is hope.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
09:26
And there is technology coming online,
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ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
09:29
not 10, 20 years from now,
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ืœื ื‘ืขื•ื“ 10 ืื• 20 ืฉื ื” ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
09:31
right now.
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ืืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื.
09:33
There's nanotechnology coming on, nanomaterials.
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืง ื ื ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื ื ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
09:36
And the conversation I had with Dean Kamen this morning,
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืขื ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
09:39
one of the great DIY innovators,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉืœ "ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืš",
09:41
I'd like to share with you -- he gave me permission to do so --
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื-- ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืฉื” ืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช --
09:44
his technology called Slingshot
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื ืงืจืืช "ืกืœื™ื ื’ืฉื•ื˜"
09:46
that many of you may have heard of,
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžืขื• ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”,
09:48
it is the size of a small dorm room refrigerator.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืงืจืจ ืงื˜ืŸ.
09:50
It's able to generate
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ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
09:52
a thousand liters of clean drinking water a day
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ืืœืฃ ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื
09:54
out of any source -- saltwater, polluted water, latrine --
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ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื-- ืžื™ ืžืœื—, ืžื™ื ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื, ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ --
09:57
at less than two cents a liter.
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ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-2 ืกื ื˜ ืœืœื™ื˜ืจ.
10:02
The chairman of Coca-Cola has just agreed
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ื”ื™ื•"ืจ ืฉืœ "ืงื•ืงื” ืงื•ืœื”" ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืขืชื”
10:04
to do a major test
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ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
10:06
of hundreds of units of this in the developing world.
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ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
10:09
And if that pans out,
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ื•ืื ื–ื” ื™ืฆืœื™ื—,
10:11
which I have every confidence it will,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื™ืงืจื”,
10:13
Coca-Cola will deploy this globally
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"ืงื•ืงื” ืงื•ืœื”" ืชืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™
10:15
to 206 countries
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ืœ-206 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
10:17
around the planet.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
10:19
This is the kind of innovation, empowered by this technology,
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆืžืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•,
10:22
that exists today.
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ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
10:26
And we've seen this in cellphones.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื.
10:28
My goodness, we're going to hit 70 percent penetration
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ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื, ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืงื• ื”-70% ืฉืœ ื›ื ื™ืกืช
10:30
of cellphones in the developing world
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ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
10:32
by the end of 2013.
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ 2013.
10:34
Think about it,
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”,
10:36
that a Masai warrior on a cellphone in the middle of Kenya
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ืœืœื•ื—ื ืžืกืื™ ืฉืžืฉื•ื—ื— ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืงื ื™ื”
10:39
has better mobile comm
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ื™ืฉ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:41
than President Reagan did 25 years ago.
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ืžื–ื• ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืจื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ 25 ืฉื ื”.
10:44
And if they're on a smartphone on Google,
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ื•ืื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘"ื’ื•ื’ืœ" ื‘ืกืžืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ,
10:46
they've got access to more knowledge and information
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื“ืข ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
10:48
than President Clinton did 15 years ago.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ 15 ืฉื ื”.
10:50
They're living in a world of information and communication abundance
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืฉืคืข ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
10:53
that no one could have ever predicted.
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ืฉืื™ืฉ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช.
10:57
Better than that,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื–ื”:
10:59
the things that you and I
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ื•ืื ื™
11:01
spent tens and hundreds of thousands of dollars for --
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ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืžืื•ืช ื•ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื --
11:03
GPS, HD video and still images,
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ืื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™, ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื•ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืžื ื‘ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
11:06
libraries of books and music,
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ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”,
11:09
medical diagnostic technology --
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืจืคื•ืื™ --
11:11
are now literally dematerializing and demonetizing
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ื›ื•ืœื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืขืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืกืจื™ ืขืจืš ื›ืกืคื™, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืš,
11:14
into your cellphone.
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ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
11:19
Probably the best part of it
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื”
11:21
is what's coming down the pike in health.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
11:24
Last month, I had the pleasure of announcing with Qualcomm Foundation
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ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงืจืŸ "ืงื•ื•ืืœืงื•ื"
11:28
something called the $10 million Qualcomm Tricorder X Prize.
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ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฉื "ืคืจืก ืงื•ื•ืืœืงื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืงื•ื“ืจ ืื™ืงืก" ื‘ืกืš 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ
11:32
We're challenging teams around the world
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ืื ื• ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
11:34
to basically combine these technologies
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ืœืื—ื“ ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
11:36
into a mobile device
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ืœื›ื“ื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื™ื“
11:38
that you can speak to, because it's got A.I.,
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื•, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช,
11:40
you can cough on it, you can do a finger blood prick.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืขืœ ืขืœื™ื•, ืœืงื—ืช ื“ื’ื™ืžืช-ื“ื ืžื”ืืฆื‘ืข.
11:43
And to win, it needs to be able to diagnose you better
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ื•ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:45
than a team of board-certified doctors.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื.
11:49
So literally, imagine this device
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”
11:52
in the middle of the developing world where there are no doctors,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืจื•ืคืื™ื,
11:55
25 percent of the disease burden
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25 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืขื•ืžืก ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช
11:57
and 1.3 percent of the health care workers.
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ื•-1.3 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”.
12:00
When this device sequences an RNA or DNA virus
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืจืฆืฃ ื“ื "ื ืื• ืจื "ื ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก
12:02
that it doesn't recognize,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื–ื”ื”,
12:04
it calls the CDC
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื‘ืงืจืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช
12:06
and prevents the pandemic from happening in the first place.
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ื•ืžื•ื ืข ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื”.
12:11
But here, here is the biggest force
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
12:14
for bringing about a world of abundance.
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ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืฉืคืข.
12:16
I call it the rising billion.
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ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื–ื” "ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื”".
12:19
So the white lines here are population.
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ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ.
12:22
We just passed the seven billion mark on Earth.
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ื–ื” ืขืชื” ื—ืฆื™ื ื• ืืช ืงื• ื”-7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
12:25
And by the way,
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
12:27
the biggest protection against a population explosion
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ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ
12:29
is making the world educated
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืžืฉื›ื™ืœ
12:31
and healthy.
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ื•ื‘ืจื™ื.
12:34
In 2010,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010,
12:36
we had just short of two billion people
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืฉ
12:38
online, connected.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื, ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื.
12:40
By 2020,
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ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2020,
12:42
that's going from two billion to five billion
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืขืœื” ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“
12:44
Internet users.
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
12:46
Three billion new minds
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
12:48
who have never been heard from before
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ืฉืงื•ืœื ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ
12:50
are connecting to the global conversation.
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ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ื— ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™.
12:54
What will these people want?
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ืžื” ื™ืจืฆื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•?
12:56
What will they consume? What will they desire?
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ืžื” ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื›ื•? ืœืžื” ื™ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•?
12:58
And rather than having economic shutdown,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
13:00
we're about to have the biggest economic injection ever.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื–ืจื™ืงืช ื”ืžืจืฅ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™-ืคืขื.
13:03
These people represent
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื
13:05
tens of trillions of dollars
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
13:07
injected into the global economy.
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ืฉื™ื•ื–ืจืžื• ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ืช.
13:10
And they will get healthier
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:12
by using the Tricorder,
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘"ื˜ืจื™ืงื•ื“ืจ",
13:14
and they'll become better educated by using the Khan Academy,
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ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื™ืช ืงื”ืืŸ,
13:16
and by literally being able to use
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืข"ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉืชืžืฉื•
13:19
3D printing and infinite computing
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ื‘ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™
13:22
[become] more productive than ever before.
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ื”ื ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™-ืคืขื.
13:25
So what could three billion rising,
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ืื– ืžื” ื™ื•ื›ืœื• 3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
13:28
healthy, educated, productive members of humanity
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ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื•ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
13:31
bring to us?
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื•?
13:33
How about a set of voices that have never been heard from before.
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ืžื” ื“ืขืชื›ื ืขืœ ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื˜ืจื ื ืฉืžืขื•?
13:36
What about giving the oppressed,
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ืžื” ื“ืขืชื›ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื,
13:38
wherever they might be,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื•,
13:40
the voice to be heard and the voice to act
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ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื•ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ
13:42
for the first time ever?
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ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื?
13:45
What will these three billion people bring?
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ืžื” ื™ื‘ื™ืื• 3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื•?
13:48
What about contributions we can't even predict?
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ืžื” ื“ืขืชื›ื ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช?
13:51
The one thing I've learned at the X Prize
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืื™ืงืก
13:53
is that small teams
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
13:55
driven by their passion with a clear focus
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ื”ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื”ื˜ ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ
13:58
can do extraordinary things,
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™-ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
14:00
things that large corporations and governments
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืจืง ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช
14:02
could only do in the past.
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ื™ื›ืœื• ืคืขื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
14:05
Let me share and close with a story
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืกื›ื
14:07
that really got me excited.
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ืฉืžืžืฉ ืจื™ื’ืฉ ืื•ืชื™.
14:10
There is a program that some of you might have heard of.
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื—ืœืงื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืข ืขืœื™ื”.
14:12
It's a game called Foldit.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื ืงืจื "ืคื•ืœื“ื™ื˜" (ืงื™ืคื•ืœ).
14:14
It came out of the University of Washington in Seattle.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืื˜ืœ.
14:18
And this is a game
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžืฉื—ืง
14:20
where individuals can actually take a sequence of amino acids
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ืจืฆืฃ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•
14:24
and figure out how the protein is going to fold.
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ืš ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ืชืงืคืœ.
14:28
And how it folds dictates its structure and its functionality.
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ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ืชืงืคืœื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ืชื™ืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื•.
14:30
And it's very important for research in medicine.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™.
14:33
And up until now, it's been a supercomputer problem.
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ืขื“ ื›ื”, ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™-ืขืœ.
14:36
And this game has been played
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ืขื“ ืื–
14:38
by university professors and so forth.
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
14:40
And it's literally, hundreds of thousands of people
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ื•ืื– ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•,
14:43
came online and started playing it.
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ืขืœื• ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ื•.
14:45
And it showed that, in fact, today,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ื,
14:47
the human pattern recognition machinery
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื
14:49
is better at folding proteins than the best computers.
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ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื™ืคื•ืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
14:52
And when these individuals went and looked
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื“ืงื•
14:54
at who was the best protein folder in the world,
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ืžื™ ืžืงืคืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
14:57
it wasn't an MIT professor,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก,
14:59
it wasn't a CalTech student,
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ื•ืœื ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
15:01
it was a person from England, from Manchester,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืžืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืžืžื ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ:
15:04
a woman who, during the day,
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ืื™ืฉื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื
15:08
was an executive assistant at a rehab clinic
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ืขื‘ื“ื” ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืžื™ื ื”ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืจืคืืช ื’ืžื™ืœื”
15:11
and, at night, was the world's best protein folder.
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืงืคืœืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
15:16
Ladies and gentlemen,
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ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™,
15:18
what gives me tremendous confidence
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ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื“ื™ืจื”
15:20
in the future
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“
15:24
is the fact that we are now more empowered as individuals
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื—
15:28
to take on the grand challenges of this planet.
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ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื”.
15:31
We have the tools with this exponential technology.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื›ืœื™ื, ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
15:34
We have the passion of the DIY innovator.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืœื”ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ ื”"ืขืฉื”-ื–ืืช-ื‘ืขืฆืžืš".
15:37
We have the capital of the techno-philanthropist.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื“ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
15:40
And we have three billion new minds
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
15:42
coming online to work with us
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ืฉืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืจืฉืช ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื“ื ื•
15:44
to solve the grand challenges,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
15:46
to do that which we must do.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
15:50
We are living into extraordinary decades ahead.
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ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœื ื• ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื.
15:52
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
15:54
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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