Stefano Mancuso: The roots of plant intelligence

101,959 views ใƒป 2010-10-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
Sometimes I go browsing
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื™ ืžืขืœืขืœ
00:18
[through] a very old magazine.
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ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื“.
00:20
I found this observation test
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื–ื”
00:23
about the story of the ark.
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ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื™ื‘ืช ื ื•ื—.
00:26
And the artist that drew this observation test
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ื•ื”ืืžืŸ ืฉืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
00:29
did some errors, had some mistakes --
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ืขืฉื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช, ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช.
00:31
there are more or less 12 mistakes.
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ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ 12 ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช.
00:33
Some of them are very easy.
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ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืงืœื•ืช ืžืื“.
00:35
There is a funnel, an aerial part,
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ, ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก,
00:38
a lamp and clockwork key on the ark.
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ืžื ื•ืจื” ื•ืžืคืชื— ืžื›ื ื™ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื”.
00:40
Some of them are about the animals, the number.
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ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืกืคืจ.
00:43
But there is a much more fundamental mistake
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
00:46
in the overall story of the ark
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื”
00:49
that's not reported here.
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ืฉืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื›ืืŸ.
00:51
And this problem is: where are the plants?
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื: ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื?
00:54
So now we have God
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ื
00:56
that is going to submerge Earth permanently
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ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืžื™ื
00:59
or at least for a very long period,
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ืœื ืฆื—, ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžืื“,
01:02
and no one is taking care of plants.
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ื•ืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื•ืื’ ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื.
01:05
Noah needed to take two of every kind of bird,
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ื ื•ื— ืืžื•ืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ,
01:07
of every kind of animal,
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ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื”,
01:09
of every kind of creature that moves,
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ืžื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ืข,
01:11
but no mention about plants.
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ืืš ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื.
01:14
Why?
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ืžื“ื•ืข?
01:16
In another part of the same story,
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
01:18
all the living creatures
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ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
01:20
are just the living creatures
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
01:22
that came out from the ark,
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ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžืŸ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื”,
01:24
so birds, livestock and wild animals.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืง ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ.
01:27
Plants are not living creatures --
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:29
this is the point.
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ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
01:31
That is a point that is not
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื
01:33
coming out from the Bible,
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ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš,
01:35
but it's something that
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ืืœื ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื•
01:37
really accompanied humanity.
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ืฉืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
01:40
Let's have a look at this nice code
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ืื” ื”ื–ื•
01:43
that is coming from a Renaissance book.
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ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืจื ืกื ืก.
01:46
Here we have the description
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจ
01:48
of the order of nature.
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ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
01:50
It's a nice description because it's starting from left --
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ื–ื”ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื™ืคื”, ื›ื™ ืื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืฉืžืืœ-
01:53
you have the stones --
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื--
01:55
immediately after the stones, the plants
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ื•ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื - ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื
01:57
that are just able to live.
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ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืจืง ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
02:00
We have the animals that are able to live and to sense,
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ,
02:03
and on the top of the pyramid,
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ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”,
02:05
there is the man.
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ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื”ืื“ื.
02:07
This is not the common man.
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ื•ืœื ืกืชื ืื“ื,
02:09
The "Homo studiosus" -- the studying man.
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ืืœื "ื”ื•ืžื• ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ืก" - ื”ืื“ื ื”ืœื•ืžื“.
02:12
This is quite comforting
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ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžื ื—ื
02:15
for people like me -- I'm a professor --
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™-- ืื ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ--
02:18
this to be over there on the top of creation.
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ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืคืกื’ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”.
02:21
But it's something completely wrong.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช ื’ืžื•ืจื”.
02:24
You know very well about professors.
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ืืชื ื”ืจื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื.
02:27
But it's also wrong about plants,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื’ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
02:30
because plants are not just able to live;
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ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืจืง ืœื—ื™ื•ืช;
02:32
they are able to sense.
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ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ.
02:34
They are much more sophisticated
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ื”ื ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
02:36
in sensing than animals.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ืฉื” ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:38
Just to give you an example,
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
02:40
every single root apex
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ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ื—ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉ
02:42
is able to detect and to monitor
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืืชืจ ื•ืœื ื˜ืจ
02:45
concurrently and continuously
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ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช
02:47
at least 15 different chemical
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช 15 ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื
02:49
and physical parameters.
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ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:52
And they also are able to show and to exhibit
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ื”ื ื’ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ
02:55
such a wonderful and complex behavior
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ื” ืžื•ืคืœืื” ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
02:58
that can be described just with the term of intelligence.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืืจื” ืจืง ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื•ื ื”.
03:01
Well, but this is something --
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื•--
03:04
this underestimation of plants is something
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ื”ื”ืžืขื˜ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•
03:06
that is always with us.
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ืฉืžืœื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“.
03:09
Let's have a look at this short movie now.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจ ื”ื–ื”.
03:12
We have David Attenborough.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื•.
03:14
Now David Attenborough is really a plant lover;
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ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™.
03:16
he did some of the most beautiful movies
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:19
about plant behavior.
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
03:21
Now, when he speaks about plants,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
03:23
everything is correct.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
03:25
When he speaks about animals,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
03:27
[he] tends to remove the fact
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
03:29
that plants exist.
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ืฉื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
03:31
The blue whale,
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ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
03:33
the biggest creature that exists on the planet --
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ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:35
that is wrong, completely wrong.
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ื–ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช. ื˜ืขื•ืช ื’ืžื•ืจื”.
03:38
The blue whale, it's a dwarf
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ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืžืชื’ืžื“
03:41
if compared with the real biggest creature
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืžืช
03:43
that exists on the planet --
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ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ--
03:45
that is, this wonderful,
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ืฉื”ื•ื, ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื•ืคื™,
03:47
magnificent Sequoiadendron giganteum.
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ื”ืกืงื•ื•ื™ืื“ื ื“ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื’ื ื˜ืื•ื ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘.
03:51
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
03:53
And this is a living organism
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™
03:56
that has a mass of at least 2,000 tons.
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ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 2,000 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช.
03:59
Now, the story
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ื•ื”ืื’ื“ื”,
04:01
that plants are some low-level organisms
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ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื ื—ื•ืชื™ื
04:04
has been formalized
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืชื•ืงืฃ ืจืฉืžื™
04:07
many times ago by Aristotle,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•,
04:10
that in "De Anima" --
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ืฉื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื“ื” ืื ื™ืžื”"--
04:12
that is a very influential book for the Western civilization --
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ืกืคืจ ืจื‘-ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช--
04:15
wrote that the plants are on the edge
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ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ
04:18
between living and not living.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžืชื™ื.
04:21
They have just a kind of very low-level soul.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื–ื• ื ืคืฉ ื ื—ื•ืชื” ืžืื“.
04:24
It's called the vegetative soul,
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ืช",
04:27
because they lack movement,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื ืขื“ืจื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”,
04:30
and so they don't need to sense.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื—ื•ืฉ.
04:32
Let's see.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ื ืจืื”.
04:34
Okay, some of the movements of the plants are very well-known.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
04:37
This is a very fast movement.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืžืื“.
04:39
This is a Dionaea, a Venus fly trap
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ื–ืืช ื“ื™ื•ื ืื”, ืฆืžื— ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื—ืจืงื™ื
04:42
hunting snails --
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ืฉืฆื“ ื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช.
04:44
sorry for the snail.
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ืžืกื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ.
04:46
This has been something that has been refused for centuries,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
04:49
despite the evidence.
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ื—ืจืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช.
04:52
No one can say that the plants were able to eat an animal,
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ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืฆืžื—ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
04:55
because it was against the order of nature.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
04:58
But plants are also able
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื’ื
05:00
to show a lot of movement.
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ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืจื‘ื™ื.
05:03
Some of them are very well known, like the flowering.
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ื—ืœืงื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืจื™ื—ื”.
05:06
It's just a question to use some techniques
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืจืง ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช
05:09
like the time lapse.
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ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงืฆื•ื‘ื™ื.
05:11
Some of them are much more sophisticated.
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ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื•ืช.
05:14
Look at this young bean
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืืคื•ื ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•
05:16
that is moving to catch the light every time.
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ืฉื ืขื” ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
05:19
And it's really so graceful;
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืœื ื—ืŸ.
05:21
it's like a dancing angel.
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ื›ืžื• ืžืœืืš ืžืจืงื“.
05:24
They are also able to play --
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ื”ื ื’ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง.
05:27
they are really playing.
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ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื.
05:29
These are young sunflowers,
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ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื—ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช,
05:32
and what they are doing
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช
05:34
cannot be described
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ
05:36
with any other terms than playing.
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ืืœื ื›ืžืฉื—ืง.
05:38
They are training themselves,
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ื”ืŸ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ,
05:40
as many young animals do,
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ื›ืžื ื”ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช,
05:42
to the adult life
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ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
05:44
where they will be called to track the sun
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ืฉืื– ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
05:47
all the day.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื•.
05:49
They are able to respond to gravity, of course,
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ื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”,
05:52
so the shoots are growing
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื
05:54
against the vector of gravity
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ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”
05:56
and the roots toward the vector of gravity.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื - ืขื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
05:59
But they are also able to sleep.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ.
06:02
This is one, Mimosa pudica.
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ื–ื”ื•ื™ ืžื™ืžื•ื–ื” ืคื•ื“ื™ืงื”.
06:04
So during the night,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
06:06
they curl the leaves
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ื”ืŸ ืžืงืคืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื
06:08
and reduce the movement,
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ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”,
06:10
and during the day, you have the opening of the leaves --
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื, ื ืคืชื—ื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื--
06:12
there is much more movement.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื ื•ืขื”.
06:14
This is interesting
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ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
06:16
because this sleeping machinery,
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ื›ื™ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื”,
06:18
it's perfectly conserved.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
06:20
It's the same in plants, in insects
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื”ื” ืืฆืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื—ืจืงื™ื
06:22
and in animals.
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ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
06:24
And so if you need to study this sleeping problem,
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ืื– ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”,
06:27
it's easy to study on plants, for example,
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ืงืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื–ืืช ืืฆืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ,
06:30
than in animals
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
06:32
and it's much more easy even ethically.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
06:35
It's a kind of vegetarian
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืขื™ืŸ
06:38
experimentation.
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™.
06:40
Plants are even able to communicate --
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ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ.
06:43
they are extraordinary communicators.
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ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื.
06:45
They communicate with other plants.
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ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
06:47
They are able to distinguish kin and non-kin.
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ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื–ืจื™ื.
06:50
They communicate
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ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื
06:52
with plants of other species
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ืขื ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
06:54
and they communicate with animals
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
06:56
by producing chemical volatiles,
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ืข"ื™ ื”ืคืงืช ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื ื“ื™ืคื™ื,
06:59
for example, during the pollination.
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ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืื‘ืงื”.
07:01
Now with the pollination, it's a very serious issue for plants,
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ื”ื”ืื‘ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
07:04
because they move the pollen from one flower to the other,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื‘ืงื” ืžืคืจื— ืœืคืจื—,
07:07
yet they cannot move from one flower to the other.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ืžืคืจื— ืœืคืจื—.
07:09
So they need a vector --
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื’ื•ืจื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ,
07:11
and this vector,
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ื•ื’ื•ืจื ื–ื”,
07:13
it's normally an animal.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“"ื› ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
07:15
Many insects
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ื—ืจืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
07:17
have been used by plants as vectors
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ื ื•ืฆืœื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื
07:20
for the transport of the pollination,
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ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืื‘ืงื”,
07:22
but not just insects; even birds, reptiles,
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ืืš ืœื ืจืง ื—ืจืงื™ื; ื’ื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื,
07:25
and mammals like bats rats
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ื•ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื ื•ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื
07:28
are normally used for the transportation of the pollen.
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ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“"ื› ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืื‘ืงื”.
07:31
This is a serious business.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืกืง ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
07:33
We have the plants that are giving to the animals
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ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
07:36
a kind of sweet substance --
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ืžืขื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืชืงืชืง--
07:39
very energizing --
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ืžืžืจื™ืฅ ืžืื“--
07:41
having in change this transportation of the pollen.
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ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืืช ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ืื‘ืงื”.
07:44
But some plants are manipulating animals,
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ืืš ื™ืฉ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉืžืจืžื™ื ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
07:47
like in the case of orchids
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื.
07:49
that promise sex and nectar
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ื”ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืกืงืก ื•ืฆื•ืฃ
07:51
and give in change nothing
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ื•ืื™ื ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”
07:53
for the transportation of the pollen.
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ืœื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ืื‘ืงื”.
07:56
Now, there is a big problem
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ืžืกืชืชืจืช ืื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
07:59
behind all this behavior that we have seen.
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจืื™ื ื•.
08:02
How is it possible to do this without a brain?
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœืœื ืžื•ื—?
08:05
We need to wait until 1880,
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื“ 1880,
08:08
when this big man,
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ื›ืฉื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื“ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
08:10
Charles Darwin,
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ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
08:12
publishes a wonderful, astonishing book
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ืคื™ืจืกื ืกืคืจ ื ืคืœื ื•ืžื“ื”ื™ื
08:15
that starts a revolution.
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ืฉื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื”.
08:18
The title is "The Power of Movement in Plants."
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ื›ื•ืชืจืชื• ื”ื™ื "ื›ื•ื— ืชื ื•ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื."
08:21
No one was allowed to speak about movement in plants
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ืืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืืฆืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื
08:23
before Charles Darwin.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
08:25
In his book,
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ื‘ืกืคืจื•,
08:27
assisted by his son, Francis --
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื‘ื ื•, ืคืจื ืกื™ืก--
08:29
who was the first professor of plant physiology in the world, in Cambridge --
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ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—, ื‘ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'--
08:32
they took into consideration every single movement
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ื”ื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืชื ื•ืขื”
08:35
for 500 pages.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ 500 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื.
08:37
And in the last paragraph of the book,
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ื•ื‘ืคื™ืกืงื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ,
08:40
it's a kind of stylistic mark,
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ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื” ืกื’ื ื•ื ื™ืช,
08:42
because normally Charles Darwin stored,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื“"ื› ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืชื™ืจ,
08:45
in the last paragraph of a book,
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ื‘ืคื™ืกืงื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื•,
08:47
the most important message.
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ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:49
He wrote that,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘,
08:51
"It's hardly an exaggeration
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"ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื’ื–ืžื”
08:53
to say that the tip of the radical
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ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืงืฆื”ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉ
08:56
acts like the brain
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ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ืžื•ื—
08:58
of one of the lower animals."
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ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืชื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ."
09:00
This is not a metaphor.
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ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื™ืžื•ื™.
09:02
He wrote some very interesting letters to one of his friends
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืžื” ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืื“ ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื•
09:05
who was J.D. Hooker, or at that time, president of the Royal Society,
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ื’' ื“' ื”ื•ืงืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช,
09:09
so the maximum scientific authority in Britain
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ื•ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
09:12
speaking about the brain in the plants.
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ื•ื“ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืฆืžื—ื™.
09:15
Now, this is a root apex
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ื–ืืช ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉ
09:17
growing against a slope.
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ืฉืฆื•ืžื—ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ.
09:19
So you can recognize this kind of movement,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื–ื”
09:22
the same movement that worms, snakes
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ืื•ืชื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื•ื ื—ืฉื™ื
09:25
and every animal
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ื•ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช
09:27
that are moving on the ground without legs
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ืฉื ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœืœื ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื
09:30
is able to display.
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ.
09:32
And it's not an easy movement
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืชื ื•ืขื” ืงืœื”,
09:34
because, to have this kind of movement,
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ื›ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ื–ื•,
09:37
you need to move different regions of the root
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื ื™ืข ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ
09:40
and to synchronize these different regions
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ื•ืœืชืื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”
09:42
without having a brain.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื—.
09:44
So we studied the root apex
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ื—ืงืจื ื• ืืช ืฉืœื•ื—ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ,
09:47
and we found that there is a specific region
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื
09:49
that is here, depicted in blue --
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ, ื•ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ--
09:52
that is called the "transition zone."
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื›ื ื” ื–ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
09:54
And this region, it's a very small region --
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ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:57
it's less than one millimeter.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“.
10:00
And in this small region
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ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื–ื”
10:02
you have the highest consumption
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ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:04
of oxygen in the plants
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ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืืฆืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
10:06
and more important,
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:08
you have these kinds of signals here.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•ืช.
10:10
The signals that you are seeing here are action potential,
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ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”,
10:13
are the same signals
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ื•ื”ื ืื•ืชื ืื•ืชื•ืช
10:15
that the neurons of my brain, of our brain,
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ืฉื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ื™, ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•,
10:18
use to exchange information.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข.
10:21
Now we know that a root apex
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื™ ืฉืฉืœื•ื—ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉ
10:24
has just a few hundred cells
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ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืชืื™ื
10:26
that show this kind of feature,
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ืฉืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื–ื•,
10:28
but we know how big
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื’ื•ื“ืœื”
10:30
the root apparatus of a small plant, like a plant of rye.
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ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื—ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื— ืงื˜ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืŸ.
10:33
We have almost
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜
10:35
14 million roots.
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14 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื.
10:37
We have 11 and a half million
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 11.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
10:40
root apex
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ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉ
10:42
and a total length of 600 or more kilometers
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ื•ืื•ืจืš ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ 600 ื•ืžืขืœื” ืง"ืž.
10:45
and a very high surface area.
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ื•ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื“.
10:47
Now let's imagine
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ื›ืขืช, ื”ื‘ื” ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
10:49
that each single root apex
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ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ื—ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉ
10:51
is working in network with all the others.
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ืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืจืฉืช, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช
10:54
Here were have on the left, the Internet
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
10:57
and on the right, the root apparatus.
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ื•ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ.
11:00
They work in the same way.
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื”ื”.
11:02
They are a network
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ื”ื ืจืฉืช
11:04
of small computing machines,
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ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
11:06
working in networks.
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ืฉืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืจื•ืฉืชืช.
11:08
And why are they so similar?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืŸ ื›ื” ื“ื•ืžื•ืช?
11:10
Because they evolved
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ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•
11:12
for the same reason:
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ืžืื•ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื”:
11:14
to survive predation.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื.
11:17
They work in the same way.
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ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื”ื”.
11:19
So you can remove 90 percent of the root apparatus
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ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกืœืง 90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ
11:22
and the plants [continue] to work.
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ื•ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืชืคืงื“.
11:24
You can remove 90 percent of the Internet
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกืœืง 90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
11:27
and it is [continuing] to work.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืคืงื“.
11:30
So, a suggestion
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืฆืขื”
11:32
for the people working with networks:
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ืจืฉืชื•ืช:
11:35
plants are able
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ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
11:38
to give you good suggestions
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ืœืกืคืง ืœื›ื ืขืฆื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
11:40
about how to evolve networks.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืคืชื— ืจืฉืชื•ืช.
11:43
And another possibility
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช
11:46
is a technological possibility.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
11:49
Let's imagine
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชืืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ื•
11:51
that we can build robots
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ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื,
11:53
and robots that are inspired by plants.
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ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
11:56
Until now,
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ืขื“ ื›ื”,
11:58
the man was inspired
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ื”ืื“ื ืœืงื— ื”ืฉืจืื”
12:01
just by man or the animals
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ืจืง ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
12:03
in producing a robot.
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ื›ืฉื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื.
12:05
We have the animaloid --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื—ื™ื”--
12:08
and the normal robots inspired by animals,
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ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
12:10
insectoid, so on.
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ืืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื”ื—ืจืง ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”,
12:12
We have the androids
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื ื“ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื
12:14
that are inspired by man.
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ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืื“ื.
12:17
But why have we not any plantoid?
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ืืš ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื?
12:20
Well, if you want to fly,
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ืื– ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื•ืฃ,
12:22
it's good that you look at birds --
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
12:24
to be inspired by birds.
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื”.
12:26
But if you want to explore soils,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืื“ืžื”,
12:29
or if you want to colonize
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ืื• ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘
12:32
new territory,
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ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
12:34
to best thing that you can do is to be inspired by plants
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ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืฆืžื—ื™ื
12:37
that are masters in doing this.
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ืฉืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš.
12:40
We have another possibility
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช
12:42
we are working [on] in our lab,
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ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
12:44
[which] is to build hybrids.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื,
12:46
It's much more easy to build hybrids.
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ืงืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื.
12:49
Hybrid means it's something
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ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื•
12:51
that's half living and half machine.
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ืฉื—ืฆื™ื• ื—ื™ ื•ื—ืฆื™ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื”.
12:54
It's much more easy to work with plants
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ืงืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืฆืžื—ื™ื
12:56
than with animals.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
12:58
They have computing power,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื•ื— ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘.
13:00
they have electrical signals.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื.
13:02
The connection with the machine is much more easy,
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ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜,
13:05
much more even ethically possible.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
13:10
And these are three possibilities
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ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช
13:12
that we are working on
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ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ
13:15
to build hybrids,
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ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื,
13:17
driven by algae
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ื”ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืฆื•ืช
13:19
or by the leaves at the end,
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ืื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืขืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช,
13:22
by the most, most powerful parts of the plants,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—,
13:24
by the roots.
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ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื.
13:26
Well, thank you for your attention.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื.
13:28
And before I finish,
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ื•ื‘ื˜ืจื ืืกื™ื™ื,
13:31
I would like to reassure that no snails were harmed
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื ืฉืืฃ ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ ืœื ื ืคื’ืข
13:34
in making this presentation.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ื”ื–ื•.
13:36
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
13:38
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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