Stefano Mancuso: The roots of plant intelligence

103,211 views ใƒป 2010-10-12

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Youngsik Oh ๊ฒ€ํ† : Sang-yup Lee
00:15
Sometimes I go browsing
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ
00:18
[through] a very old magazine.
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์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์žก์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ณค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
I found this observation test
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ
00:23
about the story of the ark.
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๋ฐฉ์ฃผ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
And the artist that drew this observation test
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ํ™”๊ฐ€๋Š”
00:29
did some errors, had some mistakes --
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์™€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
there are more or less 12 mistakes.
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—๋Š” 12๊ฐœ ์ •๋„์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
Some of them are very easy.
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๊ทธ์ค‘ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์•„์ฃผ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
There is a funnel, an aerial part,
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๋ฐฉ์ฃผ์—๋Š” ๊ตด๋š, ์ง€์ƒ๋ถ€,
00:38
a lamp and clockwork key on the ark.
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๋žจํ”„์™€ ํƒœ์—ฝ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
Some of them are about the animals, the number.
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์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘ ๋ช‡๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ˆซ์ž์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
00:43
But there is a much more fundamental mistake
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐฉ์ฃผ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์ „์ฒด์—๋Š”
00:46
in the overall story of the ark
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€
00:49
that's not reported here.
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๋”์šฑ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
And this problem is: where are the plants?
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹๋ฌผ์€ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
00:54
So now we have God
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ
00:56
that is going to submerge Earth permanently
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ํ˜น์€ ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ
00:59
or at least for a very long period,
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰ํž ์‹ ์€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
01:02
and no one is taking care of plants.
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์‹๋ฌผ์„ ๋Œ๋ณผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
Noah needed to take two of every kind of bird,
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๋…ธ์•„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜
01:07
of every kind of animal,
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์ƒˆ, ๋™๋ฌผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„
01:09
of every kind of creature that moves,
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ํ•œ ์Œ์”ฉ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
01:11
but no mention about plants.
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์‹๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
Why?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
01:16
In another part of the same story,
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์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
01:18
all the living creatures
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€
01:20
are just the living creatures
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์ƒˆ, ๊ฐ€์ถ•, ๋ฐฑ์ƒ‰๋™๋ฌผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
01:22
that came out from the ark,
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๋ฐฉ์ฃผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์˜จ
01:24
so birds, livestock and wild animals.
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์ƒ๋ฌผ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
Plants are not living creatures --
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์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
this is the point.
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์ด ์ ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:31
That is a point that is not
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ
01:33
coming out from the Bible,
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์„ฑ๊ฒฝ์— ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
01:35
but it's something that
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ
01:37
really accompanied humanity.
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๋™๋ฐ˜๋˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
Let's have a look at this nice code
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์ฑ…์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ทŒํ•œ
01:43
that is coming from a Renaissance book.
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๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:46
Here we have the description
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
01:48
of the order of nature.
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๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
It's a nice description because it's starting from left --
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๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ์ฃ . ์™ผ์ชฝ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
01:53
you have the stones --
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๋Œ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
01:55
immediately after the stones, the plants
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๋Œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๊ทธ์ € ์‚ด์•„์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜
01:57
that are just able to live.
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์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
We have the animals that are able to live and to sense,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์ƒ์กด๊ณผ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
02:03
and on the top of the pyramid,
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ํ”ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ์˜ ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
02:05
there is the man.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
This is not the common man.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
The "Homo studiosus" -- the studying man.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์Šคํˆฌ๋””์˜ค์ˆ˜์Šค - ์ฆ‰ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
This is quite comforting
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ €๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ - ๊ต์ˆ˜ - ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
02:15
for people like me -- I'm a professor --
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๊ฝค ๊ฒฉ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
this to be over there on the top of creation.
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๋งŒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:21
But it's something completely wrong.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
You know very well about professors.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ต์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
02:27
But it's also wrong about plants,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‹๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ํ‹€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
because plants are not just able to live;
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹๋ฌผ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ƒ์กด๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
they are able to sense.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
They are much more sophisticated
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ๋•Œ
02:36
in sensing than animals.
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๋™๋ฌผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ์ •๊ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
Just to give you an example,
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๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ž๋ฉด,
02:40
every single root apex
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋์€
02:42
is able to detect and to monitor
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 15๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ,
02:45
concurrently and continuously
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ
02:47
at least 15 different chemical
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๋™์‹œ์—, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ
02:49
and physical parameters.
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์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
And they also are able to show and to exhibit
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ง€์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ๋ฐ–์—
02:55
such a wonderful and complex behavior
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์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ
02:58
that can be described just with the term of intelligence.
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ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
Well, but this is something --
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ํ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฑด...
03:04
this underestimation of plants is something
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜
03:06
that is always with us.
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์‹๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณผ์†Œํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
Let's have a look at this short movie now.
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์งง์€ ์˜์ƒ์„ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:12
We have David Attenborough.
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ์–ดํ…๋ณด๋กœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
Now David Attenborough is really a plant lover;
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๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ์–ดํ…๋ณด๋กœ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:16
he did some of the most beautiful movies
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
03:19
about plant behavior.
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๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์˜์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
Now, when he speaks about plants,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‹๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š”
03:23
everything is correct.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ณ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
When he speaks about animals,
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
03:27
[he] tends to remove the fact
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์‹๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
03:29
that plants exist.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‹€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
The blue whale,
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๋Œ€์™•๊ณ ๋ž˜!
03:33
the biggest creature that exists on the planet --
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด์ฃ .
03:35
that is wrong, completely wrong.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:38
The blue whale, it's a dwarf
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์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”
03:41
if compared with the real biggest creature
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์ •๋ง ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:43
that exists on the planet --
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๋Œ€์™•๊ณ ๋ž˜๋Š” ๋‚œ์Ÿ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
that is, this wonderful,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฐ”๋กœ, ์ •๋ง ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ณ 
03:47
magnificent Sequoiadendron giganteum.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์ด์–ธํŠธ ์„ธ์ฟผ์ด์•„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
03:53
And this is a living organism
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ตœ์†Œ 2000ํ†ค์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„
03:56
that has a mass of at least 2,000 tons.
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
Now, the story
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์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „์—
04:01
that plants are some low-level organisms
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์„œ์–‘ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์นœ
04:04
has been formalized
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์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ "De Anima"๋Š”
04:07
many times ago by Aristotle,
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์‹๋ฌผ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜
04:10
that in "De Anima" --
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๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
04:12
that is a very influential book for the Western civilization --
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์‹๋ฌผ์€ ํ•˜๋“ฑํ•œ
04:15
wrote that the plants are on the edge
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์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„
04:18
between living and not living.
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๊ณต์‹ํ™” ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
They have just a kind of very low-level soul.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์˜ํ˜ผ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์„ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
It's called the vegetative soul,
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์ด๋Š” "์ƒ์žฅํ˜ผ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ,
04:27
because they lack movement,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
04:30
and so they don't need to sense.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Š๋‚„ ํ•„์š”๋„ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
Let's see.
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
04:34
Okay, some of the movements of the plants are very well-known.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:37
This is a very fast movement.
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์ด๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
This is a Dionaea, a Venus fly trap
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ Deonar์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜๋œ
04:42
hunting snails --
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๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€์˜ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
sorry for the snail.
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๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์œ ๊ฐ์ด๋„ค์š”.
04:46
This has been something that has been refused for centuries,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
04:49
despite the evidence.
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์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
No one can say that the plants were able to eat an animal,
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๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
because it was against the order of nature.
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์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์„ญ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์Šค๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
04:58
But plants are also able
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹๋ฌผ์€
05:00
to show a lot of movement.
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๋งŽ์€ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
Some of them are very well known, like the flowering.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœํ™”์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:06
It's just a question to use some techniques
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ—์ดฌ์˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด
05:09
like the time lapse.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
Some of them are much more sophisticated.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ค‘ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ๋”์šฑ ์„ธ๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
Look at this young bean
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์ด ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์ฝฉ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
05:16
that is moving to catch the light every time.
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๋น›์„ ์žก๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ„์† ์›€์ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
And it's really so graceful;
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ์šฐ์•„ํ•˜์ฃ .
05:21
it's like a dancing angel.
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์ถค์ถ”๋Š” ์ฒœ์‚ฌ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
They are also able to play --
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋†€ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
they are really playing.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋†‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
These are young sunflowers,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ํ•ด๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ธฐ์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
05:32
and what they are doing
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
05:34
cannot be described
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๋…ผ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด ์™ธ์—๋Š”
05:36
with any other terms than playing.
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๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
They are training themselves,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์ข…์ผ
05:40
as many young animals do,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
05:42
to the adult life
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ํƒœ์–‘์„ ์ซ“์•„ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
05:44
where they will be called to track the sun
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์–ด๋ฅธ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
05:47
all the day.
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ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
They are able to respond to gravity, of course,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ค‘๋ ฅ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
so the shoots are growing
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์ค‘๋ ฅ์˜ ํž˜์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
05:54
against the vector of gravity
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์‹น์ด ์ž๋ผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:56
and the roots toward the vector of gravity.
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๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ค‘๋ ฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
But they are also able to sleep.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž ์„ ์ž˜ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
This is one, Mimosa pudica.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ชจ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
So during the night,
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๋ฐค๋™์•ˆ,
06:06
they curl the leaves
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์žŽ์„ ๋ง๊ณ 
06:08
and reduce the movement,
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์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์ค„์ด๋ฉฐ,
06:10
and during the day, you have the opening of the leaves --
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๋‚ฎ์—๋Š” ์žŽ์„ ํŽด๊ณ 
06:12
there is much more movement.
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๋”์šฑ ๋งŽ์€ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
This is interesting
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์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์ฃ .
06:16
because this sleeping machinery,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€
06:18
it's perfectly conserved.
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
It's the same in plants, in insects
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹๋ฌผ, ๊ณค์ถฉ
06:22
and in animals.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋™๋ฌผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
And so if you need to study this sleeping problem,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
06:27
it's easy to study on plants, for example,
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์‹๋ฌผ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋” ์‰ฌ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:30
than in animals
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
06:32
and it's much more easy even ethically.
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์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋”์šฑ ์‰ฝ์ฃ .
06:35
It's a kind of vegetarian
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜
06:38
experimentation.
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์ฑ„์‹์ฃผ์˜์ž ์‹คํ—˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
Plants are even able to communicate --
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์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
they are extraordinary communicators.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์ž๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
They communicate with other plants.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
They are able to distinguish kin and non-kin.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์นœ์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
They communicate
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‹๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋“ค๊ณผ
06:52
with plants of other species
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์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
06:54
and they communicate with animals
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ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
06:56
by producing chemical volatiles,
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ๋„ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
for example, during the pollination.
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์ˆ˜๋ถ„(ๅ—็ฒ‰) ์ž‘์šฉ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:01
Now with the pollination, it's a very serious issue for plants,
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์ˆ˜๋ถ„์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
because they move the pollen from one flower to the other,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฝƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ,
07:07
yet they cannot move from one flower to the other.
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๊ฝƒ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
07:09
So they need a vector --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งค๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
and this vector,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋งค๊ฐœ์ฒด๋Š”,
07:13
it's normally an animal.
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๋ณดํ†ต์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
Many insects
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค์ด
07:17
have been used by plants as vectors
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์ˆ˜๋ถ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
07:20
for the transport of the pollination,
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๋งค๊ฐœ์ฒด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
but not just insects; even birds, reptiles,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณค์ถฉ๋ฟ๋งŒ ๋งค๊ฐœ์ฒด ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
and mammals like bats rats
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์ƒˆ, ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฅ์™€ ๋ฐ•์ฅ๊ฐ™์€ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋˜ํ•œ
07:28
are normally used for the transportation of the pollen.
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ํ™”๋ถ„์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
This is a serious business.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
We have the plants that are giving to the animals
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์‹๋ฌผ์€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
07:36
a kind of sweet substance --
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ํ™”๋ถ„ ์ˆ˜์†ก์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ
07:39
very energizing --
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๋‹ฌ๊ณ  ํ™œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹์•„์ฃผ๋Š”
07:41
having in change this transportation of the pollen.
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๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
But some plants are manipulating animals,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‹๋ฌผ์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
like in the case of orchids
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๋‚œ๊ณผ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:49
that promise sex and nectar
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์„น์Šค์™€ ๊ฟ€์„ ์•ฝ์†ํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š”
07:51
and give in change nothing
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์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:53
for the transportation of the pollen.
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์ˆ˜๋ถ„์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ์š”.
07:56
Now, there is a big problem
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์•„์˜จ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰๋™๋“ค์—๋Š”
07:59
behind all this behavior that we have seen.
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ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
How is it possible to do this without a brain?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰๋™๋“ค์„ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋„ ์—†์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:05
We need to wait until 1880,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ„์ธ์ธ
08:08
when this big man,
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์ฐฐ์Šค ๋‹ค์œˆ์ด ์“ด
08:10
Charles Darwin,
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์•„์ฃผ ๋†€๋ž๊ณ  ๋ฉ‹์ง„
08:12
publishes a wonderful, astonishing book
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ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ด ์ถœํŒ๋œ
08:15
that starts a revolution.
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1880๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
The title is "The Power of Movement in Plants."
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์ œ๋ชฉ์€ "์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ํž˜"์ด์ฃ .
08:21
No one was allowed to speak about movement in plants
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์ฐฐ์Šค ๋‹ค์œˆ ์ด์ „์—๋Š”
08:23
before Charles Darwin.
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๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ํ—ˆ๋ฝ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
In his book,
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ฑ…์€
08:27
assisted by his son, Francis --
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๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ธ ํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
08:29
who was the first professor of plant physiology in the world, in Cambridge --
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- ํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค๋Š” ์บ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ฒซ ์‹๋ฌผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค -
08:32
they took into consideration every single movement
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์ด ์ฑ…์—๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์ด
08:35
for 500 pages.
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500ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ ํ˜€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
And in the last paragraph of the book,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฌธ๋‹จ์—๋Š”,
08:40
it's a kind of stylistic mark,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋‹ค์œˆ์ด ๋„ฃ๋Š”
08:42
because normally Charles Darwin stored,
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ฌธ์ฒด ํŠน์ง•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
in the last paragraph of a book,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฌธ๋‹จ์—๋Š”,
08:47
the most important message.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
He wrote that,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ ์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€,
08:51
"It's hardly an exaggeration
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"์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
08:53
to say that the tip of the radical
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ํ•˜๋“ฑ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
08:56
acts like the brain
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ํ–‰๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
08:58
of one of the lower animals."
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๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๊ณผ์žฅ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
09:00
This is not a metaphor.
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์ด๋Š” ๋น„์œ ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
He wrote some very interesting letters to one of his friends
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
09:05
who was J.D. Hooker, or at that time, president of the Royal Society,
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๋‹น์‹œ ์™•๋ฆฝ ํ˜‘ํšŒ์˜ ํšŒ์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
09:09
so the maximum scientific authority in Britain
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์˜๊ตญ ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๊ถŒ์œ„์ž์ธ J.D. ํ›„ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์“ด ํŽธ์ง€์—๋Š”
09:12
speaking about the brain in the plants.
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์‹๋ฌผ์— ๋‡Œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
Now, this is a root apex
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์ž, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์— ๋ถ™์–ด
09:17
growing against a slope.
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์ž๋ผ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
So you can recognize this kind of movement,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
09:22
the same movement that worms, snakes
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๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์—†์ด ์›€์ง์ด๋Š”
09:25
and every animal
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๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฑ€,
09:27
that are moving on the ground without legs
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ํ˜น์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
09:30
is able to display.
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๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
And it's not an easy movement
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์ด๊ฑด ์‰ฌ์šด ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
because, to have this kind of movement,
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
09:37
you need to move different regions of the root
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๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์›€์ง์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
09:40
and to synchronize these different regions
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์›€์ง์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
without having a brain.
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๋‡Œ ์—†์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:44
So we studied the root apex
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
09:47
and we found that there is a specific region
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
that is here, depicted in blue --
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
09:52
that is called the "transition zone."
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ดํ–‰ ๋ถ€๋ถ„(transition zone)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…์‹œ๋‹ค.
09:54
And this region, it's a very small region --
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์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
it's less than one millimeter.
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1๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ํฌ๊ธฐ์ฃ .
10:00
And in this small region
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ
10:02
you have the highest consumption
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์ด ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ
10:04
of oxygen in the plants
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์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
and more important,
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๋”์šฑ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€,
10:08
you have these kinds of signals here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
The signals that you are seeing here are action potential,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ค์€ ํ–‰๋™ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
10:13
are the same signals
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ค์€
10:15
that the neurons of my brain, of our brain,
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์ œ ๋‘๋‡Œ์™€, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์ด
10:18
use to exchange information.
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
Now we know that a root apex
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๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋์€
10:24
has just a few hundred cells
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”
10:26
that show this kind of feature,
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๋ช‡๋ฐฑ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:28
but we know how big
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ๋๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
10:30
the root apparatus of a small plant, like a plant of rye.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํฐ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ๋ฐ€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:33
We have almost
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜
10:35
14 million roots.
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1400๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
We have 11 and a half million
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1150๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜
10:40
root apex
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๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ๋๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:42
and a total length of 600 or more kilometers
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์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋”ํ•˜๋ฉด 600ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
and a very high surface area.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ฉด์ ์„ ๋’ค๋ฎ์ฃ .
10:47
Now let's imagine
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
10:49
that each single root apex
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ๋๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
10:51
is working in network with all the others.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
Here were have on the left, the Internet
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์™ผ์ชฝํŽธ์— ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
and on the right, the root apparatus.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ฅธํŽธ์— ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:00
They work in the same way.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
They are a network
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์ž‘์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜
11:04
of small computing machines,
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๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
working in networks.
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๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
11:08
And why are they so similar?
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์™œ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋น„์Šทํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
11:10
Because they evolved
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋“ค์€
11:12
for the same reason:
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๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
to survive predation.
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ํฌ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
11:17
They work in the same way.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
So you can remove 90 percent of the root apparatus
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 90%์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ์กฐ์ง์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด๋„
11:22
and the plants [continue] to work.
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์‹๋ฌผ์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
11:24
You can remove 90 percent of the Internet
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90%์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด๋„
11:27
and it is [continuing] to work.
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๊ณ„์† ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
11:30
So, a suggestion
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
11:32
for the people working with networks:
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์ œ์•ˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
plants are able
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์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ
11:38
to give you good suggestions
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”๋œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
11:40
about how to evolve networks.
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์ข‹์€ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
And another possibility
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๋˜, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€
11:46
is a technological possibility.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
Let's imagine
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
11:51
that we can build robots
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
and robots that are inspired by plants.
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์‹๋ฌผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์–ป์€ ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด์ฃ .
11:56
Until now,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”,
11:58
the man was inspired
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ
12:01
just by man or the animals
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ํ˜น์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋งŒ
12:03
in producing a robot.
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์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
We have the animaloid --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ(animal)์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์€
12:08
and the normal robots inspired by animals,
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animaloid๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
12:10
insectoid, so on.
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insectoid ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
We have the androids
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์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์€
12:14
that are inspired by man.
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android ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:17
But why have we not any plantoid?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์™œ plantoid๋Š” ์—†์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:20
Well, if you want to fly,
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ํ , ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‚ ๊ธฐ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:22
it's good that you look at birds --
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์ƒˆ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„
12:24
to be inspired by birds.
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์ƒˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:26
But if you want to explore soils,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ† ์–‘์„ ํƒ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
12:29
or if you want to colonize
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ํ˜น์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ
12:32
new territory,
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์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
12:34
to best thing that you can do is to be inspired by plants
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ตœ๊ณ ์ธ
12:37
that are masters in doing this.
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์‹๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์„๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:40
We have another possibility
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์ผํ• ๋•Œ๋„
12:42
we are working [on] in our lab,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
[which] is to build hybrids.
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ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋•Œ์ด์ฃ .
12:46
It's much more easy to build hybrids.
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ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ๋”์šฑ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
Hybrid means it's something
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ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€,
12:51
that's half living and half machine.
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๋ฐ˜์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
It's much more easy to work with plants
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๋™๋ฌผ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด
12:56
than with animals.
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๋”์šฑ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:58
They have computing power,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
they have electrical signals.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
13:02
The connection with the machine is much more easy,
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์€ ๋”์šฑ ์‰ฝ๊ณ ,
13:05
much more even ethically possible.
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์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:10
And these are three possibilities
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ
13:12
that we are working on
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์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ
13:15
to build hybrids,
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๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
driven by algae
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ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
13:19
or by the leaves at the end,
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์žŽ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
13:22
by the most, most powerful parts of the plants,
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๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ
13:24
by the roots.
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๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:26
Well, thank you for your attention.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
And before I finish,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์ „์—,
13:31
I would like to reassure that no snails were harmed
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์ด ํ”„๋ฆฌ์  ํ…Œ์ด์…˜์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๋„
13:34
in making this presentation.
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ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Œ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:38
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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