Stefano Mancuso: The roots of plant intelligence

101,229 views ・ 2010-10-12

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譯者: Lin Su-Wei(林書暐) 審譯者: Joyce Chou
00:15
Sometimes I go browsing
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有次我瀏覽
00:18
[through] a very old magazine.
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一本非常老舊的雜誌。
00:20
I found this observation test
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裡面有一個觀察試驗
00:23
about the story of the ark.
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是關於諾亞方舟的故事。
00:26
And the artist that drew this observation test
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這位作者畫下此實驗的過程
00:29
did some errors, had some mistakes --
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而這其中出現了幾個錯誤。
00:31
there are more or less 12 mistakes.
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這裡至少出現了12處的錯誤。
00:33
Some of them are very easy.
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有些錯誤非常明顯。
00:35
There is a funnel, an aerial part,
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船上有個煙囪,就是這像天線的部分,
00:38
a lamp and clockwork key on the ark.
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還有個照明燈和發條。
00:40
Some of them are about the animals, the number.
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還有些錯誤是在動物身上。
00:43
But there is a much more fundamental mistake
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這些都是整個方舟故事裡面
00:46
in the overall story of the ark
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最常出現的基本錯誤,
00:49
that's not reported here.
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我們不再多做說明。
00:51
And this problem is: where are the plants?
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問題來了:怎麼都沒看到植物?
00:54
So now we have God
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現在我們的上帝
00:56
that is going to submerge Earth permanently
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將要永久性的把地球淹沒,
00:59
or at least for a very long period,
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或說至少會淹沒很長的時間,
01:02
and no one is taking care of plants.
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結果根本沒人關心植物。
01:05
Noah needed to take two of every kind of bird,
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諾亞需要照顧任何成對的鳥類,
01:07
of every kind of animal,
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任何成對的動物,
01:09
of every kind of creature that moves,
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任何能"行走移動"的成對生物,
01:11
but no mention about plants.
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但是根本沒關心到植物。
01:14
Why?
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為什麼會這樣?
01:16
In another part of the same story,
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這個故事的另一部分是說,
01:18
all the living creatures
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當今所有生物,
01:20
are just the living creatures
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都是當時方舟
01:22
that came out from the ark,
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所保護生存下來的種類,
01:24
so birds, livestock and wild animals.
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像是鳥、家畜、和各種野生動物。
01:27
Plants are not living creatures --
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植物不規類在生物的範圍裡。
01:29
this is the point.
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重點就在這裡。
01:31
That is a point that is not
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這就是聖經裡面
01:33
coming out from the Bible,
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沒有點到的地方,
01:35
but it's something that
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因為聖經所說的內容
01:37
really accompanied humanity.
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總是與人比較有關。
01:40
Let's have a look at this nice code
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讓我們來看看另一個很棒的編碼圖
01:43
that is coming from a Renaissance book.
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這來自文藝復興時期的一本書。
01:46
Here we have the description
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這張圖是在描述
01:48
of the order of nature.
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自然界的規律。
01:50
It's a nice description because it's starting from left --
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這張圖美妙的地方在於,先從左手邊看起,
01:53
you have the stones --
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世界先從石頭開始,
01:55
immediately after the stones, the plants
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比石頭高階的是
01:57
that are just able to live.
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能夠生長的植物。
02:00
We have the animals that are able to live and to sense,
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再更高階的是能生長而且有知覺的各種動物,
02:03
and on the top of the pyramid,
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在這金字塔的頂端,
02:05
there is the man.
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就是我們人類。
02:07
This is not the common man.
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這可不是一般人。
02:09
The "Homo studiosus" -- the studying man.
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這是"會聆聽的智人",一種會學習的人。
02:12
This is quite comforting
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這對於跟我一樣的人來說
02:15
for people like me -- I'm a professor --
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會感到挺欣慰的,因為我是個教授,
02:18
this to be over there on the top of creation.
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我們自然而然就在這個頂端。
02:21
But it's something completely wrong.
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但是這種概念是完全錯誤的。
02:24
You know very well about professors.
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大家都知道教授不是這樣高高在上的。
02:27
But it's also wrong about plants,
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這其中對植物的概念也是錯誤的,
02:30
because plants are not just able to live;
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因為植物不僅僅只是會生長而已,
02:32
they are able to sense.
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它們也是有知覺的。
02:34
They are much more sophisticated
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他們能感受到的知覺
02:36
in sensing than animals.
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甚至比動物還要更多。
02:38
Just to give you an example,
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讓我舉個例子,
02:40
every single root apex
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每一個植物根尖(root apex)
02:42
is able to detect and to monitor
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能夠同時且持續地
02:45
concurrently and continuously
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偵測與監控
02:47
at least 15 different chemical
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至少15種不同的
02:49
and physical parameters.
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化學和物理現象。
02:52
And they also are able to show and to exhibit
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它們也能展現
02:55
such a wonderful and complex behavior
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一種美妙且複雜的行為
02:58
that can be described just with the term of intelligence.
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這種行為能夠被我們用"智慧"來形容。
03:01
Well, but this is something --
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這些行為,
03:04
this underestimation of plants is something
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這些被忽視的植物所表現的行為,
03:06
that is always with us.
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其實都一直在我們眼前展現。
03:09
Let's have a look at this short movie now.
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讓我們先來看一部短片。
03:12
We have David Attenborough.
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這位是大衛・艾登堡(David Attenborough)。
03:14
Now David Attenborough is really a plant lover;
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大衛・艾登堡是位喜好植物的人。
03:16
he did some of the most beautiful movies
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他拍攝了許多
03:19
about plant behavior.
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有關植物行為的影片。
03:21
Now, when he speaks about plants,
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他針對植物所作的介紹,
03:23
everything is correct.
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大致上都是正確的。
03:25
When he speaks about animals,
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當他介紹到動物的時候,
03:27
[he] tends to remove the fact
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他會把植物的存在
03:29
that plants exist.
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給遺忘掉。
03:31
The blue whale,
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他說藍鯨,
03:33
the biggest creature that exists on the planet --
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是當今地球上最龐大的生物。
03:35
that is wrong, completely wrong.
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這是錯的,大錯特錯。
03:38
The blue whale, it's a dwarf
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藍鯨,實際上是個小矮人,
03:41
if compared with the real biggest creature
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如果牠真的和地球上
03:43
that exists on the planet --
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當今最大的生物來做比較的話,
03:45
that is, this wonderful,
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就是這個,令人驚嘆的生物,
03:47
magnificent Sequoiadendron giganteum.
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雄偉的世界爺(又名巨杉,Sequoiadendron giganteum)。
03:51
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
03:53
And this is a living organism
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這是個活生生的有機體
03:56
that has a mass of at least 2,000 tons.
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重量至少2000頓。
03:59
Now, the story
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植物
04:01
that plants are some low-level organisms
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是低等有機體的這件事
04:04
has been formalized
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已經被亞里斯多德
04:07
many times ago by Aristotle,
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傳頌了很長一段時間,
04:10
that in "De Anima" --
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在他所著的靈魂錄(De Anima)這本書裡,
04:12
that is a very influential book for the Western civilization --
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這本書在西方文化影響深遠,
04:15
wrote that the plants are on the edge
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這本書裡提到植物
04:18
between living and not living.
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是介於生命體和非生命體之間。
04:21
They have just a kind of very low-level soul.
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植物們擁有非常低等級的靈魂。
04:24
It's called the vegetative soul,
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這稱之為植物靈魂(vegetative soul),
04:27
because they lack movement,
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因為植物不會移動,
04:30
and so they don't need to sense.
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它們也沒有知覺。
04:32
Let's see.
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看看這個。
04:34
Okay, some of the movements of the plants are very well-known.
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沒錯,有些植物的反應動作是眾所皆知的。
04:37
This is a very fast movement.
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這個植物的反應動作非常快速。
04:39
This is a Dionaea, a Venus fly trap
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這是一種食蟲植物,捕蠅草
04:42
hunting snails --
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正在補食蝸牛的畫面。
04:44
sorry for the snail.
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我為蝸牛先生默哀。
04:46
This has been something that has been refused for centuries,
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有些事情被否認了好幾個世紀,
04:49
despite the evidence.
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即使證據就在身邊。
04:52
No one can say that the plants were able to eat an animal,
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沒人認為植物能吃動物,
04:55
because it was against the order of nature.
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因為這違反自然界的定律。
04:58
But plants are also able
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但實際上,植物
05:00
to show a lot of movement.
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是能夠展現許多動作的。
05:03
Some of them are very well known, like the flowering.
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有些是眾所皆知的,像是開花過程。
05:06
It's just a question to use some techniques
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這需要一些手法才能顯現,
05:09
like the time lapse.
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像是用間歇性拍攝(time lapse)。
05:11
Some of them are much more sophisticated.
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有一些植物的運動是非常複雜的。
05:14
Look at this young bean
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像是這個初生的豆苗,
05:16
that is moving to catch the light every time.
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它葉片每次的移動都是為了能獲取陽光。
05:19
And it's really so graceful;
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非常優美。
05:21
it's like a dancing angel.
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像是個在跳舞的天使。
05:24
They are also able to play --
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植物們也是可以表演的。
05:27
they are really playing.
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瞧瞧這群正在表演的。
05:29
These are young sunflowers,
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這些是一群初生的向日葵,
05:32
and what they are doing
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它們正在做的
05:34
cannot be described
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並沒辦法用
05:36
with any other terms than playing.
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任合表演形式的名詞來描述。
05:38
They are training themselves,
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它們自己訓練自己,
05:40
as many young animals do,
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就像許多年幼的動物一樣,
05:42
to the adult life
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要順利長大成年,
05:44
where they will be called to track the sun
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它們就必須一整天
05:47
all the day.
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都追著太陽跑。
05:49
They are able to respond to gravity, of course,
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當然,它們也對地心引力有反應,
05:52
so the shoots are growing
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這些幼苗的發芽成長
05:54
against the vector of gravity
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就是在對抗地心引力
05:56
and the roots toward the vector of gravity.
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而它的根是順著地心引力生長。
05:59
But they are also able to sleep.
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同時,植物也會睡眠。
06:02
This is one, Mimosa pudica.
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這是一株含羞草。
06:04
So during the night,
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在夜晚時分,
06:06
they curl the leaves
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它們會把葉片捲起
06:08
and reduce the movement,
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並減少動作,
06:10
and during the day, you have the opening of the leaves --
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直到白天,它們才會再打開葉片,
06:12
there is much more movement.
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然後做更頻繁的活動。
06:14
This is interesting
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這非常有趣,
06:16
because this sleeping machinery,
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因為,它們的睡眠機制,
06:18
it's perfectly conserved.
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能夠非常完美的保護能量的流失。
06:20
It's the same in plants, in insects
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植物在這方面的作用,
06:22
and in animals.
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跟昆蟲、或是其他動物都一樣。
06:24
And so if you need to study this sleeping problem,
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若想研究此類的睡眠問題,
06:27
it's easy to study on plants, for example,
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從植物身上做研究
06:30
than in animals
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比在動物身上做更為容易,
06:32
and it's much more easy even ethically.
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而且也不會有道德上的疑慮。
06:35
It's a kind of vegetarian
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在別人看來,
06:38
experimentation.
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這不過是蔬菜實驗罷了。
06:40
Plants are even able to communicate --
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植物彼此之間還會對話。
06:43
they are extraordinary communicators.
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它們有著非常特殊的溝通器具。
06:45
They communicate with other plants.
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它們會和其他種植物溝通。
06:47
They are able to distinguish kin and non-kin.
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它們能夠區分誰是近親誰不是近親。
06:50
They communicate
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它們會和植物溝通外
06:52
with plants of other species
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還會跟其他物種溝通,
06:54
and they communicate with animals
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植物們會製造出一種化學物質
06:56
by producing chemical volatiles,
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來和其他動物做交談,
06:59
for example, during the pollination.
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舉例來說,就是在受粉的時候。
07:01
Now with the pollination, it's a very serious issue for plants,
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受粉這件事情,對植物而言是非常嚴肅的事情,
07:04
because they move the pollen from one flower to the other,
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因為它們必須把花粉從這朵花移到另一朵花上,
07:07
yet they cannot move from one flower to the other.
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但是它們自己做不來這件事情。
07:09
So they need a vector --
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所以,植物們需要一個媒介,
07:11
and this vector,
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這個媒介,
07:13
it's normally an animal.
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就是動物。
07:15
Many insects
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許多昆蟲
07:17
have been used by plants as vectors
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被植物們當作一種媒介
07:20
for the transport of the pollination,
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來傳遞花粉,
07:22
but not just insects; even birds, reptiles,
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但不僅僅是昆蟲,像是鳥類、爬蟲類
07:25
and mammals like bats rats
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甚至像是蝙蝠鼠這種哺乳動物,
07:28
are normally used for the transportation of the pollen.
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也會被當作傳遞花粉的媒介。
07:31
This is a serious business.
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這真的是一件嚴肅的事。
07:33
We have the plants that are giving to the animals
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植物會分泌一種甜甜的物質
07:36
a kind of sweet substance --
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用以吸引動物們,
07:39
very energizing --
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給與動物們動力
07:41
having in change this transportation of the pollen.
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去做傳播花粉的這份工作。
07:44
But some plants are manipulating animals,
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有些植物是直接操縱動物,
07:47
like in the case of orchids
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像是這種蘭花
07:49
that promise sex and nectar
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為了傳遞花粉
07:51
and give in change nothing
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就會透過性和花蜜的誘惑
07:53
for the transportation of the pollen.
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讓動物們甘願為它做這件事情。
07:56
Now, there is a big problem
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現在,在我們看過這些行為後,
07:59
behind all this behavior that we have seen.
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一個大問題就浮現出來了。
08:02
How is it possible to do this without a brain?
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它們怎麼可能會沒有大腦呢?
08:05
We need to wait until 1880,
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我們先回到1880年,
08:08
when this big man,
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當時有位大人物,
08:10
Charles Darwin,
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查爾斯・達爾文(Charles Darwin),
08:12
publishes a wonderful, astonishing book
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出了一本非常棒、非常精彩的書,
08:15
that starts a revolution.
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這本書也引起了一場革命。
08:18
The title is "The Power of Movement in Plants."
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這本書名為:植物運動的力量(The Power of Movement in Plants)。
08:21
No one was allowed to speak about movement in plants
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在達爾文之前,
08:23
before Charles Darwin.
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沒人會想討論有關植物的運動。
08:25
In his book,
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他的這本書,
08:27
assisted by his son, Francis --
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由他兒子法蘭西(Francis)助力完成,
08:29
who was the first professor of plant physiology in the world, in Cambridge --
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他兒子是世界上第一位,任職於劍橋大學的植物心理學教授,
08:32
they took into consideration every single movement
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在這500頁的書中,詳細記載了
08:35
for 500 pages.
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植物每一個動作的含意。
08:37
And in the last paragraph of the book,
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書的最後一段講述中,
08:40
it's a kind of stylistic mark,
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是一種語體標記(stylistic mark),
08:42
because normally Charles Darwin stored,
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因為達爾文本身經常使用這種寫法,
08:45
in the last paragraph of a book,
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書中最後的這段評論,
08:47
the most important message.
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是一則非常重要的訊息。
08:49
He wrote that,
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他這麼寫著:
08:51
"It's hardly an exaggeration
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"毫不誇張的說
08:53
to say that the tip of the radical
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植物幼根的頂端
08:56
acts like the brain
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就像是
08:58
of one of the lower animals."
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有著低等動物的大腦。"
09:00
This is not a metaphor.
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這不是在隱喻什麼。
09:02
He wrote some very interesting letters to one of his friends
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他寫了許多非常有趣的信件給一位朋友,
09:05
who was J.D. Hooker, or at that time, president of the Royal Society,
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在當時是英國皇家學會主席的虎克(J.D. Hooker),
09:09
so the maximum scientific authority in Britain
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他對著英國最高科學權威人物
09:12
speaking about the brain in the plants.
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說明有關植物的頭腦這件事。
09:15
Now, this is a root apex
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畫面上是個植物根尖
09:17
growing against a slope.
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它正在對抗著這斜坡。
09:19
So you can recognize this kind of movement,
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各位可以看出它的這種移動方式,
09:22
the same movement that worms, snakes
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就跟幼蟲、蛇一樣,
09:25
and every animal
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甚至是跟任何
09:27
that are moving on the ground without legs
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不用雙足在地面移動的動物一樣,
09:30
is able to display.
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他們都是這樣。
09:32
And it's not an easy movement
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這種移動方式可不容易,
09:34
because, to have this kind of movement,
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因為,要做出這種動作,
09:37
you need to move different regions of the root
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在沒有大腦的情形下,
09:40
and to synchronize these different regions
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必須要移動根部的不同區域,
09:42
without having a brain.
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同時要做出同步一致性。
09:44
So we studied the root apex
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所以我們開始研究植物尖根這個部份,
09:47
and we found that there is a specific region
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我們發現這部分有個非常特別的區域,
09:49
that is here, depicted in blue --
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就在這裡,用藍色標示的地方,
09:52
that is called the "transition zone."
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稱為轉變區(transition zone)。
09:54
And this region, it's a very small region --
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這個區域非常微小。
09:57
it's less than one millimeter.
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小於1公厘。
10:00
And in this small region
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在這個微小的區域
10:02
you have the highest consumption
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是植物體內
10:04
of oxygen in the plants
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氧氣消耗量最大的地方,
10:06
and more important,
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更重要的是,
10:08
you have these kinds of signals here.
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這個區域會發出一些訊息。
10:10
The signals that you are seeing here are action potential,
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這些訊息會出現動作電位(action potential),
10:13
are the same signals
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這種訊息
10:15
that the neurons of my brain, of our brain,
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和人類大腦神經元在交換資訊時所發出的
10:18
use to exchange information.
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是一樣的。
10:21
Now we know that a root apex
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現在我們知道植物尖根
10:24
has just a few hundred cells
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僅擁有數百個細胞
10:26
that show this kind of feature,
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就能展現這種特質
10:28
but we know how big
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我們了解到
10:30
the root apparatus of a small plant, like a plant of rye.
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植物尖根在小小的植物體內佔了多大的地位。
10:33
We have almost
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以一株黑麥為例,它就有著將近
10:35
14 million roots.
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1400萬支根。
10:37
We have 11 and a half million
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而且擁有1150萬個
10:40
root apex
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植物尖根
10:42
and a total length of 600 or more kilometers
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總長度超過600公里
10:45
and a very high surface area.
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涵蓋著非常廣大的區域。
10:47
Now let's imagine
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想像一下
10:49
that each single root apex
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每一株植物尖根
10:51
is working in network with all the others.
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與其它尖根共同在這個網絡中運作著。
10:54
Here were have on the left, the Internet
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現今網際網路就像左手邊的這張圖,
10:57
and on the right, the root apparatus.
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而右邊是植物的根部圖。
11:00
They work in the same way.
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它們運作的方式相當類似。
11:02
They are a network
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這就像是
11:04
of small computing machines,
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有著小型電腦的網絡
11:06
working in networks.
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在這裡同時運作著。
11:08
And why are they so similar?
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為什麼這會非常相似?
11:10
Because they evolved
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因為這二者會這樣發展
11:12
for the same reason:
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是有相同的幾個理由:
11:14
to survive predation.
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在捕食中生存下來。
11:17
They work in the same way.
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這運作方式是相同的。
11:19
So you can remove 90 percent of the root apparatus
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你可以把植物90%的根部移除
11:22
and the plants [continue] to work.
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植物仍然可以繼續生長。
11:24
You can remove 90 percent of the Internet
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你可以把90%的網路都斷絕,
11:27
and it is [continuing] to work.
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但網路還是會不斷的自行運作。
11:30
So, a suggestion
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所以,對於人們在網絡中工作
11:32
for the people working with networks:
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的一個啟示就是:
11:35
plants are able
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對於發展網絡,
11:38
to give you good suggestions
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植物本身也能
11:40
about how to evolve networks.
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給予一個很好的示範。
11:43
And another possibility
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另一個可能性
11:46
is a technological possibility.
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是有關技術方面的可能性。
11:49
Let's imagine
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想像一下
11:51
that we can build robots
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我們創造機器人的靈感來源
11:53
and robots that are inspired by plants.
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也能夠來自植物。
11:56
Until now,
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一直到現在,
11:58
the man was inspired
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人類在機械方面的的創意來源
12:01
just by man or the animals
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不是來自人類本身
12:03
in producing a robot.
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就是來自動物。
12:05
We have the animaloid --
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我們最常運用的是仿動物,
12:08
and the normal robots inspired by animals,
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一般機器人(robots)靈感來源是來自動物
12:10
insectoid, so on.
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昆蟲等等。
12:12
We have the androids
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而像是人形機器人(androids)
12:14
that are inspired by man.
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的創造靈感來源是人類。
12:17
But why have we not any plantoid?
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為什麼就沒有仿植物的東西呢
12:20
Well, if you want to fly,
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若我們想到飛,
12:22
it's good that you look at birds --
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最棒的範本就是鳥,
12:24
to be inspired by birds.
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飛行的靈感來源也是鳥。
12:26
But if you want to explore soils,
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不過,若想要探勘某地,
12:29
or if you want to colonize
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或是想要拓墾
12:32
new territory,
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新的土地,
12:34
to best thing that you can do is to be inspired by plants
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最棒的仿效對象就是植物,
12:37
that are masters in doing this.
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它們非常擅長於此道。
12:40
We have another possibility
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另一種可能性是,
12:42
we are working [on] in our lab,
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我們能夠在實驗室裡面
12:44
[which] is to build hybrids.
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開發出所謂的"混合體"。
12:46
It's much more easy to build hybrids.
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這種混合體的開發非常簡單。
12:49
Hybrid means it's something
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混合體是一種
12:51
that's half living and half machine.
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半生命半機械的物體。
12:54
It's much more easy to work with plants
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要開發這樣的物體,利用植物會比
12:56
than with animals.
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動物更容易。
12:58
They have computing power,
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它們會有計算能力。
13:00
they have electrical signals.
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它們會發出電子信號。
13:02
The connection with the machine is much more easy,
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開發這種機械更為容易,
13:05
much more even ethically possible.
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而且不用考慮到道德問題。
13:10
And these are three possibilities
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有鑒於上述的三種可能性
13:12
that we are working on
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我們正在努力於
13:15
to build hybrids,
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混合體的開發,
13:17
driven by algae
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這些機械能透過藻類運作,
13:19
or by the leaves at the end,
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或是透過葉片的化學作用運作,
13:22
by the most, most powerful parts of the plants,
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或是透過植物身上最有利的部位
13:24
by the roots.
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根部來運作。
13:26
Well, thank you for your attention.
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感謝今天各位的參與。
13:28
And before I finish,
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在我結束之前,
13:31
I would like to reassure that no snails were harmed
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我想再次強調
13:34
in making this presentation.
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沒有任何蝸牛因為這次演講而受傷。
13:36
Thank you.
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感謝各位。
13:38
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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