Anthony Atala: Growing new organs

340,081 views ใƒป 2010-01-21

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shaike Katz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
This is actually a painting
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ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฆื™ื•ืจ
00:18
that hangs at the Countway Library at Harvard Medical School.
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ืฉืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช Countway ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“
00:21
And it shows the first time an organ was ever transplanted.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืฉืชืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ
00:25
In the front, you see, actually, Joe Murray
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ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืช ื’'ื• ืžืืจื™ื™
00:28
getting the patient ready for the transplant,
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ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœื”
00:30
while in the back room you see Hartwell Harrison,
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ื›ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืจื˜ื•ื•ืœ ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ
00:32
the Chief of Urology at Harvard,
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ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“
00:35
actually harvesting the kidney.
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ืžืžืฉ 'ืงื•ืฆืจ' ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื”
00:37
The kidney was indeed the first organ
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ื”ื›ืœื™ื” ืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
00:39
ever to be transplanted to the human.
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ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื”ื•ืฉืชืœ ื‘ืื“ื
00:41
That was back in 1954,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื– ื‘ 1954.
00:44
55 years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ 55 ืฉื ื”
00:46
Yet we're still dealing with a lot of the same challenges
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ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ืชื ืืชื’ืจื™ื
00:49
as many decades ago.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื”
00:51
Certainly many advances, many lives saved.
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื”, ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื™ืฆืœื•.
00:54
But we have a major shortage of organs.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.
00:58
In the last decade the number of patients
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื
01:01
waiting for a transplant has doubled.
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ื”ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื” ื”ื•ื›ืคืœ
01:04
While, at the same time, the actual number of transplants
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ื›ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื”
01:06
has remained almost entirely flat.
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ื ืฉืืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื–ื”ื”.
01:09
That really has to do with our aging population.
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ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
01:11
We're just getting older.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื
01:13
Medicine is doing a better job
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ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:16
of keeping us alive.
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ื‘ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:18
But as we age, our organs tend to fail more.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื, ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:21
So, that's a challenge,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืืชื’ืจ.
01:23
not just for organs but also for tissues.
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ืœื ืจืง ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื ื’ื ืœืจืงืžื•ืช.
01:25
Trying to replace pancreas,
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื‘ืœื‘,
01:28
trying to replace nerves that can help us with Parkinson's.
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืขื ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ.
01:33
These are major issues.
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ืืœื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื.
01:35
This is actually a very stunning statistic.
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืชื•ืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:39
Every 30 seconds
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ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื•ืช
01:41
a patient dies from diseases
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ื—ื•ืœื” ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช
01:44
that could be treated with tissue regeneration or replacement.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืื• ื”ื—ืœืคืชืŸ.
01:48
So, what can we do about it?
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ืื–, ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื”?
01:51
We've talked about stem cells tonight.
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ื”ืขืจื‘ ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข.
01:53
That's a way to do it.
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ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
01:55
But still ways to go to get stem cells into patients,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืœื™ื
02:00
in terms of actual therapies for organs.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:03
Wouldn't it be great if our bodies could regenerate?
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ืื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืœื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:06
Wouldn't it be great if we could actually harness the power
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—
02:09
of our bodies, to actually heal ourselves?
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ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืคื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžืžืฉ?
02:14
It's not really that foreign of a concept, actually;
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ื–ืจ, ืœืžืขืฉื”.
02:17
it happens on the Earth every day.
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
02:21
This is actually a picture of a salamander.
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกืœืžื ื“ืจื”
02:24
Salamanders have this amazing capacity to regenerate.
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ืœืกืœืžื ื“ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ
02:28
You see here a little video.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ
02:30
This is actually a limb injury in this salamander.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคืฆื™ืขื” ื‘ื’ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืœืžื ื“ืจื” ื”ื–ื•
02:34
And this is actually real photography,
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืืžื™ืชื™
02:36
timed photography, showing how that limb regenerates
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ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืชื•ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืจืื” ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืคื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช
02:39
in a period of days.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื.
02:41
You see the scar form.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืœืงืช ื ื•ืฆืจืช
02:43
And that scar actually grows out
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ื•ืžื”ืฆืœืงืช ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื“ืœื”
02:46
a new limb.
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ื’ืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
02:48
So, salamanders can do it.
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ืื–, ืกืœืžื ื“ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
02:50
Why can't we? Why can't humans regenerate?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื? ืœืžื” ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ?
02:53
Actually, we can regenerate.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ.
02:57
Your body has many organs
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ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
03:01
and every single organ in your body
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•
03:03
has a cell population
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ื™ืฉ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืชืื™ื
03:05
that's ready to take over at the time of injury. It happens every day.
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ืฉืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืคืฆื™ืขื”. ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
03:10
As you age, as you get older.
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ื›ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื, ื›ืฉืžื–ื“ืงื ื™ื,
03:13
Your bones regenerate every 10 years.
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ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
03:16
Your skin regenerates every two weeks.
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ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื.
03:19
So, your body is constantly regenerating.
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ืื– ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
03:21
The challenge occurs when there is an injury.
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืคืฆื™ืขื”.
03:23
At the time of injury or disease,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืคืฆื™ืขื” ืื• ืžื—ืœื”,
03:26
the body's first reaction
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
03:29
is to seal itself off from the rest of the body.
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ื”ื™ื ืœืื˜ื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžืฉืืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
03:32
It basically wants to fight off infection,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื,
03:34
and seal itself, whether it's organs inside your body,
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ื•ืœืื˜ื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืœื• ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•
03:38
or your skin, the first reaction
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ืื• ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
03:41
is for scar tissue to move in,
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ื”ื™ื ืจืงืžืช ืฆืœืงืช ืฉื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื”
03:43
to seal itself off from the outside.
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ืœืื˜ื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ.
03:47
So, how can we harness that power?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื”?
03:49
One of the ways that we do that
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ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช
03:51
is actually by using smart biomaterials.
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ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
03:56
How does this work? Well, on the left side here
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“? ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ื›ืืŸ
03:59
you see a urethra which was injured.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื•ืคื›ื” ืฉื ืคื’ืขื”.
04:01
This is the channel that connects the bladder to the outside of the body.
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ื–ื• ื”ืชืขืœื” ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ.
04:05
And you see that it is injured.
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื’ื•ืขื”.
04:07
We basically found out that you can use these smart biomaterials
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:11
that you can actually use as a bridge.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื’ืฉืจ.
04:14
If you build that bridge, and you close off
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ืื ืืชื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•
04:17
from the outside environment,
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ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช,
04:19
then you can create that bridge, and cells
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ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืชืื™ื
04:22
that regenerate in your body,
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ืฉืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•,
04:24
can then cross that bridge, and take that path.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื– ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ, ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื•.
04:28
That's exactly what you see here.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
04:30
It's actually a smart biomaterial
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ื›ื
04:32
that we used, to actually treat this patient.
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ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื”.
04:34
This was an injured urethra on the left side.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ืคื›ื” ืคื’ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ.
04:37
We used that biomaterial in the middle.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืข
04:39
And then, six months later on the right-hand side
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ื•ืื–, ืฉืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ
04:42
you see this reengineered urethra.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช
04:44
Turns out your body can regenerate,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ,
04:46
but only for small distances.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื.
04:49
The maximum efficient distance for regeneration
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ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
04:52
is only about one centimeter.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“
04:54
So, we can use these smart biomaterials
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:57
but only for about one centimeter
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืœืื•ืจืš ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขืจืš
05:00
to bridge those gaps.
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ืœื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:02
So, we do regenerate, but for limited distances.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืจืง ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื.
05:05
What do we do now,
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
05:07
if you have injury for larger organs?
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืคืฆื™ืขื” ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ?
05:10
What do we do when we have injuries
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ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช
05:12
for structures which are much larger
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ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
05:14
than one centimeter?
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ืžืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“?
05:16
Then we can start to use cells.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ื.
05:19
The strategy here, is if a patient comes in to us
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ืื ื—ื•ืœื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื ื•
05:22
with a diseased or injured organ,
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ืขื ืื™ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืœื” ืื• ืคื’ื•ืข,
05:24
you can take a very small piece of tissue from that organ,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืคื™ืกืช ืจืงืžื” ืžืื“ ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
05:27
less than half the size of a postage stamp,
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืฆื™ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืœ ื“ื•ืืจ,
05:30
you can then tease that tissue apart,
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ื•ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืจืงืžื” ืœื—ืœืงื™ื,
05:33
and look at its basic components,
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ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”,
05:35
the patient's own cells,
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ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืขืฆืžื•,
05:37
you take those cells out,
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ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
05:39
grow and expand those cells outside the body in large quantities,
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ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
05:43
and then we then use scaffold materials.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืฉืœื“ ('ืคื™ื’ื•ืžื™ื').
05:46
To the naked eye they look like a piece of your blouse,
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ืœืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ื ืช ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื”
05:49
or your shirt, but actually
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ืื• ื”ื˜ื™ืฉื™ืจื˜ ืฉืœื›ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”
05:51
these materials are fairly complex
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
05:54
and they are designed to degrade once inside the body.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ืกืก ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
05:57
It disintegrates a few months later.
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ื–ื” ืžืชืคืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
05:59
It's acting only as a cell delivery vehicle.
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ื–ื” ืžืชืคืงื“ ืจืง ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืชืื™ื.
06:02
It's bringing the cells into the body. It's allowing
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ
06:04
the cells to regenerate new tissue,
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ืœืชืื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืงืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
06:06
and once the tissue is regenerated the scaffold goes away.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืจืงืžื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืžื™ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื.
06:10
And that's what we did for this piece of muscle.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืขื ืคื™ืกืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ื–ื•.
06:13
This is actually showing a piece of muscle and how we go through
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ื›ืืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืจื•ืื™ื ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืฉืจื™ืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื
06:15
the structures to actually engineer the muscle.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื“ืก ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืžืžืฉ
06:18
We take the cells, we expand them,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื,
06:20
we place the cells on the scaffold,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืžื™ื,
06:22
and we then place the scaffold back into the patient.
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ื•ืžืžืงืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืœื”.
06:25
But actually, before placing the scaffold into the patient,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืžื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืœื”,
06:28
we actually exercise it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื–ื” ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
06:31
We want to make sure that we condition
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื
06:33
this muscle, so that it knows what to do
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ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ, ื›ืš ืฉื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
06:35
once we put it into the patient.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืœื”
06:37
That's what you're seeing here. You're seeing
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ. ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
06:39
this muscle bio-reactor
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ืืช ื‘ื™ื•-ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื”
06:41
actually exercising the muscle back and forth.
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ืžืชืจื’ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ื—ื–ื•ืจ.
06:45
Okay. These are flat structures that we see here,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืืœื” ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
06:49
the muscle.
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ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ.
06:51
What about other structures?
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ืžื” ืขื ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื?
06:53
This is actually an engineered blood vessel.
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ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืก.
06:56
Very similar to what we just did, but a little bit more complex.
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ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื“ ืœืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
06:59
Here we take a scaffold,
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ื›ืืŸ ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืฉืœื“,
07:01
and we basically -- scaffold can be like a piece of paper here.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• -- ืฉืœื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืกืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ื›ืืŸ.
07:05
And we can then tubularize this scaffold.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืžื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ื–ื”
07:07
And what we do is we, to make a blood vessel, same strategy.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœื™ ื“ื, ื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”.
07:11
A blood vessel is made up of two different cell types.
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ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืื™ื.
07:15
We take muscle cells, we paste,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืชืื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ, ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื,
07:18
or coat the outside with these muscle cells,
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ืื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืขื ืชืื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ ื›ืืœื”,
07:20
very much like baking a layer cake, if you will.
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ืžืื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืืคื™ื™ืช ืขื•ื’ืช ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช, ืื ืชืจืฆื•.
07:23
You place the muscle cells on the outside.
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ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
07:26
You place the vascular blood vessel lining cells on the inside.
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ืžืฆืคื™ื ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ืขื ืชืื™ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื
07:31
You now have your fully seeded scaffold.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ืžืœื.
07:33
You're going to place this in an oven-like device.
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ืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
07:36
It has the same conditions as a human body,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื•ืชื ืชื ืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื,
07:38
37 degrees centigrade,
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37 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก,
07:40
95 percent oxygen.
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95 ืื—ื•ื– ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
07:42
You then exercise it, as what you saw on that tape.
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ืื– ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื›ืžื• ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ื”ื•ื.
07:46
And on the right you actually see a carotid artery that was engineered.
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ื•ืžืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื•ืจืง ืงืจื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ืก.
07:49
This is actually the artery that goes from your neck to your brain.
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื•ืจืง ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืœืžื•ื—
07:52
And this is an X-ray showing you
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ื•ื–ื” ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ื”ืžืจืื”
07:55
the patent, functional blood vessel.
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ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืžื–ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืชืคืงื“.
07:58
More complex structures
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ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:00
such as blood vessels, urethras, which I showed you,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื™ ื“ื, ืฉื•ืคื›ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื,
08:03
they're definitely more complex
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ื”ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:05
because you're introducing two different cell types.
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ื›ื™ ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืื™ื.
08:07
But they are really acting mostly as conduits.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื.
08:09
You're allowing fluid or air to go through
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ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื•ื–ืœ ืื• ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื
08:11
at steady states.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื.
08:13
They are not nearly as complex as hollow organs.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื.
08:15
Hollow organs have a much higher degree of complexity,
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ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื“ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:18
because you're asking these organs to act on demand.
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ื›ื™ ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉื”.
08:21
So, the bladder is one such organ.
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ืื–, ื”ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”.
08:24
Same strategy, we take a very small piece of the bladder,
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ืื•ืชื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืคื™ืกื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช,
08:27
less than half the size of a postage stamp.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื‘ื•ืœ ื“ื•ืืจ.
08:29
We then tease the tissue apart
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ืื– ืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืงืžื”
08:31
into its two individual cell components,
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ืœืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื”
08:33
muscle, and these bladder specialized cells.
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ืฉืจื™ืจ, ื•ืชืื™ ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื.
08:36
We grow the cells outside the body in large quantities.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
08:39
It takes about four weeks to grow these cells from the organ.
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ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ืขืจืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื”ืื™ื‘ืจ.
08:42
We then take a scaffold that we shape like a bladder.
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ืื– ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืฉืœื“ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช
08:45
We coat the inside with these bladder lining cells.
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ืžืฆืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช
08:49
We coat the outside with these muscle cells.
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ืžืฆืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืืœื”
08:52
We place it back into this oven-like device.
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ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื“ืžื•ื™-ื”ืชื ื•ืจ.
08:55
From the time you take that piece of tissue, six to eight weeks later
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ืžื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ืคื™ืกืช ื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉืฉื” ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ
08:58
you can put the organ right back into the patient.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ื™ืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืœื”.
09:01
This actually shows the scaffold.
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ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฉืœื“
09:04
The material is actually being coated with the cells.
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืžืฉ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืชืื™ื.
09:08
When we did the first clinical trial for these patients
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ื›ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”
09:11
we actually created the scaffold specifically for each patient.
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ืžืžืฉ ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืฉืœื“ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœื”
09:14
We brought patients in,
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ื”ื‘ืื ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื
09:16
six to eight weeks prior to their scheduled surgery, did X-rays,
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ืฉืฉื” ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ, ืฆื™ืœืžื ื• ื‘ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ
09:19
and we then composed a scaffold specifically for that patient's size
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืฉืœื“ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื”
09:22
pelvic cavity.
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ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื’ืŸ
09:24
For the second phase of the trials
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ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื
09:26
we just had different sizes, small, medium, large and extra-large.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืจืง ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืกืžื•ืœ, ืžื“ื™ื•ื, ืœืืจื’', ื•ืืงืกื˜ืจื” ืœืืจื’'.
09:29
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:32
It's true.
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
09:34
And I'm sure everyone here wanted an extra-large. Right?
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืคื” ืจืฆื• ืืงืกื˜ืจื” ืœืืจื’', ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
09:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:39
So, bladders are definitely a little bit more complex
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ืื–, ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:42
than the other structures.
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ืžื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
09:44
But there are other hollow organs that have added complexity to it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
09:47
This is actually a heart valve, which we engineered.
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ื–ื” ืžืกืชื ืœื‘, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื ื“ืกื ื•.
09:50
And the way you engineer this heart valve is the same strategy.
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืืช ืžืกืชื ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”.
09:53
We take the scaffold, we seed it with cells,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื“, ื–ื•ืจืขื™ื ื‘ื• ืชืื™ื,
09:55
and you can now see here, the valve leaflets opening and closing.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ, ืืช ืขืœืขืœื™ ื”ืžืกืชื ื ืคืชื—ื™ื ื•ื ืกื’ืจื™ื
09:59
We exercise these prior to implantation.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื”.
10:02
Same strategy.
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ืื•ืชื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”.
10:04
And then the most complex are the solid organs.
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื.
10:06
For solid organs, they're more complex
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ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื, ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
10:08
because you're using a lot more cells per centimeter.
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ื›ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืื™ื ืœืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ.
10:12
This is actually a simple solid organ like the ear.
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ื–ื” ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืง ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืžื• ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ.
10:14
It's now being seeded with cartilage.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื•ืจืขื™ื ื‘ื• ืกื—ื•ืก.
10:16
That's the oven-like device;
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืจ;
10:19
once it's coated it gets placed there.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื–ื” ืžืฆื•ืคื” ื–ื” ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืคื ื™ื
10:21
And then a few weeks later we can take out the cartilage scaffold.
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ื•ืื– ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื“ ื”ืกื—ื•ืก.
10:26
This is actually digits that we're engineering.
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ืืœื• ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื.
10:28
These are being layered, one layer at a time,
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ืืœื” ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื›ื‘ื”.
10:31
first the bone, we fill in the gaps with cartilage.
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืขืฆื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื—ื•ืก.
10:34
We then start adding the muscle on top.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืขืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ.
10:36
And you start layering these solid structures.
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
10:38
Again, fairly more complex organs,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:41
but by far, the most complex solid organs
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:44
are actually the vascularized, highly vascularized,
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืœื” ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืจื‘ื™ื
10:48
a lot of blood vessel supply,
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ืืกืคืงืช ื“ื ืขื ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
10:50
organs such as the heart,
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ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืœื‘,
10:53
the liver, the kidneys.
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ื”ื›ื‘ื“, ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช,
10:56
This is actually an example -- several strategies
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ื–ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” -- ืžืกืคืจ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช
10:58
to engineer solid organs.
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ืœื”ื ื“ืก ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื.
11:00
This is actually one of the strategies. We use a printer.
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ื–ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืคืกืช.
11:02
And instead of using ink, we use -- you just saw an inkjet cartridge --
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื -- ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืจืื™ืชื ืžื—ืกื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจืงืช ื“ื™ื• --
11:06
we just use cells.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ื.
11:08
This is actually your typical desktop printer.
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ื–ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื“ืคืกืช ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”.
11:10
It's actually printing this two chamber heart,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ืคื™ืกื” ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื”
11:13
one layer at a time.
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ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื›ืœ ืคืขื.
11:15
You see the heart coming out there. It takes about 40 minutes to print,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืื ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ื™ื•ืฆื. ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ืขืจืš 40 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก
11:19
and about four to six hours later
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ื•ื‘ืขืจืš ืืจื‘ืข ืขื“ ืฉืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ
11:21
you see the muscle cells contract.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื.
11:24
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:30
This technology was developed by Tao Ju, who worked at our institute.
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคื•ืชื—ื” ืข"ื™ ื˜ืื• ื–'ื•, ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
11:34
And this is actually still, of course, experimental,
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื, ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™.
11:36
not for use in patients.
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ืœื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
11:39
Another strategy that we have followed
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ืขื•ื“ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื•
11:41
is actually to use decellularized organs.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืชืื™ื.
11:43
We actually take donor organs,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืชืจืžื•,
11:46
organs that are discarded,
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ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื–ืจืงื•,
11:48
and we then can use very mild detergents
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื
11:50
to take all the cell elements out of these organs.
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ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
11:53
So, for example on the left panel,
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ืื– ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ,
11:55
top panel, you see a liver.
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ืœืžืขืœื”, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื‘ื“.
11:57
We actually take the donor liver,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉื ืชืจื,
11:59
we use very mild detergents,
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื,
12:01
and we, by using these mild detergents, we take all the cells
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื•, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื
12:05
out of the liver.
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ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื‘ื“.
12:07
Two weeks later, we basically can lift this organ up,
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ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
12:10
it feels like a liver,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ื›ื‘ื“,
12:12
we can hold it like a liver,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื• ื›ื‘ื“,
12:14
it looks like a liver, but it has no cells.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื›ื‘ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืชืื™ื.
12:17
All we are left with
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื•
12:19
is the skeleton, if you will, of the liver,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื“, ืื ืชืจืฆื•, ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื“.
12:22
all made up of collagen,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืงื•ืœืื’ืŸ,
12:24
a material that's in our bodies, that will not reject.
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉืœื ื™ื™ื“ื—ื”.
12:26
We can use it from one patient to the next.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืžื—ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื•ืœื”.
12:28
We then take this vascular structure
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื– ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื
12:30
and we can prove that we retain the blood vessel supply.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืงืช ื”ื“ื.
12:34
You can see, actually that's a fluoroscopy.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื–ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื” (ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ืช ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ).
12:36
We're actually injecting contrast into the organ.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ืจื™ืงื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ.
12:39
Now you can see it start. We're injecting the contrast into the organ
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ืจื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ
12:43
into this decellularized liver.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื—ืกืจ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
12:45
And you can see the vascular tree that remains intact.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคืฆืœื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื.
12:48
We then take the cells, the vascular cells,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื, ืืช ืชืื™ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื,
12:51
blood vessel cells, we perfuse the vascular tree
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจืกืกื™ื ืืช ื”'ืขืฅ' ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื
12:53
with the patient's own cells.
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ืขื ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืขืฆืžื•.
12:55
We perfuse the outside of the liver
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจืกืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
12:57
with the patient's own liver cells.
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ืขื ืชืื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืขืฆืžื•.
12:59
And we can then create functional livers.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื.
13:01
And that's actually what you're seeing.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื.
13:03
This is still experimental. But we are able to actually reproduce the functionality
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ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“
13:07
of the liver structure, experimentally.
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ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ื‘ื“, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
13:10
For the kidney,
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ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื”,
13:12
as I talked to you about the first painting that you saw,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื™ืชื,
13:16
the first slide I showed you,
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ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื,
13:18
90 percent of the patients on the transplant wait list
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90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช
13:21
are waiting for a kidney, 90 percent.
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ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœื›ืœื™ื”, 90 ืื—ื•ื–.
13:23
So, another strategy we're following
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ืื– ืขื•ื“ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
13:25
is actually to create wafers
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ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื•ืคืœื™ื
13:27
that we stack together, like an accordion, if you will.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื›ืžื• ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ืื ืชืจืฆื•.
13:31
So, we stack these wafers together, using the kidney cells.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื›ืœื™ื”
13:34
And then you can see these miniature kidneys that we've engineered.
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ื•ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ืกื ื•.
13:37
They are actually making urine.
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ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืชืŸ.
13:39
Again, small structures, our challenge is how to make them larger,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
13:43
and that is something we're working on
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•
13:45
right now at the institute.
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ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืขืช.
13:47
One of the things that I wanted to summarize for you then
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืกื›ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ื”ื•ื
13:50
is what is a strategy that we're going for in regenerative medicine.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™ืช
13:54
If at all possible,
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ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ืชืืคืฉืจ
13:56
we really would like to use smart biomaterials
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ืžืื“ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื
13:59
that we can just take off the shelf
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืžื”ืžื“ืฃ
14:01
and regenerate your organs.
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ื•ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
14:03
We are limited with distances right now,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข,
14:05
but our goal is actually to increase those distances over time.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”
14:09
If we cannot use smart biomaterials,
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ืื ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื,
14:11
then we'd rather use your very own cells.
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ืื– ื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืขืฆืžื.
14:13
Why? Because they will not reject.
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ืœืžื”? ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื™ื“ื—ื•.
14:15
We can take cells from you,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืžื›ื ืชืื™ื,
14:17
create the structure, put it right back into you, they will not reject.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”, ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืืฆืœื›ื, ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื™ื“ื—ื•.
14:20
And if possible, we'd rather use the cells from your very specific organ.
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ื•ืื ืืคืฉืจื™, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ื ืžื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
14:24
If you present with a diseased wind pipe
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ืื ืืชื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืงื ื” ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืคื’ื•ืข,
14:27
we'd like to take cells from your windpipe.
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ื ืจืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืชืื™ื ืžื”ืงื ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
14:29
If you present with a diseased pancreas
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ืื ืืชื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืœื‘ืœื‘ ืคื’ื•ืข
14:32
we'd like to take cells from that organ.
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ื ืจืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืชืื™ื ืžื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
14:34
Why? Because we'd rather take those cells
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ืœืžื”? ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื”
14:37
which already know that those are the cell types you want.
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื
14:40
A windpipe cell already knows it's a windpipe cell.
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ืชื ืžืงื ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื ืงื ื” ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
14:43
We don't need to teach it to become another cell type.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืกื•ื’ ืชื ืื—ืจ.
14:46
So, we prefer organ-specific cells.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืชืื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื™ื‘ืจ.
14:48
And today we can obtain cells from most every organ in your body,
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชืื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ
14:51
except for several which we still need stem cells for,
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ืœืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข,
14:54
like heart, liver, nerve and pancreas.
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ื›ืžื• ืœื‘, ื›ื‘ื“, ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืœื‘.
14:58
And for those we still need stem cells.
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข.
15:01
If we cannot use stem cells from your body
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื
15:04
then we'd like to use donor stem cells.
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ืื– ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืฉื ืชืจืžื•.
15:07
And we prefer cells that will not reject
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื™ื“ื—ื•
15:09
and will not form tumors.
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ื•ืœื ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
15:11
And we're working a lot with the stem cells that we
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขื ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข
15:13
published on two years ago,
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ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืคืจืกืžื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
15:15
stem cells from the amniotic fluid,
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ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืžืžื™ ื”ืฉืคื™ืจ,
15:17
and the placenta, which have those properties.
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ื•ืžื”ืฉืœื™ื”, ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
15:21
So, at this point, I do want to tell you that
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ืื–, ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื
15:24
some of the major challenges we have.
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ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
15:28
You know, I just showed you this presentation, everything looks so good,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื›ืœ ื ืจืื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘,
15:30
everything works. Actually no,
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ื”ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื ืžืžืฉ.
15:32
these technologies really are not that easy.
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืงืœื•ืช.
15:34
Some of the work you saw today
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื”ื™ื•ื
15:36
was performed by over 700 researchers
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ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืข"ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž 700 ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื
15:39
at our institute across a 20-year time span.
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ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื”.
15:42
So, these are very tough technologies.
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ืื– ืืœื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืžืื“.
15:44
Once you get the formula right you can replicate it.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”
15:47
But it takes a lot to get there.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื”.
15:49
So, I always like to show this cartoon.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื”ื‘ื.
15:51
This is how to stop a runaway stage.
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ื›ืš ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ื‘ื•ืจื—ืช
15:53
And there you see the stagecoach driver,
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ื•ืฉื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื ื”ื’ ื”ืžืจื›ื‘ื”,
15:55
and he goes, on the top panel,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš, ื‘ืคืื ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ,
15:57
He goes A, B, C, D, E, F.
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ื”ื•ืœืš ืœ A, B, C, D, E, F
15:59
He finally stops the runaway stage.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืจื—ืช.
16:01
And those are usually the basic scientists,
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ื•ืืœื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื,
16:04
The bottom is usually the surgeons.
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ื”ืคืื ืœ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื ืชื—ื™ื.
16:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:10
I'm a surgeon so that's not that funny.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ืชื— ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื–ื” ืžืฆื—ื™ืง.
16:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:13
But actually method A is the correct approach.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื' ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”
16:17
And what I mean by that is that anytime we've launched one of these technologies
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ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืฉืœื—ื ื• ืื—ืช ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
16:20
to the clinic,
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ืœืžืจืคืื”,
16:22
we've made absolutely sure that we do everything we can
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ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ
16:25
in the laboratory before we ever
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœ
16:27
launch these technologies to patients.
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ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื.
16:29
And when we launch these technologies to patients
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื
16:31
we want to make sure that we ask ourselves a very tough question.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืฉืืœื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื“.
16:36
Are you ready to place this in your own loved one, your own child,
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื”ื•ื‘ ืœื ื•, ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื ื•,
16:39
your own family member, and then we proceed.
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ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื.
16:42
Because our main goal, of course,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
16:44
is first, to do no harm.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœื ืœื’ืจื•ื ื ื–ืง.
16:47
I'm going to show you now, a very short clip,
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžืื“,
16:49
It's a five second clip of a patient
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ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื”
16:52
who received one of the engineered organs.
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ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื.
16:54
We started implanting some of these structures
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
16:56
over 14 years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 14 ืฉื ื™ื.
16:58
So, we have patients now walking around with organs,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื,
17:00
engineered organs, for over 10 years, as well.
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ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื, ืžืขืœ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
17:04
I'm going to show a clip of one young lady.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจืช ืฆืขื™ืจื”.
17:06
She had a spina bifida defect, a spinal cord abnormality.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืกื•ืขื”, ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”.
17:09
She did not have a normal bladder. This is a segment from CNN.
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”. ื–ื”ื• ืงื˜ืข ืž CNN:
17:12
We are just taking five seconds.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
17:14
This is a segment that Sanjay Gupta actually took care of.
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ื–ื” ืžืงื˜ืข ืฉืกืื ื’'ื™ื™ ื’ื•ืคื˜ื” ื˜ื™ืคืœ ื‘ื• ืœืžืขืฉื”
17:19
Video: Kaitlyn M: I'm happy. I was always afraid
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ื•ื™ื“ืื•: ืงื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืž.: ืื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื”. ืชืžื™ื“ ืคื—ื“ืชื™
17:21
that I was going to have like, an accident or something.
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ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืชืื•ื ื”, ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
17:24
And now I can just go and
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœื›ืช
17:27
go out with my friends,
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ื•ืœืฆืืช ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™,
17:29
go do whatever I want.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื”.
17:32
Anthony Atala: See, at the end of the day, the promise of regenerative medicine
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ืื ืชื•ื ื™ ืื˜ืืœื”: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™ืช
17:35
is a single promise.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืื—ืช.
17:37
And that is really very simple,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜,
17:40
to make our patients better.
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ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
17:42
Thank you for your attention.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื›ื.
17:44
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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