Anthony Atala: Growing new organs

339,540 views ・ 2010-01-21

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Tibor Vrancic Recezent: Stipe Drmić
00:15
This is actually a painting
0
15260
3000
Ovo je, u stvari, slika
00:18
that hangs at the Countway Library at Harvard Medical School.
1
18260
3000
koja visi u Countway knjižnici u medicinskoj školi na Harvardu.
00:21
And it shows the first time an organ was ever transplanted.
2
21260
4000
A ona pokazuje kad je prvi puta neki organ uopće bio transplatiran.
00:25
In the front, you see, actually, Joe Murray
3
25260
3000
Sprijeda, vidite, zapravo, Joa Murreya
00:28
getting the patient ready for the transplant,
4
28260
2000
kako priprema pacijenta za transplataciju,
00:30
while in the back room you see Hartwell Harrison,
5
30260
2000
dok u sporednoj sobi vidite Hartwell Harrison,
00:32
the Chief of Urology at Harvard,
6
32260
3000
šefa urologije na Harvardu,
00:35
actually harvesting the kidney.
7
35260
2000
koji u stvari vadi bubreg.
00:37
The kidney was indeed the first organ
8
37260
2000
Bubreg je doista bio prvi organ
00:39
ever to be transplanted to the human.
9
39260
2000
koji je ikad transplatiran čovjeku.
00:41
That was back in 1954,
10
41260
3000
To je bilo 1954.g
00:44
55 years ago.
11
44260
2000
Prije 55 godina
00:46
Yet we're still dealing with a lot of the same challenges
12
46260
3000
još uvijek su se bavili istim izazovima
00:49
as many decades ago.
13
49260
2000
kao i mnogo desetljeća prije.
00:51
Certainly many advances, many lives saved.
14
51260
3000
Naravno, mnoga poboljšanja, mnogi životi su spašeni.
00:54
But we have a major shortage of organs.
15
54260
4000
Međutim, postojala je ogromna nestašica organa.
00:58
In the last decade the number of patients
16
58260
3000
U poslednjem desetljeću, broj pacijenata
01:01
waiting for a transplant has doubled.
17
61260
3000
koji čekaju transplataciju se udvostručio.
01:04
While, at the same time, the actual number of transplants
18
64260
2000
Dok je, istovremeno, stvaran broj transplantata
01:06
has remained almost entirely flat.
19
66260
3000
ostao na istoj razini.
01:09
That really has to do with our aging population.
20
69260
2000
To je usko povezano s našom populacijom koja stari.
01:11
We're just getting older.
21
71260
2000
Jednostavno, postajemo stariji.
01:13
Medicine is doing a better job
22
73260
3000
Medicina bolje uspijeva
01:16
of keeping us alive.
23
76260
2000
održavati nas na životu.
01:18
But as we age, our organs tend to fail more.
24
78260
3000
No, kako starimo, naši organi su skloniji sve više zakazivati.
01:21
So, that's a challenge,
25
81260
2000
Prema tome, to je izazov,
01:23
not just for organs but also for tissues.
26
83260
2000
ne samo za organe, već isto tako i za tkiva.
01:25
Trying to replace pancreas,
27
85260
3000
Nastoji se zamijeniti gušteraču,
01:28
trying to replace nerves that can help us with Parkinson's.
28
88260
5000
nastoje se zamijeniti živci što bi nam pomoglo kod liječenja Parkinsonove bolesti.
01:33
These are major issues.
29
93260
2000
To su glavna pitanja.
01:35
This is actually a very stunning statistic.
30
95260
4000
Ovo je u stvari veoma zaprepašćujuća statistika.
01:39
Every 30 seconds
31
99260
2000
Svakih 30 sekundi
01:41
a patient dies from diseases
32
101260
3000
jedan pacijent umre od bolesti
01:44
that could be treated with tissue regeneration or replacement.
33
104260
4000
koja bi se mogla liječiti regeneracijom ili zamjenom tkiva.
01:48
So, what can we do about it?
34
108260
3000
Pa onda, što možemo učiniti u vezi toga?
01:51
We've talked about stem cells tonight.
35
111260
2000
Večeras smo govorili o matičnim stanicama.
01:53
That's a way to do it.
36
113260
2000
To je jedan od načina kako ovo riješiti.
01:55
But still ways to go to get stem cells into patients,
37
115260
5000
No, još predstoji put kako usaditi matične stanice u pacijenta,
02:00
in terms of actual therapies for organs.
38
120260
3000
u smislu stvarne terapije organa.
02:03
Wouldn't it be great if our bodies could regenerate?
39
123260
3000
Ne bi li bilo fantastično kad bi se naša tijela mogla regenerirati?
02:06
Wouldn't it be great if we could actually harness the power
40
126260
3000
Zar ne bi bilo značajno kad bi stvarno mogli koristiti snagu
02:09
of our bodies, to actually heal ourselves?
41
129260
5000
naših tijela, da liječe sama sebe.
02:14
It's not really that foreign of a concept, actually;
42
134260
3000
Ovo i nije tako stran koncept, jer zapravo;
02:17
it happens on the Earth every day.
43
137260
4000
to se događa na Zemlji svaki dan.
02:21
This is actually a picture of a salamander.
44
141260
3000
Ovdje je slika guštera.
02:24
Salamanders have this amazing capacity to regenerate.
45
144260
4000
Gušteri posjeduju tu čudesnu sposobnost regeneracije.
02:28
You see here a little video.
46
148260
2000
Vidite ovdje kratki video.
02:30
This is actually a limb injury in this salamander.
47
150260
4000
Kod ovog guštera nastala je ozljeda uda
02:34
And this is actually real photography,
48
154260
2000
A ovo je, u stvari stvarna slika,
02:36
timed photography, showing how that limb regenerates
49
156260
3000
ubrzani snimak, koji pokazuje kako se taj ud regenerira
02:39
in a period of days.
50
159260
2000
tijekom nekoliko dana.
02:41
You see the scar form.
51
161260
2000
Vidi se ožiljak.
02:43
And that scar actually grows out
52
163260
3000
I u stvari taj ožiljak izrasta
02:46
a new limb.
53
166260
2000
u novi ud.
02:48
So, salamanders can do it.
54
168260
2000
Znači, gušteru to uspijeva.
02:50
Why can't we? Why can't humans regenerate?
55
170260
3000
Zašto ne bi i nama? Zašto kod ljudi nema regeneracije?
02:53
Actually, we can regenerate.
56
173260
4000
Zapravo, mi se možemo regenerirati.
02:57
Your body has many organs
57
177260
4000
Vaše tijelo ima mnoge organe
03:01
and every single organ in your body
58
181260
2000
i svaki pojedini organ u vašem tijelu
03:03
has a cell population
59
183260
2000
posjeduje stanice
03:05
that's ready to take over at the time of injury. It happens every day.
60
185260
5000
koje su spremne preuzeti tu zadaću za vrijeme ozljede. To se događa svaki dan.
03:10
As you age, as you get older.
61
190260
3000
Kako starite, kako postajete sve stariji.
03:13
Your bones regenerate every 10 years.
62
193260
3000
Vaše kosti se regeneriraju svakih 10 godina.
03:16
Your skin regenerates every two weeks.
63
196260
3000
Vaša koža se regenerira svaka dva tjedna.
03:19
So, your body is constantly regenerating.
64
199260
2000
Prema tome, vaše tijelo se stalno regenerira.
03:21
The challenge occurs when there is an injury.
65
201260
2000
Izazov nastaje kad dođe do ozljede.
03:23
At the time of injury or disease,
66
203260
3000
U vrijeme ozljede ili bolesti,
03:26
the body's first reaction
67
206260
3000
prva reakcija tijela
03:29
is to seal itself off from the rest of the body.
68
209260
3000
je da sebe izolira od ostatka tijela.
03:32
It basically wants to fight off infection,
69
212260
2000
U osnovi, ono želi odbaciti infekciju,
03:34
and seal itself, whether it's organs inside your body,
70
214260
4000
te sebe izolirati, bilo da se radi o organima unutar vašeg tijela,
03:38
or your skin, the first reaction
71
218260
3000
ili vašoj koži, prva reakcija
03:41
is for scar tissue to move in,
72
221260
2000
za tkiva ožiljka da se usele,
03:43
to seal itself off from the outside.
73
223260
4000
kako bi sebe izolirala od izvanjskog utjecaja.
03:47
So, how can we harness that power?
74
227260
2000
Prema tome, kako možemo ojačati tu moć?
03:49
One of the ways that we do that
75
229260
2000
Jedan od načina kojeg mi koristimo
03:51
is actually by using smart biomaterials.
76
231260
5000
je u stvari, uporaba pametnih bio-tvari.
03:56
How does this work? Well, on the left side here
77
236260
3000
kako ovo funkcionira? Pa, ovdje na lijevoj strani
03:59
you see a urethra which was injured.
78
239260
2000
vidite mokraćnu cijev koja je oštećena.
04:01
This is the channel that connects the bladder to the outside of the body.
79
241260
4000
Ovo je kanal koji povezuje mjehur s vanjskom stranom tijela.
04:05
And you see that it is injured.
80
245260
2000
Možete vidjeti kako je cijev oštećena.
04:07
We basically found out that you can use these smart biomaterials
81
247260
4000
U biti, otkrili smo da se mogu upotrijebiti ove bio-tvari,
04:11
that you can actually use as a bridge.
82
251260
3000
koje se mogu koristiti kao most.
04:14
If you build that bridge, and you close off
83
254260
3000
Ako načinite takvu premosnicu, i zatvorite je
04:17
from the outside environment,
84
257260
2000
od vanjskog okruženja,
04:19
then you can create that bridge, and cells
85
259260
3000
tada možete stvoriti takav most, i stanice
04:22
that regenerate in your body,
86
262260
2000
koje se regeneriraju u vašem tijelu,
04:24
can then cross that bridge, and take that path.
87
264260
4000
tada mogu prijeći tim mostom, i krenuti tim putem.
04:28
That's exactly what you see here.
88
268260
2000
To je točno ono što se vidi ovdje.
04:30
It's actually a smart biomaterial
89
270260
2000
U biti, to je pametna bio-tvar
04:32
that we used, to actually treat this patient.
90
272260
2000
koju koristimo, da bi se liječio pacijent.
04:34
This was an injured urethra on the left side.
91
274260
3000
Ovdje na lijevoj strani je oštećeni mokraćni kanal.
04:37
We used that biomaterial in the middle.
92
277260
2000
U sredini je bio-tvar koju koristimo.
04:39
And then, six months later on the right-hand side
93
279260
3000
I zatim, šest mjeseci kasnije na desnoj strani
04:42
you see this reengineered urethra.
94
282260
2000
vidite ovaj regenerirani mokraćni kanal.
04:44
Turns out your body can regenerate,
95
284260
2000
Ispada da se vaše tijelo može regenerirati,
04:46
but only for small distances.
96
286260
3000
ali samo unutar kratkih dužina.
04:49
The maximum efficient distance for regeneration
97
289260
3000
Najveća efikasna dužina za regeneraciju
04:52
is only about one centimeter.
98
292260
2000
iznosi samo oko jedan centimetar.
04:54
So, we can use these smart biomaterials
99
294260
3000
Prema tome, možemo koristiti ove pametne bio-tvari
04:57
but only for about one centimeter
100
297260
3000
ali samo za otprilike jedan centimetar
05:00
to bridge those gaps.
101
300260
2000
kako bismo premostili takve prekide.
05:02
So, we do regenerate, but for limited distances.
102
302260
3000
Znači, stvarno se regeneriramo, no samo za ograničene udaljenosti.
05:05
What do we do now,
103
305260
2000
Što onda radimo
05:07
if you have injury for larger organs?
104
307260
3000
ako imate oštećenje većih organa?
05:10
What do we do when we have injuries
105
310260
2000
Što radimo kada imamo oštećenja
05:12
for structures which are much larger
106
312260
2000
struktura koja su mnogo veća
05:14
than one centimeter?
107
314260
2000
od jednog centimetra?
05:16
Then we can start to use cells.
108
316260
3000
Tada možemo početi upotrebljavati stanice.
05:19
The strategy here, is if a patient comes in to us
109
319260
3000
Ovdje je strategija, ako pacijent dođe k nama
05:22
with a diseased or injured organ,
110
322260
2000
s oboljelim ili oštećenim organom,
05:24
you can take a very small piece of tissue from that organ,
111
324260
3000
možete uzeti veoma mali dio tkiva iz tog organa,
05:27
less than half the size of a postage stamp,
112
327260
3000
upola manji od poštanske marke,
05:30
you can then tease that tissue apart,
113
330260
3000
onda možete to tkivo razdvojiti na dijelove,
05:33
and look at its basic components,
114
333260
2000
i pogledati njegove osnovne komponente,
05:35
the patient's own cells,
115
335260
2000
pacijentove vlastite stanice,
05:37
you take those cells out,
116
337260
2000
izvadite te stanice van,
05:39
grow and expand those cells outside the body in large quantities,
117
339260
4000
uzgojite i povećate te stanice u velikim količinama van tijela,
05:43
and then we then use scaffold materials.
118
343260
3000
a zatim upotrebljavamo skelne materijale.
05:46
To the naked eye they look like a piece of your blouse,
119
346260
3000
Za golo oko oni izgledaju kao dijelovi vaše košulje,
05:49
or your shirt, but actually
120
349260
2000
ili majice, no u stvari
05:51
these materials are fairly complex
121
351260
3000
ovi materijali su prilično složeni
05:54
and they are designed to degrade once inside the body.
122
354260
3000
i dizajnirani su tako da se razgrade kad se nađu unutar vašeg tijela.
05:57
It disintegrates a few months later.
123
357260
2000
Nestanu nakon nekoliko mjeseci.
05:59
It's acting only as a cell delivery vehicle.
124
359260
3000
Služe jedino kao vozilo za dostavu stanice.
06:02
It's bringing the cells into the body. It's allowing
125
362260
2000
Oni dovode stanicu u tijelo. Dopuštaju
06:04
the cells to regenerate new tissue,
126
364260
2000
stanicama da regeneriraju novo tkivo,
06:06
and once the tissue is regenerated the scaffold goes away.
127
366260
4000
i jednom kad je tkivo regenerirano skela nestaje.
06:10
And that's what we did for this piece of muscle.
128
370260
3000
I to je ono što mi činimo za ovaj dio mišića.
06:13
This is actually showing a piece of muscle and how we go through
129
373260
2000
Ovo je prikaz komada mišića i kako ulazimo kroz
06:15
the structures to actually engineer the muscle.
130
375260
3000
strukture kako bi u stvari konstruirali mišić.
06:18
We take the cells, we expand them,
131
378260
2000
Uzimamo stanice, rastežemo ih,
06:20
we place the cells on the scaffold,
132
380260
2000
smjestimo stanice na skelu,
06:22
and we then place the scaffold back into the patient.
133
382260
3000
a zatim umetnemo skelu natrag u pacijenta.
06:25
But actually, before placing the scaffold into the patient,
134
385260
3000
Zapravo, prije no što smjestimo skelu unutar pacijenta,
06:28
we actually exercise it.
135
388260
3000
mi je uvježbamo.
06:31
We want to make sure that we condition
136
391260
2000
Želimo se uvjeriti te kondicioniramo
06:33
this muscle, so that it knows what to do
137
393260
2000
ovaj mišić, tako da on zna što činiti
06:35
once we put it into the patient.
138
395260
2000
jednom kad ga stavimo unutar pacijenta.
06:37
That's what you're seeing here. You're seeing
139
397260
2000
To je ono što ovde vidite. Vidite
06:39
this muscle bio-reactor
140
399260
2000
ovaj mišićni bio-reaktor
06:41
actually exercising the muscle back and forth.
141
401260
4000
koji u stvari rasteže mišić natrag i naprijed.
06:45
Okay. These are flat structures that we see here,
142
405260
4000
Dobro. Ovo su ravne strukture što ih ovdje vidimo,
06:49
the muscle.
143
409260
2000
mišić
06:51
What about other structures?
144
411260
2000
Šta je s drugim strukturama?
06:53
This is actually an engineered blood vessel.
145
413260
3000
Ovo je zapravo konstruirana krvna žila.
06:56
Very similar to what we just did, but a little bit more complex.
146
416260
3000
Vrlo slično onome što smo maločas napravili, no malo složenije.
06:59
Here we take a scaffold,
147
419260
2000
Ovdje uzimamo skelu,
07:01
and we basically -- scaffold can be like a piece of paper here.
148
421260
4000
i u osnovi - skela može izgledati kao komad papira.
07:05
And we can then tubularize this scaffold.
149
425260
2000
I tada možemo načiniti cjevčice unutar skele.
07:07
And what we do is we, to make a blood vessel, same strategy.
150
427260
4000
I ono što činimo, pravimo krvnu žilu, ista strategija.
07:11
A blood vessel is made up of two different cell types.
151
431260
4000
Krvna žila se sastoji od dvije različite vrste stanica.
07:15
We take muscle cells, we paste,
152
435260
3000
Uzimamo mišićne stanice, lijepimo ih,
07:18
or coat the outside with these muscle cells,
153
438260
2000
odnosno oblažemo vanjski dio s ovim mišićnim stanicama,
07:20
very much like baking a layer cake, if you will.
154
440260
3000
poput pečenja slojevitog kolača, ako hoćete.
07:23
You place the muscle cells on the outside.
155
443260
3000
Stavite mišićne stanice na vanjsku stranu.
07:26
You place the vascular blood vessel lining cells on the inside.
156
446260
5000
Podstavimo iznutra stanice krvnih žila.
07:31
You now have your fully seeded scaffold.
157
451260
2000
Sada imate potpuno zasađenu skelu.
07:33
You're going to place this in an oven-like device.
158
453260
3000
Stavit ćete ovo u uređaj nalik pećnici.
07:36
It has the same conditions as a human body,
159
456260
2000
On ima iste uvjete kao ljudsko tijelo.
07:38
37 degrees centigrade,
160
458260
2000
37 stupnjeva Celziusa.
07:40
95 percent oxygen.
161
460260
2000
95 posto kisika.
07:42
You then exercise it, as what you saw on that tape.
162
462260
4000
Zatim ga uvježbavate, kao što ste vidjeli na snimci.
07:46
And on the right you actually see a carotid artery that was engineered.
163
466260
3000
Na desnoj strani, zapravo, vidite karotidnu arteriju koja je konstruirana.
07:49
This is actually the artery that goes from your neck to your brain.
164
469260
3000
Ovo je arterija koja ide od vašeg vrata do vašeg mozga.
07:52
And this is an X-ray showing you
165
472260
3000
A ovo je rendgenska snimka koja pokazuje
07:55
the patent, functional blood vessel.
166
475260
3000
patent, funkcionalnu krvnu žilu.
07:58
More complex structures
167
478260
2000
Složenije strukture
08:00
such as blood vessels, urethras, which I showed you,
168
480260
3000
kao što su krvne žile, mokraćne cijevi, koje sam vam pokazao,
08:03
they're definitely more complex
169
483260
2000
oni su neosporno mnogo složeniji
08:05
because you're introducing two different cell types.
170
485260
2000
jer su u igri dvije različite vrste stanica.
08:07
But they are really acting mostly as conduits.
171
487260
2000
Ali oni u stvarnosti djeluju većinom kao cjevovodi.
08:09
You're allowing fluid or air to go through
172
489260
2000
Dopuštate tekućini ili zraku da idu kroz njih
08:11
at steady states.
173
491260
2000
pod stabilnim stanjima.
08:13
They are not nearly as complex as hollow organs.
174
493260
2000
Niti približno nisu složeni kao šuplji organi.
08:15
Hollow organs have a much higher degree of complexity,
175
495260
3000
Šuplji organi imaju mnogo veći stupanj složenosti,
08:18
because you're asking these organs to act on demand.
176
498260
3000
zato što se traži od ovih organa da djeluju na zahtjev.
08:21
So, the bladder is one such organ.
177
501260
3000
Mokraćni mjehur je jedan takav organ.
08:24
Same strategy, we take a very small piece of the bladder,
178
504260
3000
Ista strategija, uzmemo veoma mali dio mjehura,
08:27
less than half the size of a postage stamp.
179
507260
2000
manji od polovice poštanske marke.
08:29
We then tease the tissue apart
180
509260
2000
Zatim, razdvojimo tkivo
08:31
into its two individual cell components,
181
511260
2000
na njegove dvije pojedinačne stanične komponente,
08:33
muscle, and these bladder specialized cells.
182
513260
3000
mišić i ove specijalizirane stanice mjehura.
08:36
We grow the cells outside the body in large quantities.
183
516260
3000
Uzgojimo stanice u velikim količinama van tijela.
08:39
It takes about four weeks to grow these cells from the organ.
184
519260
3000
Uzgoj stanica iz organa traje negdje oko četiri tjedna.
08:42
We then take a scaffold that we shape like a bladder.
185
522260
3000
Zatim uzimamo skelu koju smo oblikovali kao mjehur.
08:45
We coat the inside with these bladder lining cells.
186
525260
4000
Obložimo unutrašnjost sa ovim stanicama sluznice mokraćnog mjehura.
08:49
We coat the outside with these muscle cells.
187
529260
3000
Obložimo vanjski dio s mišićnim stanicama.
08:52
We place it back into this oven-like device.
188
532260
3000
Smjestimo natrag sve u uređaj sličan pećnici.
08:55
From the time you take that piece of tissue, six to eight weeks later
189
535260
3000
Od trenutka kad ste uzeli komadić tkiva, nakon šest do osam tjedana
08:58
you can put the organ right back into the patient.
190
538260
3000
možete organ vratiti natrag u pacijenta.
09:01
This actually shows the scaffold.
191
541260
3000
Ovo prikazuje skelnu platformu.
09:04
The material is actually being coated with the cells.
192
544260
4000
Materijal se zapravo oblaže stanicama.
09:08
When we did the first clinical trial for these patients
193
548260
3000
Kada smo provodili prvi klinički pokus za ove pacijente
09:11
we actually created the scaffold specifically for each patient.
194
551260
3000
u stvari smo stvorili skelnu platformu posebno za svakog pacijenta
09:14
We brought patients in,
195
554260
2000
Doveli smo pacijente,
09:16
six to eight weeks prior to their scheduled surgery, did X-rays,
196
556260
3000
šest do osam tjedana prije planirane operacije, načinili rendgenske snimke,
09:19
and we then composed a scaffold specifically for that patient's size
197
559260
3000
i tada smo sastavili platformu prema veličinama pacijentove
09:22
pelvic cavity.
198
562260
2000
zdjelične šupljine.
09:24
For the second phase of the trials
199
564260
2000
Za drugu fazu ovoga pokusa
09:26
we just had different sizes, small, medium, large and extra-large.
200
566260
3000
jednostavno smo imali različite veličine, malen, srednji, veliki i ekstra veliki.
09:29
(Laughter)
201
569260
3000
(Smijeh)
09:32
It's true.
202
572260
2000
To je istina.
09:34
And I'm sure everyone here wanted an extra-large. Right?
203
574260
3000
A siguran sam da bi svatko ovdje prisutan želio ekstra veliki. Je li tako?
09:37
(Laughter)
204
577260
2000
(Smijeh)
09:39
So, bladders are definitely a little bit more complex
205
579260
3000
Prema tome, mjehur je neosporno malo složeniji
09:42
than the other structures.
206
582260
2000
nego neke druge strukture.
09:44
But there are other hollow organs that have added complexity to it.
207
584260
3000
Međutim, ima i drugih šupljih organa koji imaju dodatnu složenost.
09:47
This is actually a heart valve, which we engineered.
208
587260
3000
To je u stvari srčani zalistak, kojeg smo konstruirali.
09:50
And the way you engineer this heart valve is the same strategy.
209
590260
3000
I način na koji se sastavlja ovaj srčani zalistak je ista strategija.
09:53
We take the scaffold, we seed it with cells,
210
593260
2000
Uzimamo skelnu platformu, zasadimo je stanicama,
09:55
and you can now see here, the valve leaflets opening and closing.
211
595260
4000
i ovdje možete vidjeti kako se listići zaliska otvaraju i zatvaraju.
09:59
We exercise these prior to implantation.
212
599260
3000
Uvježbavamo ih prije implantacije.
10:02
Same strategy.
213
602260
2000
Ista strategija.
10:04
And then the most complex are the solid organs.
214
604260
2000
Na kraju, najsloženiji su čvrsti organi.
10:06
For solid organs, they're more complex
215
606260
2000
Što se tiče solidnih organa, oni su složeniji
10:08
because you're using a lot more cells per centimeter.
216
608260
4000
jer koristite mnogo više stanica po četvornom centimetru.
10:12
This is actually a simple solid organ like the ear.
217
612260
2000
Ovo je u stvari jednostavan solidni organ, uho.
10:14
It's now being seeded with cartilage.
218
614260
2000
Sada je zasađen s hrskavicom.
10:16
That's the oven-like device;
219
616260
3000
To je uređaj koji sliči pećnici.
10:19
once it's coated it gets placed there.
220
619260
2000
Jednom kada se obloži ono se stavlja tamo.
10:21
And then a few weeks later we can take out the cartilage scaffold.
221
621260
5000
A onda nakon nekoliko tjedana možemo uzeti platformu od hrskavice.
10:26
This is actually digits that we're engineering.
222
626260
2000
Ovo su prsti koje konstruiramo.
10:28
These are being layered, one layer at a time,
223
628260
3000
Na ove nanosimo sloj, i to jedan po jedan,
10:31
first the bone, we fill in the gaps with cartilage.
224
631260
3000
prvo kost, ispunjavamo praznine hrskavicom.
10:34
We then start adding the muscle on top.
225
634260
2000
Zatim počinjemo dodavati mišiće na vrh.
10:36
And you start layering these solid structures.
226
636260
2000
A zatim se počinje nanositi sloj čvrste strukture.
10:38
Again, fairly more complex organs,
227
638260
3000
Opet, poprilično složeniji organ.
10:41
but by far, the most complex solid organs
228
641260
3000
do sada, najsloženiji čvrsti organi
10:44
are actually the vascularized, highly vascularized,
229
644260
4000
su u stvari vaskularizirani, veoma vaskularizirani,
10:48
a lot of blood vessel supply,
230
648260
2000
mnogo krvnih žila ih snabdijeva,
10:50
organs such as the heart,
231
650260
3000
organi kao što su srce,
10:53
the liver, the kidneys.
232
653260
3000
jetra, bubrezi.
10:56
This is actually an example -- several strategies
233
656260
2000
Ovo je u stvari jedan primjer - nekoliko strategija
10:58
to engineer solid organs.
234
658260
2000
kako bi se konstruirali čvrsti organi.
11:00
This is actually one of the strategies. We use a printer.
235
660260
2000
Ovo je jedna od strategija. Koristimo printer.
11:02
And instead of using ink, we use -- you just saw an inkjet cartridge --
236
662260
4000
I umjesto uporabe tinte, koristimo - upravo ste vidjeli uložak za tintu -
11:06
we just use cells.
237
666260
2000
jednostavno koristimo stanice.
11:08
This is actually your typical desktop printer.
238
668260
2000
Ovo je tipični stolni printer.
11:10
It's actually printing this two chamber heart,
239
670260
3000
Upravo printa ove dvije srčane komore,
11:13
one layer at a time.
240
673260
2000
jedan po jedan sloj.
11:15
You see the heart coming out there. It takes about 40 minutes to print,
241
675260
4000
Vidite tamo se stvara srce. Za printanje treba oko 40 minuta,
11:19
and about four to six hours later
242
679260
2000
i nakon otprilike četiri do šest sati
11:21
you see the muscle cells contract.
243
681260
3000
vidite stanice mišića kako se stežu.
11:24
(Applause)
244
684260
6000
(Pljesak)
11:30
This technology was developed by Tao Ju, who worked at our institute.
245
690260
4000
Ovu tehnologiju je razvio Tao Ju, koji je radio u našem institutu.
11:34
And this is actually still, of course, experimental,
246
694260
2000
Naravno, ovo je još uvijek u eksperimentalnoj fazi,
11:36
not for use in patients.
247
696260
3000
nije za primjenu na pacijentima.
11:39
Another strategy that we have followed
248
699260
2000
Sljedeća strategija koju smo slijedili
11:41
is actually to use decellularized organs.
249
701260
2000
je uporaba decelulariziranih organa .
11:43
We actually take donor organs,
250
703260
3000
Zapravo, uzimamo organe donora,
11:46
organs that are discarded,
251
706260
2000
organe koji su odbačeni,
11:48
and we then can use very mild detergents
252
708260
2000
i onda koristimo veoma blage deterdžente
11:50
to take all the cell elements out of these organs.
253
710260
3000
kako bismo izvadili stanične elemente iz ovih organa.
11:53
So, for example on the left panel,
254
713260
2000
Tako, na primjer na lijevoj ploči,
11:55
top panel, you see a liver.
255
715260
2000
gornjoj ploči, vidite jetru.
11:57
We actually take the donor liver,
256
717260
2000
Uzimamo zapravo jetru donora,
11:59
we use very mild detergents,
257
719260
2000
koristimo vrlo blage deterdžente,
12:01
and we, by using these mild detergents, we take all the cells
258
721260
4000
i koristeći te blage deterdžente vadimo sve stanice
12:05
out of the liver.
259
725260
2000
iz jetre.
12:07
Two weeks later, we basically can lift this organ up,
260
727260
3000
Dva tjedna kasnije, u osnovi vadimo ovaj organ,
12:10
it feels like a liver,
261
730260
2000
osjećamo je kao jetru,
12:12
we can hold it like a liver,
262
732260
2000
držimo je kao jetru,
12:14
it looks like a liver, but it has no cells.
263
734260
3000
izgleda kao jetra, ali nema ni jedne stanice.
12:17
All we are left with
264
737260
2000
Sve što je ostalo
12:19
is the skeleton, if you will, of the liver,
265
739260
3000
je, ako hoćete, kostur jetre,
12:22
all made up of collagen,
266
742260
2000
sav sačinjen od kolagena,
12:24
a material that's in our bodies, that will not reject.
267
744260
2000
tvari koja je u našim tijelima, koju ono neće odbaciti.
12:26
We can use it from one patient to the next.
268
746260
2000
Možemo ga koristiti od jednog do drugog pacijenta.
12:28
We then take this vascular structure
269
748260
2000
Zatim uzimamo ovu prokrvljenu strukturu
12:30
and we can prove that we retain the blood vessel supply.
270
750260
4000
i možemo dokazati da je održana opskrba krvnih žila.
12:34
You can see, actually that's a fluoroscopy.
271
754260
2000
Ovo što vidite je fluoroskopija.
12:36
We're actually injecting contrast into the organ.
272
756260
3000
Zapravo, ubrizgavamo kontrast u organ.
12:39
Now you can see it start. We're injecting the contrast into the organ
273
759260
4000
Sada vidite kako počinje. Ubrizgavamo kontrast u organ
12:43
into this decellularized liver.
274
763260
2000
u ovu jetru kojoj su odstranjene sve stanice.
12:45
And you can see the vascular tree that remains intact.
275
765260
3000
I vidite da je krvožilno stablo ostalo netaknuto.
12:48
We then take the cells, the vascular cells,
276
768260
3000
Zatim uzimamo stanice, vaskularne stanice,
12:51
blood vessel cells, we perfuse the vascular tree
277
771260
2000
stanice krvnih žila, prokrvljavamo vaskularno stablo
12:53
with the patient's own cells.
278
773260
2000
sa stanicama samog pacijenta.
12:55
We perfuse the outside of the liver
279
775260
2000
Prokrvljujemo vanjštinu jetre
12:57
with the patient's own liver cells.
280
777260
2000
s pacijentovim vlastitim stanicama jetre.
12:59
And we can then create functional livers.
281
779260
2000
Zatim možemo stvoriti funkcionalnu jetru.
13:01
And that's actually what you're seeing.
282
781260
2000
I to je u stvari to što vidite.
13:03
This is still experimental. But we are able to actually reproduce the functionality
283
783260
4000
Ovo je još eksperiment. No, u biti smo sposobni stvoriti funkcionalnost
13:07
of the liver structure, experimentally.
284
787260
3000
jetrene strukture, eksperimentalno.
13:10
For the kidney,
285
790260
2000
Što se tiče bubrega,
13:12
as I talked to you about the first painting that you saw,
286
792260
4000
kad sam govorio o onoj prvoj slici što ste je vidjeli,
13:16
the first slide I showed you,
287
796260
2000
prvi slajd koji sam vam pokazao.
13:18
90 percent of the patients on the transplant wait list
288
798260
3000
90 posto pacijenata na listi čekanja za transplataciju
13:21
are waiting for a kidney, 90 percent.
289
801260
2000
čekaju bubreg, 90 posto.
13:23
So, another strategy we're following
290
803260
2000
Prema tome, sljedeća strategija koju slijedimo
13:25
is actually to create wafers
291
805260
2000
je da se stvore tipke
13:27
that we stack together, like an accordion, if you will.
292
807260
4000
koje složimo zajedno, kao kod harmonike, ako hoćete.
13:31
So, we stack these wafers together, using the kidney cells.
293
811260
3000
Znači, složimo ove tipke zajedno, koristeći bubrežne stanice.
13:34
And then you can see these miniature kidneys that we've engineered.
294
814260
3000
Sada možete vidjeti ove minijaturne bubrege koje smo konstruirali.
13:37
They are actually making urine.
295
817260
2000
One stvarno proizvode mokraću.
13:39
Again, small structures, our challenge is how to make them larger,
296
819260
4000
Ponovno, male strukture, izazov nam je kako ih učiniti većima,
13:43
and that is something we're working on
297
823260
2000
i to je nešto na čemu se radi
13:45
right now at the institute.
298
825260
2000
upravo sada u institutu.
13:47
One of the things that I wanted to summarize for you then
299
827260
3000
Jedna od stvari koju bih sada želio rezimirati za vas
13:50
is what is a strategy that we're going for in regenerative medicine.
300
830260
4000
je koja je strategija kojoj težimo u regenerativnoj medicini.
13:54
If at all possible,
301
834260
2000
Ako je uopće moguće
13:56
we really would like to use smart biomaterials
302
836260
3000
mi bismo uistinu željeli koristiti pametne biomaterijale.
13:59
that we can just take off the shelf
303
839260
2000
koje bismo jednostavno mogli pokupiti s police
14:01
and regenerate your organs.
304
841260
2000
i regenerirati vaše organe.
14:03
We are limited with distances right now,
305
843260
2000
Trenutno smo ograničeni udaljenostima,
14:05
but our goal is actually to increase those distances over time.
306
845260
4000
međutim, naš cilj je vremenom povećati te udaljenosti.
14:09
If we cannot use smart biomaterials,
307
849260
2000
Ako ne možemo koristiti pametne biomaterijale,
14:11
then we'd rather use your very own cells.
308
851260
2000
onda bismo radije koristili vaše vlastite stanice.
14:13
Why? Because they will not reject.
309
853260
2000
Zašto? Jer se one ne bi odbacile.
14:15
We can take cells from you,
310
855260
2000
Možemo uzeti stanice od vas,
14:17
create the structure, put it right back into you, they will not reject.
311
857260
3000
stvoriti strukturu, vratiti ih u vas, one se neće odbaciti.
14:20
And if possible, we'd rather use the cells from your very specific organ.
312
860260
4000
I ako je moguće, radije bismo uzeli stanice iz vašeg određenog organa.
14:24
If you present with a diseased wind pipe
313
864260
3000
Ako imate bolest dušnika
14:27
we'd like to take cells from your windpipe.
314
867260
2000
željeli bismo uzeti stanice iz vašeg dušnika.
14:29
If you present with a diseased pancreas
315
869260
3000
Ako imate bolest gušterače
14:32
we'd like to take cells from that organ.
316
872260
2000
željeli bismo uzeti stanice iz tog organa.
14:34
Why? Because we'd rather take those cells
317
874260
3000
Zašto? Jer radije bismo uzeli one stanice
14:37
which already know that those are the cell types you want.
318
877260
3000
koje već znaju da su one onog tipa kojega vi želite.
14:40
A windpipe cell already knows it's a windpipe cell.
319
880260
3000
Stanice dušnika već znaju da su one stanice dušnika.
14:43
We don't need to teach it to become another cell type.
320
883260
3000
Ne moramo ih učiti da postanu neke stanice druge vrste.
14:46
So, we prefer organ-specific cells.
321
886260
2000
Prema tome, mi smo skloniji stanicama specifičnih organa.
14:48
And today we can obtain cells from most every organ in your body,
322
888260
3000
Danas možemo nabaviti stanice iz skoro svakog organa vašeg tijela,
14:51
except for several which we still need stem cells for,
323
891260
3000
osim ponekih za koje još trebamo matične stanice
14:54
like heart, liver, nerve and pancreas.
324
894260
4000
kao što su srce, jetra, živci i gušterača.
14:58
And for those we still need stem cells.
325
898260
3000
Za njih još trebamo matične stanice.
15:01
If we cannot use stem cells from your body
326
901260
3000
Ako se ne mogu koristiti matične stanice iz vašega tijela
15:04
then we'd like to use donor stem cells.
327
904260
3000
onda bismo željeli rabiti matične stanice od donora.
15:07
And we prefer cells that will not reject
328
907260
2000
I skloniji smo stanicama koje se neće odbaciti
15:09
and will not form tumors.
329
909260
2000
i neće tvoriti tumore.
15:11
And we're working a lot with the stem cells that we
330
911260
2000
Mnogo radimo s matičnim stanicama što smo
15:13
published on two years ago,
331
913260
2000
objavili prije dvije godine,
15:15
stem cells from the amniotic fluid,
332
915260
2000
matičnim stanicama iz plodne vode,
15:17
and the placenta, which have those properties.
333
917260
4000
i posteljice, koje imaju takve osobine.
15:21
So, at this point, I do want to tell you that
334
921260
3000
Prema tome, sada bih vam rekao o
15:24
some of the major challenges we have.
335
924260
4000
nekim glavnim izazovima koje imamo.
15:28
You know, I just showed you this presentation, everything looks so good,
336
928260
2000
Znate, upravo sam vam pokazao ovu prezentaciju, sve izgleda tako dobro,
15:30
everything works. Actually no,
337
930260
2000
sve štima. U stvari nije,
15:32
these technologies really are not that easy.
338
932260
2000
ove tehnologije uistinu i nisu tako lagane.
15:34
Some of the work you saw today
339
934260
2000
Neke radove koje ste danas vidjeli
15:36
was performed by over 700 researchers
340
936260
3000
je izvodilo preko 700 istraživača
15:39
at our institute across a 20-year time span.
341
939260
3000
u našem institutu, tijekom razdoblja od 20 godina.
15:42
So, these are very tough technologies.
342
942260
2000
Prema tome, ovo su veoma zahtjevne tehnologije.
15:44
Once you get the formula right you can replicate it.
343
944260
3000
Jednom kad imate pravu formulu možete je ponoviti.
15:47
But it takes a lot to get there.
344
947260
2000
Međutim, treba puno da bi se do toga došlo.
15:49
So, I always like to show this cartoon.
345
949260
2000
Uvijek mi je drago pokazati ovaj crtić.
15:51
This is how to stop a runaway stage.
346
951260
2000
Ovaj je o tome kako zaustaviti jureću kočiju.
15:53
And there you see the stagecoach driver,
347
953260
2000
Vidite vozača kočije,
15:55
and he goes, on the top panel,
348
955260
2000
na gornjoj ploči,
15:57
He goes A, B, C, D, E, F.
349
957260
2000
On ide A, B, C, D, E, F.
15:59
He finally stops the runaway stage.
350
959260
2000
I na koncu zaustavlja jureću kočiju.
16:01
And those are usually the basic scientists,
351
961260
3000
I to su obično temeljni znanstvenici.
16:04
The bottom is usually the surgeons.
352
964260
2000
Donji su obično kirurzi.
16:06
(Laughter)
353
966260
4000
(Smijeh)
16:10
I'm a surgeon so that's not that funny.
354
970260
2000
Ja sam kirurg, prema tome ovo nije toliko smiješno.
16:12
(Laughter)
355
972260
1000
(Smijeh)
16:13
But actually method A is the correct approach.
356
973260
4000
Ali, zapravo A metoda je ispravan pristup.
16:17
And what I mean by that is that anytime we've launched one of these technologies
357
977260
3000
A ono što sam mislio je da kad god lansiramo jednu od ovih tehnologija
16:20
to the clinic,
358
980260
2000
u kliničku praksu,
16:22
we've made absolutely sure that we do everything we can
359
982260
3000
moramo biti u potpunosti sigurni da smo učinili sve što smo mogli
16:25
in the laboratory before we ever
360
985260
2000
u laboratoriju prije nego što
16:27
launch these technologies to patients.
361
987260
2000
primijenimo ove tehnologije na pacijente.
16:29
And when we launch these technologies to patients
362
989260
2000
A kada uvedemo ove tehnologije kod pacijenata
16:31
we want to make sure that we ask ourselves a very tough question.
363
991260
5000
želimo biti sigurni da smo se zapitali veoma teško pitanje.
16:36
Are you ready to place this in your own loved one, your own child,
364
996260
3000
jesmo li spremni primijeniti ovo na svoju voljenu osobu, na svoje vlastito dijete,
16:39
your own family member, and then we proceed.
365
999260
3000
na članove svoje obitelj, i tek tada nastaviti.
16:42
Because our main goal, of course,
366
1002260
2000
Jer, naravno, naš glavni cilj
16:44
is first, to do no harm.
367
1004260
3000
je u prvom redu, ne naškoditi.
16:47
I'm going to show you now, a very short clip,
368
1007260
2000
Pokazat ću vam sada, veoma kratak isječak.
16:49
It's a five second clip of a patient
369
1009260
3000
Isječak od pet sekundi je o pacijentu
16:52
who received one of the engineered organs.
370
1012260
2000
koji je primio jedan od konstruiranih organa.
16:54
We started implanting some of these structures
371
1014260
2000
Već smo započeli s implantacijom ovih struktura
16:56
over 14 years ago.
372
1016260
2000
prije 14 godina.
16:58
So, we have patients now walking around with organs,
373
1018260
2000
Prema tome, imamo pacijente koji unaokolo hodaju s organima,
17:00
engineered organs, for over 10 years, as well.
374
1020260
4000
konstruiranim organima, već više od 10 godina.
17:04
I'm going to show a clip of one young lady.
375
1024260
2000
Pokazat ću vam isječak o jednoj mladoj dami.
17:06
She had a spina bifida defect, a spinal cord abnormality.
376
1026260
3000
Ona ima anomaliju spina bifidu, abnormalnost kralježničke moždine.
17:09
She did not have a normal bladder. This is a segment from CNN.
377
1029260
3000
Nije imala normalan mjehur. Ovo je dio sa CNN-a.
17:12
We are just taking five seconds.
378
1032260
2000
Treba nam samo pet sekundi.
17:14
This is a segment that Sanjay Gupta actually took care of.
379
1034260
5000
Ovo je dio za koji se pobrinuo Sanjay Gupta.
17:19
Video: Kaitlyn M: I'm happy. I was always afraid
380
1039260
2000
Video: Kaitlyn M: Sretna sam. Uvijek sam se bojala.
17:21
that I was going to have like, an accident or something.
381
1041260
3000
da ću doživjeti neku vrstu nesreće ili slično.
17:24
And now I can just go and
382
1044260
3000
A sada jednostavno mogu ići i
17:27
go out with my friends,
383
1047260
2000
izlaziti s mojim prijateljima.
17:29
go do whatever I want.
384
1049260
2000
činiti što god poželim.
17:32
Anthony Atala: See, at the end of the day, the promise of regenerative medicine
385
1052260
3000
Anthony Atala: Vidite, na kraju dana, obećanje regenerativne medicine
17:35
is a single promise.
386
1055260
2000
je obično obećanje.
17:37
And that is really very simple,
387
1057260
3000
A to je veoma jednostavno,
17:40
to make our patients better.
388
1060260
2000
učiniti da se naš pacijent osjeća bolje.
17:42
Thank you for your attention.
389
1062260
2000
Hvala na pažnji.
17:44
(Applause)
390
1064260
2000
(Pljesak)

Original video on YouTube.com
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7