Anthony Atala: Growing new organs

339,706 views ・ 2010-01-21

TED


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Prevoditelj: Tibor Vrancic Recezent: Stipe Drmić
00:15
This is actually a painting
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Ovo je, u stvari, slika
00:18
that hangs at the Countway Library at Harvard Medical School.
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koja visi u Countway knjižnici u medicinskoj školi na Harvardu.
00:21
And it shows the first time an organ was ever transplanted.
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A ona pokazuje kad je prvi puta neki organ uopće bio transplatiran.
00:25
In the front, you see, actually, Joe Murray
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Sprijeda, vidite, zapravo, Joa Murreya
00:28
getting the patient ready for the transplant,
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kako priprema pacijenta za transplataciju,
00:30
while in the back room you see Hartwell Harrison,
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dok u sporednoj sobi vidite Hartwell Harrison,
00:32
the Chief of Urology at Harvard,
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šefa urologije na Harvardu,
00:35
actually harvesting the kidney.
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koji u stvari vadi bubreg.
00:37
The kidney was indeed the first organ
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Bubreg je doista bio prvi organ
00:39
ever to be transplanted to the human.
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koji je ikad transplatiran čovjeku.
00:41
That was back in 1954,
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To je bilo 1954.g
00:44
55 years ago.
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Prije 55 godina
00:46
Yet we're still dealing with a lot of the same challenges
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još uvijek su se bavili istim izazovima
00:49
as many decades ago.
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kao i mnogo desetljeća prije.
00:51
Certainly many advances, many lives saved.
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Naravno, mnoga poboljšanja, mnogi životi su spašeni.
00:54
But we have a major shortage of organs.
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Međutim, postojala je ogromna nestašica organa.
00:58
In the last decade the number of patients
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U poslednjem desetljeću, broj pacijenata
01:01
waiting for a transplant has doubled.
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koji čekaju transplataciju se udvostručio.
01:04
While, at the same time, the actual number of transplants
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Dok je, istovremeno, stvaran broj transplantata
01:06
has remained almost entirely flat.
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ostao na istoj razini.
01:09
That really has to do with our aging population.
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To je usko povezano s našom populacijom koja stari.
01:11
We're just getting older.
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Jednostavno, postajemo stariji.
01:13
Medicine is doing a better job
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Medicina bolje uspijeva
01:16
of keeping us alive.
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održavati nas na životu.
01:18
But as we age, our organs tend to fail more.
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No, kako starimo, naši organi su skloniji sve više zakazivati.
01:21
So, that's a challenge,
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Prema tome, to je izazov,
01:23
not just for organs but also for tissues.
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ne samo za organe, već isto tako i za tkiva.
01:25
Trying to replace pancreas,
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Nastoji se zamijeniti gušteraču,
01:28
trying to replace nerves that can help us with Parkinson's.
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nastoje se zamijeniti živci što bi nam pomoglo kod liječenja Parkinsonove bolesti.
01:33
These are major issues.
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To su glavna pitanja.
01:35
This is actually a very stunning statistic.
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Ovo je u stvari veoma zaprepašćujuća statistika.
01:39
Every 30 seconds
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Svakih 30 sekundi
01:41
a patient dies from diseases
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jedan pacijent umre od bolesti
01:44
that could be treated with tissue regeneration or replacement.
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koja bi se mogla liječiti regeneracijom ili zamjenom tkiva.
01:48
So, what can we do about it?
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Pa onda, što možemo učiniti u vezi toga?
01:51
We've talked about stem cells tonight.
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Večeras smo govorili o matičnim stanicama.
01:53
That's a way to do it.
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To je jedan od načina kako ovo riješiti.
01:55
But still ways to go to get stem cells into patients,
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No, još predstoji put kako usaditi matične stanice u pacijenta,
02:00
in terms of actual therapies for organs.
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u smislu stvarne terapije organa.
02:03
Wouldn't it be great if our bodies could regenerate?
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Ne bi li bilo fantastično kad bi se naša tijela mogla regenerirati?
02:06
Wouldn't it be great if we could actually harness the power
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Zar ne bi bilo značajno kad bi stvarno mogli koristiti snagu
02:09
of our bodies, to actually heal ourselves?
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naših tijela, da liječe sama sebe.
02:14
It's not really that foreign of a concept, actually;
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Ovo i nije tako stran koncept, jer zapravo;
02:17
it happens on the Earth every day.
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to se događa na Zemlji svaki dan.
02:21
This is actually a picture of a salamander.
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Ovdje je slika guštera.
02:24
Salamanders have this amazing capacity to regenerate.
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Gušteri posjeduju tu čudesnu sposobnost regeneracije.
02:28
You see here a little video.
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Vidite ovdje kratki video.
02:30
This is actually a limb injury in this salamander.
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Kod ovog guštera nastala je ozljeda uda
02:34
And this is actually real photography,
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A ovo je, u stvari stvarna slika,
02:36
timed photography, showing how that limb regenerates
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ubrzani snimak, koji pokazuje kako se taj ud regenerira
02:39
in a period of days.
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tijekom nekoliko dana.
02:41
You see the scar form.
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Vidi se ožiljak.
02:43
And that scar actually grows out
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I u stvari taj ožiljak izrasta
02:46
a new limb.
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u novi ud.
02:48
So, salamanders can do it.
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Znači, gušteru to uspijeva.
02:50
Why can't we? Why can't humans regenerate?
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Zašto ne bi i nama? Zašto kod ljudi nema regeneracije?
02:53
Actually, we can regenerate.
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Zapravo, mi se možemo regenerirati.
02:57
Your body has many organs
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Vaše tijelo ima mnoge organe
03:01
and every single organ in your body
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i svaki pojedini organ u vašem tijelu
03:03
has a cell population
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posjeduje stanice
03:05
that's ready to take over at the time of injury. It happens every day.
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koje su spremne preuzeti tu zadaću za vrijeme ozljede. To se događa svaki dan.
03:10
As you age, as you get older.
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Kako starite, kako postajete sve stariji.
03:13
Your bones regenerate every 10 years.
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Vaše kosti se regeneriraju svakih 10 godina.
03:16
Your skin regenerates every two weeks.
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Vaša koža se regenerira svaka dva tjedna.
03:19
So, your body is constantly regenerating.
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Prema tome, vaše tijelo se stalno regenerira.
03:21
The challenge occurs when there is an injury.
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Izazov nastaje kad dođe do ozljede.
03:23
At the time of injury or disease,
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U vrijeme ozljede ili bolesti,
03:26
the body's first reaction
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prva reakcija tijela
03:29
is to seal itself off from the rest of the body.
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je da sebe izolira od ostatka tijela.
03:32
It basically wants to fight off infection,
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U osnovi, ono želi odbaciti infekciju,
03:34
and seal itself, whether it's organs inside your body,
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te sebe izolirati, bilo da se radi o organima unutar vašeg tijela,
03:38
or your skin, the first reaction
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ili vašoj koži, prva reakcija
03:41
is for scar tissue to move in,
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za tkiva ožiljka da se usele,
03:43
to seal itself off from the outside.
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kako bi sebe izolirala od izvanjskog utjecaja.
03:47
So, how can we harness that power?
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Prema tome, kako možemo ojačati tu moć?
03:49
One of the ways that we do that
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Jedan od načina kojeg mi koristimo
03:51
is actually by using smart biomaterials.
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je u stvari, uporaba pametnih bio-tvari.
03:56
How does this work? Well, on the left side here
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kako ovo funkcionira? Pa, ovdje na lijevoj strani
03:59
you see a urethra which was injured.
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vidite mokraćnu cijev koja je oštećena.
04:01
This is the channel that connects the bladder to the outside of the body.
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Ovo je kanal koji povezuje mjehur s vanjskom stranom tijela.
04:05
And you see that it is injured.
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Možete vidjeti kako je cijev oštećena.
04:07
We basically found out that you can use these smart biomaterials
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U biti, otkrili smo da se mogu upotrijebiti ove bio-tvari,
04:11
that you can actually use as a bridge.
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koje se mogu koristiti kao most.
04:14
If you build that bridge, and you close off
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Ako načinite takvu premosnicu, i zatvorite je
04:17
from the outside environment,
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od vanjskog okruženja,
04:19
then you can create that bridge, and cells
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tada možete stvoriti takav most, i stanice
04:22
that regenerate in your body,
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koje se regeneriraju u vašem tijelu,
04:24
can then cross that bridge, and take that path.
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tada mogu prijeći tim mostom, i krenuti tim putem.
04:28
That's exactly what you see here.
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To je točno ono što se vidi ovdje.
04:30
It's actually a smart biomaterial
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U biti, to je pametna bio-tvar
04:32
that we used, to actually treat this patient.
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koju koristimo, da bi se liječio pacijent.
04:34
This was an injured urethra on the left side.
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Ovdje na lijevoj strani je oštećeni mokraćni kanal.
04:37
We used that biomaterial in the middle.
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U sredini je bio-tvar koju koristimo.
04:39
And then, six months later on the right-hand side
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I zatim, šest mjeseci kasnije na desnoj strani
04:42
you see this reengineered urethra.
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vidite ovaj regenerirani mokraćni kanal.
04:44
Turns out your body can regenerate,
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Ispada da se vaše tijelo može regenerirati,
04:46
but only for small distances.
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ali samo unutar kratkih dužina.
04:49
The maximum efficient distance for regeneration
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Najveća efikasna dužina za regeneraciju
04:52
is only about one centimeter.
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iznosi samo oko jedan centimetar.
04:54
So, we can use these smart biomaterials
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Prema tome, možemo koristiti ove pametne bio-tvari
04:57
but only for about one centimeter
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ali samo za otprilike jedan centimetar
05:00
to bridge those gaps.
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kako bismo premostili takve prekide.
05:02
So, we do regenerate, but for limited distances.
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Znači, stvarno se regeneriramo, no samo za ograničene udaljenosti.
05:05
What do we do now,
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Što onda radimo
05:07
if you have injury for larger organs?
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ako imate oštećenje većih organa?
05:10
What do we do when we have injuries
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Što radimo kada imamo oštećenja
05:12
for structures which are much larger
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struktura koja su mnogo veća
05:14
than one centimeter?
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od jednog centimetra?
05:16
Then we can start to use cells.
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Tada možemo početi upotrebljavati stanice.
05:19
The strategy here, is if a patient comes in to us
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Ovdje je strategija, ako pacijent dođe k nama
05:22
with a diseased or injured organ,
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s oboljelim ili oštećenim organom,
05:24
you can take a very small piece of tissue from that organ,
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možete uzeti veoma mali dio tkiva iz tog organa,
05:27
less than half the size of a postage stamp,
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upola manji od poštanske marke,
05:30
you can then tease that tissue apart,
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onda možete to tkivo razdvojiti na dijelove,
05:33
and look at its basic components,
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i pogledati njegove osnovne komponente,
05:35
the patient's own cells,
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pacijentove vlastite stanice,
05:37
you take those cells out,
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izvadite te stanice van,
05:39
grow and expand those cells outside the body in large quantities,
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uzgojite i povećate te stanice u velikim količinama van tijela,
05:43
and then we then use scaffold materials.
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a zatim upotrebljavamo skelne materijale.
05:46
To the naked eye they look like a piece of your blouse,
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Za golo oko oni izgledaju kao dijelovi vaše košulje,
05:49
or your shirt, but actually
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ili majice, no u stvari
05:51
these materials are fairly complex
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ovi materijali su prilično složeni
05:54
and they are designed to degrade once inside the body.
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i dizajnirani su tako da se razgrade kad se nađu unutar vašeg tijela.
05:57
It disintegrates a few months later.
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Nestanu nakon nekoliko mjeseci.
05:59
It's acting only as a cell delivery vehicle.
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Služe jedino kao vozilo za dostavu stanice.
06:02
It's bringing the cells into the body. It's allowing
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Oni dovode stanicu u tijelo. Dopuštaju
06:04
the cells to regenerate new tissue,
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stanicama da regeneriraju novo tkivo,
06:06
and once the tissue is regenerated the scaffold goes away.
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i jednom kad je tkivo regenerirano skela nestaje.
06:10
And that's what we did for this piece of muscle.
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I to je ono što mi činimo za ovaj dio mišića.
06:13
This is actually showing a piece of muscle and how we go through
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Ovo je prikaz komada mišića i kako ulazimo kroz
06:15
the structures to actually engineer the muscle.
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strukture kako bi u stvari konstruirali mišić.
06:18
We take the cells, we expand them,
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Uzimamo stanice, rastežemo ih,
06:20
we place the cells on the scaffold,
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smjestimo stanice na skelu,
06:22
and we then place the scaffold back into the patient.
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a zatim umetnemo skelu natrag u pacijenta.
06:25
But actually, before placing the scaffold into the patient,
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Zapravo, prije no što smjestimo skelu unutar pacijenta,
06:28
we actually exercise it.
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mi je uvježbamo.
06:31
We want to make sure that we condition
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Želimo se uvjeriti te kondicioniramo
06:33
this muscle, so that it knows what to do
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ovaj mišić, tako da on zna što činiti
06:35
once we put it into the patient.
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jednom kad ga stavimo unutar pacijenta.
06:37
That's what you're seeing here. You're seeing
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To je ono što ovde vidite. Vidite
06:39
this muscle bio-reactor
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ovaj mišićni bio-reaktor
06:41
actually exercising the muscle back and forth.
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koji u stvari rasteže mišić natrag i naprijed.
06:45
Okay. These are flat structures that we see here,
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Dobro. Ovo su ravne strukture što ih ovdje vidimo,
06:49
the muscle.
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mišić
06:51
What about other structures?
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Šta je s drugim strukturama?
06:53
This is actually an engineered blood vessel.
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Ovo je zapravo konstruirana krvna žila.
06:56
Very similar to what we just did, but a little bit more complex.
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Vrlo slično onome što smo maločas napravili, no malo složenije.
06:59
Here we take a scaffold,
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Ovdje uzimamo skelu,
07:01
and we basically -- scaffold can be like a piece of paper here.
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i u osnovi - skela može izgledati kao komad papira.
07:05
And we can then tubularize this scaffold.
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I tada možemo načiniti cjevčice unutar skele.
07:07
And what we do is we, to make a blood vessel, same strategy.
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I ono što činimo, pravimo krvnu žilu, ista strategija.
07:11
A blood vessel is made up of two different cell types.
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Krvna žila se sastoji od dvije različite vrste stanica.
07:15
We take muscle cells, we paste,
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Uzimamo mišićne stanice, lijepimo ih,
07:18
or coat the outside with these muscle cells,
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odnosno oblažemo vanjski dio s ovim mišićnim stanicama,
07:20
very much like baking a layer cake, if you will.
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poput pečenja slojevitog kolača, ako hoćete.
07:23
You place the muscle cells on the outside.
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Stavite mišićne stanice na vanjsku stranu.
07:26
You place the vascular blood vessel lining cells on the inside.
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Podstavimo iznutra stanice krvnih žila.
07:31
You now have your fully seeded scaffold.
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Sada imate potpuno zasađenu skelu.
07:33
You're going to place this in an oven-like device.
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Stavit ćete ovo u uređaj nalik pećnici.
07:36
It has the same conditions as a human body,
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On ima iste uvjete kao ljudsko tijelo.
07:38
37 degrees centigrade,
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37 stupnjeva Celziusa.
07:40
95 percent oxygen.
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95 posto kisika.
07:42
You then exercise it, as what you saw on that tape.
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Zatim ga uvježbavate, kao što ste vidjeli na snimci.
07:46
And on the right you actually see a carotid artery that was engineered.
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Na desnoj strani, zapravo, vidite karotidnu arteriju koja je konstruirana.
07:49
This is actually the artery that goes from your neck to your brain.
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Ovo je arterija koja ide od vašeg vrata do vašeg mozga.
07:52
And this is an X-ray showing you
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A ovo je rendgenska snimka koja pokazuje
07:55
the patent, functional blood vessel.
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patent, funkcionalnu krvnu žilu.
07:58
More complex structures
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Složenije strukture
08:00
such as blood vessels, urethras, which I showed you,
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kao što su krvne žile, mokraćne cijevi, koje sam vam pokazao,
08:03
they're definitely more complex
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oni su neosporno mnogo složeniji
08:05
because you're introducing two different cell types.
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jer su u igri dvije različite vrste stanica.
08:07
But they are really acting mostly as conduits.
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Ali oni u stvarnosti djeluju većinom kao cjevovodi.
08:09
You're allowing fluid or air to go through
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Dopuštate tekućini ili zraku da idu kroz njih
08:11
at steady states.
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pod stabilnim stanjima.
08:13
They are not nearly as complex as hollow organs.
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Niti približno nisu složeni kao šuplji organi.
08:15
Hollow organs have a much higher degree of complexity,
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Šuplji organi imaju mnogo veći stupanj složenosti,
08:18
because you're asking these organs to act on demand.
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zato što se traži od ovih organa da djeluju na zahtjev.
08:21
So, the bladder is one such organ.
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Mokraćni mjehur je jedan takav organ.
08:24
Same strategy, we take a very small piece of the bladder,
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Ista strategija, uzmemo veoma mali dio mjehura,
08:27
less than half the size of a postage stamp.
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manji od polovice poštanske marke.
08:29
We then tease the tissue apart
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Zatim, razdvojimo tkivo
08:31
into its two individual cell components,
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na njegove dvije pojedinačne stanične komponente,
08:33
muscle, and these bladder specialized cells.
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mišić i ove specijalizirane stanice mjehura.
08:36
We grow the cells outside the body in large quantities.
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Uzgojimo stanice u velikim količinama van tijela.
08:39
It takes about four weeks to grow these cells from the organ.
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Uzgoj stanica iz organa traje negdje oko četiri tjedna.
08:42
We then take a scaffold that we shape like a bladder.
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Zatim uzimamo skelu koju smo oblikovali kao mjehur.
08:45
We coat the inside with these bladder lining cells.
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Obložimo unutrašnjost sa ovim stanicama sluznice mokraćnog mjehura.
08:49
We coat the outside with these muscle cells.
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Obložimo vanjski dio s mišićnim stanicama.
08:52
We place it back into this oven-like device.
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Smjestimo natrag sve u uređaj sličan pećnici.
08:55
From the time you take that piece of tissue, six to eight weeks later
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Od trenutka kad ste uzeli komadić tkiva, nakon šest do osam tjedana
08:58
you can put the organ right back into the patient.
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možete organ vratiti natrag u pacijenta.
09:01
This actually shows the scaffold.
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Ovo prikazuje skelnu platformu.
09:04
The material is actually being coated with the cells.
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Materijal se zapravo oblaže stanicama.
09:08
When we did the first clinical trial for these patients
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Kada smo provodili prvi klinički pokus za ove pacijente
09:11
we actually created the scaffold specifically for each patient.
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u stvari smo stvorili skelnu platformu posebno za svakog pacijenta
09:14
We brought patients in,
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Doveli smo pacijente,
09:16
six to eight weeks prior to their scheduled surgery, did X-rays,
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šest do osam tjedana prije planirane operacije, načinili rendgenske snimke,
09:19
and we then composed a scaffold specifically for that patient's size
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i tada smo sastavili platformu prema veličinama pacijentove
09:22
pelvic cavity.
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zdjelične šupljine.
09:24
For the second phase of the trials
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Za drugu fazu ovoga pokusa
09:26
we just had different sizes, small, medium, large and extra-large.
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jednostavno smo imali različite veličine, malen, srednji, veliki i ekstra veliki.
09:29
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
09:32
It's true.
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To je istina.
09:34
And I'm sure everyone here wanted an extra-large. Right?
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A siguran sam da bi svatko ovdje prisutan želio ekstra veliki. Je li tako?
09:37
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
09:39
So, bladders are definitely a little bit more complex
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Prema tome, mjehur je neosporno malo složeniji
09:42
than the other structures.
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nego neke druge strukture.
09:44
But there are other hollow organs that have added complexity to it.
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Međutim, ima i drugih šupljih organa koji imaju dodatnu složenost.
09:47
This is actually a heart valve, which we engineered.
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To je u stvari srčani zalistak, kojeg smo konstruirali.
09:50
And the way you engineer this heart valve is the same strategy.
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I način na koji se sastavlja ovaj srčani zalistak je ista strategija.
09:53
We take the scaffold, we seed it with cells,
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Uzimamo skelnu platformu, zasadimo je stanicama,
09:55
and you can now see here, the valve leaflets opening and closing.
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i ovdje možete vidjeti kako se listići zaliska otvaraju i zatvaraju.
09:59
We exercise these prior to implantation.
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Uvježbavamo ih prije implantacije.
10:02
Same strategy.
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Ista strategija.
10:04
And then the most complex are the solid organs.
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Na kraju, najsloženiji su čvrsti organi.
10:06
For solid organs, they're more complex
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Što se tiče solidnih organa, oni su složeniji
10:08
because you're using a lot more cells per centimeter.
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jer koristite mnogo više stanica po četvornom centimetru.
10:12
This is actually a simple solid organ like the ear.
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Ovo je u stvari jednostavan solidni organ, uho.
10:14
It's now being seeded with cartilage.
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Sada je zasađen s hrskavicom.
10:16
That's the oven-like device;
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To je uređaj koji sliči pećnici.
10:19
once it's coated it gets placed there.
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Jednom kada se obloži ono se stavlja tamo.
10:21
And then a few weeks later we can take out the cartilage scaffold.
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A onda nakon nekoliko tjedana možemo uzeti platformu od hrskavice.
10:26
This is actually digits that we're engineering.
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Ovo su prsti koje konstruiramo.
10:28
These are being layered, one layer at a time,
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Na ove nanosimo sloj, i to jedan po jedan,
10:31
first the bone, we fill in the gaps with cartilage.
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prvo kost, ispunjavamo praznine hrskavicom.
10:34
We then start adding the muscle on top.
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Zatim počinjemo dodavati mišiće na vrh.
10:36
And you start layering these solid structures.
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A zatim se počinje nanositi sloj čvrste strukture.
10:38
Again, fairly more complex organs,
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Opet, poprilično složeniji organ.
10:41
but by far, the most complex solid organs
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do sada, najsloženiji čvrsti organi
10:44
are actually the vascularized, highly vascularized,
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su u stvari vaskularizirani, veoma vaskularizirani,
10:48
a lot of blood vessel supply,
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mnogo krvnih žila ih snabdijeva,
10:50
organs such as the heart,
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organi kao što su srce,
10:53
the liver, the kidneys.
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jetra, bubrezi.
10:56
This is actually an example -- several strategies
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Ovo je u stvari jedan primjer - nekoliko strategija
10:58
to engineer solid organs.
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kako bi se konstruirali čvrsti organi.
11:00
This is actually one of the strategies. We use a printer.
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Ovo je jedna od strategija. Koristimo printer.
11:02
And instead of using ink, we use -- you just saw an inkjet cartridge --
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I umjesto uporabe tinte, koristimo - upravo ste vidjeli uložak za tintu -
11:06
we just use cells.
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jednostavno koristimo stanice.
11:08
This is actually your typical desktop printer.
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Ovo je tipični stolni printer.
11:10
It's actually printing this two chamber heart,
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Upravo printa ove dvije srčane komore,
11:13
one layer at a time.
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jedan po jedan sloj.
11:15
You see the heart coming out there. It takes about 40 minutes to print,
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Vidite tamo se stvara srce. Za printanje treba oko 40 minuta,
11:19
and about four to six hours later
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i nakon otprilike četiri do šest sati
11:21
you see the muscle cells contract.
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vidite stanice mišića kako se stežu.
11:24
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
11:30
This technology was developed by Tao Ju, who worked at our institute.
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Ovu tehnologiju je razvio Tao Ju, koji je radio u našem institutu.
11:34
And this is actually still, of course, experimental,
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Naravno, ovo je još uvijek u eksperimentalnoj fazi,
11:36
not for use in patients.
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nije za primjenu na pacijentima.
11:39
Another strategy that we have followed
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Sljedeća strategija koju smo slijedili
11:41
is actually to use decellularized organs.
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je uporaba decelulariziranih organa .
11:43
We actually take donor organs,
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Zapravo, uzimamo organe donora,
11:46
organs that are discarded,
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organe koji su odbačeni,
11:48
and we then can use very mild detergents
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i onda koristimo veoma blage deterdžente
11:50
to take all the cell elements out of these organs.
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kako bismo izvadili stanične elemente iz ovih organa.
11:53
So, for example on the left panel,
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Tako, na primjer na lijevoj ploči,
11:55
top panel, you see a liver.
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gornjoj ploči, vidite jetru.
11:57
We actually take the donor liver,
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Uzimamo zapravo jetru donora,
11:59
we use very mild detergents,
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koristimo vrlo blage deterdžente,
12:01
and we, by using these mild detergents, we take all the cells
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i koristeći te blage deterdžente vadimo sve stanice
12:05
out of the liver.
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iz jetre.
12:07
Two weeks later, we basically can lift this organ up,
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Dva tjedna kasnije, u osnovi vadimo ovaj organ,
12:10
it feels like a liver,
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osjećamo je kao jetru,
12:12
we can hold it like a liver,
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držimo je kao jetru,
12:14
it looks like a liver, but it has no cells.
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izgleda kao jetra, ali nema ni jedne stanice.
12:17
All we are left with
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Sve što je ostalo
12:19
is the skeleton, if you will, of the liver,
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je, ako hoćete, kostur jetre,
12:22
all made up of collagen,
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sav sačinjen od kolagena,
12:24
a material that's in our bodies, that will not reject.
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tvari koja je u našim tijelima, koju ono neće odbaciti.
12:26
We can use it from one patient to the next.
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Možemo ga koristiti od jednog do drugog pacijenta.
12:28
We then take this vascular structure
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Zatim uzimamo ovu prokrvljenu strukturu
12:30
and we can prove that we retain the blood vessel supply.
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i možemo dokazati da je održana opskrba krvnih žila.
12:34
You can see, actually that's a fluoroscopy.
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Ovo što vidite je fluoroskopija.
12:36
We're actually injecting contrast into the organ.
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Zapravo, ubrizgavamo kontrast u organ.
12:39
Now you can see it start. We're injecting the contrast into the organ
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Sada vidite kako počinje. Ubrizgavamo kontrast u organ
12:43
into this decellularized liver.
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u ovu jetru kojoj su odstranjene sve stanice.
12:45
And you can see the vascular tree that remains intact.
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I vidite da je krvožilno stablo ostalo netaknuto.
12:48
We then take the cells, the vascular cells,
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Zatim uzimamo stanice, vaskularne stanice,
12:51
blood vessel cells, we perfuse the vascular tree
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stanice krvnih žila, prokrvljavamo vaskularno stablo
12:53
with the patient's own cells.
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sa stanicama samog pacijenta.
12:55
We perfuse the outside of the liver
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Prokrvljujemo vanjštinu jetre
12:57
with the patient's own liver cells.
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s pacijentovim vlastitim stanicama jetre.
12:59
And we can then create functional livers.
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Zatim možemo stvoriti funkcionalnu jetru.
13:01
And that's actually what you're seeing.
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I to je u stvari to što vidite.
13:03
This is still experimental. But we are able to actually reproduce the functionality
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Ovo je još eksperiment. No, u biti smo sposobni stvoriti funkcionalnost
13:07
of the liver structure, experimentally.
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jetrene strukture, eksperimentalno.
13:10
For the kidney,
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Što se tiče bubrega,
13:12
as I talked to you about the first painting that you saw,
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kad sam govorio o onoj prvoj slici što ste je vidjeli,
13:16
the first slide I showed you,
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prvi slajd koji sam vam pokazao.
13:18
90 percent of the patients on the transplant wait list
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90 posto pacijenata na listi čekanja za transplataciju
13:21
are waiting for a kidney, 90 percent.
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čekaju bubreg, 90 posto.
13:23
So, another strategy we're following
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Prema tome, sljedeća strategija koju slijedimo
13:25
is actually to create wafers
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je da se stvore tipke
13:27
that we stack together, like an accordion, if you will.
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koje složimo zajedno, kao kod harmonike, ako hoćete.
13:31
So, we stack these wafers together, using the kidney cells.
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Znači, složimo ove tipke zajedno, koristeći bubrežne stanice.
13:34
And then you can see these miniature kidneys that we've engineered.
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Sada možete vidjeti ove minijaturne bubrege koje smo konstruirali.
13:37
They are actually making urine.
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One stvarno proizvode mokraću.
13:39
Again, small structures, our challenge is how to make them larger,
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Ponovno, male strukture, izazov nam je kako ih učiniti većima,
13:43
and that is something we're working on
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i to je nešto na čemu se radi
13:45
right now at the institute.
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upravo sada u institutu.
13:47
One of the things that I wanted to summarize for you then
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Jedna od stvari koju bih sada želio rezimirati za vas
13:50
is what is a strategy that we're going for in regenerative medicine.
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je koja je strategija kojoj težimo u regenerativnoj medicini.
13:54
If at all possible,
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Ako je uopće moguće
13:56
we really would like to use smart biomaterials
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mi bismo uistinu željeli koristiti pametne biomaterijale.
13:59
that we can just take off the shelf
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koje bismo jednostavno mogli pokupiti s police
14:01
and regenerate your organs.
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i regenerirati vaše organe.
14:03
We are limited with distances right now,
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Trenutno smo ograničeni udaljenostima,
14:05
but our goal is actually to increase those distances over time.
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međutim, naš cilj je vremenom povećati te udaljenosti.
14:09
If we cannot use smart biomaterials,
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Ako ne možemo koristiti pametne biomaterijale,
14:11
then we'd rather use your very own cells.
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onda bismo radije koristili vaše vlastite stanice.
14:13
Why? Because they will not reject.
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Zašto? Jer se one ne bi odbacile.
14:15
We can take cells from you,
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Možemo uzeti stanice od vas,
14:17
create the structure, put it right back into you, they will not reject.
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stvoriti strukturu, vratiti ih u vas, one se neće odbaciti.
14:20
And if possible, we'd rather use the cells from your very specific organ.
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I ako je moguće, radije bismo uzeli stanice iz vašeg određenog organa.
14:24
If you present with a diseased wind pipe
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Ako imate bolest dušnika
14:27
we'd like to take cells from your windpipe.
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željeli bismo uzeti stanice iz vašeg dušnika.
14:29
If you present with a diseased pancreas
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Ako imate bolest gušterače
14:32
we'd like to take cells from that organ.
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željeli bismo uzeti stanice iz tog organa.
14:34
Why? Because we'd rather take those cells
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Zašto? Jer radije bismo uzeli one stanice
14:37
which already know that those are the cell types you want.
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koje već znaju da su one onog tipa kojega vi želite.
14:40
A windpipe cell already knows it's a windpipe cell.
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Stanice dušnika već znaju da su one stanice dušnika.
14:43
We don't need to teach it to become another cell type.
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Ne moramo ih učiti da postanu neke stanice druge vrste.
14:46
So, we prefer organ-specific cells.
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Prema tome, mi smo skloniji stanicama specifičnih organa.
14:48
And today we can obtain cells from most every organ in your body,
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Danas možemo nabaviti stanice iz skoro svakog organa vašeg tijela,
14:51
except for several which we still need stem cells for,
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osim ponekih za koje još trebamo matične stanice
14:54
like heart, liver, nerve and pancreas.
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kao što su srce, jetra, živci i gušterača.
14:58
And for those we still need stem cells.
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Za njih još trebamo matične stanice.
15:01
If we cannot use stem cells from your body
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Ako se ne mogu koristiti matične stanice iz vašega tijela
15:04
then we'd like to use donor stem cells.
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onda bismo željeli rabiti matične stanice od donora.
15:07
And we prefer cells that will not reject
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I skloniji smo stanicama koje se neće odbaciti
15:09
and will not form tumors.
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i neće tvoriti tumore.
15:11
And we're working a lot with the stem cells that we
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Mnogo radimo s matičnim stanicama što smo
15:13
published on two years ago,
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objavili prije dvije godine,
15:15
stem cells from the amniotic fluid,
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matičnim stanicama iz plodne vode,
15:17
and the placenta, which have those properties.
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i posteljice, koje imaju takve osobine.
15:21
So, at this point, I do want to tell you that
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Prema tome, sada bih vam rekao o
15:24
some of the major challenges we have.
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nekim glavnim izazovima koje imamo.
15:28
You know, I just showed you this presentation, everything looks so good,
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Znate, upravo sam vam pokazao ovu prezentaciju, sve izgleda tako dobro,
15:30
everything works. Actually no,
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sve štima. U stvari nije,
15:32
these technologies really are not that easy.
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ove tehnologije uistinu i nisu tako lagane.
15:34
Some of the work you saw today
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Neke radove koje ste danas vidjeli
15:36
was performed by over 700 researchers
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je izvodilo preko 700 istraživača
15:39
at our institute across a 20-year time span.
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u našem institutu, tijekom razdoblja od 20 godina.
15:42
So, these are very tough technologies.
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Prema tome, ovo su veoma zahtjevne tehnologije.
15:44
Once you get the formula right you can replicate it.
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Jednom kad imate pravu formulu možete je ponoviti.
15:47
But it takes a lot to get there.
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Međutim, treba puno da bi se do toga došlo.
15:49
So, I always like to show this cartoon.
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Uvijek mi je drago pokazati ovaj crtić.
15:51
This is how to stop a runaway stage.
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Ovaj je o tome kako zaustaviti jureću kočiju.
15:53
And there you see the stagecoach driver,
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Vidite vozača kočije,
15:55
and he goes, on the top panel,
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na gornjoj ploči,
15:57
He goes A, B, C, D, E, F.
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On ide A, B, C, D, E, F.
15:59
He finally stops the runaway stage.
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I na koncu zaustavlja jureću kočiju.
16:01
And those are usually the basic scientists,
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I to su obično temeljni znanstvenici.
16:04
The bottom is usually the surgeons.
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Donji su obično kirurzi.
16:06
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
16:10
I'm a surgeon so that's not that funny.
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Ja sam kirurg, prema tome ovo nije toliko smiješno.
16:12
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
16:13
But actually method A is the correct approach.
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Ali, zapravo A metoda je ispravan pristup.
16:17
And what I mean by that is that anytime we've launched one of these technologies
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A ono što sam mislio je da kad god lansiramo jednu od ovih tehnologija
16:20
to the clinic,
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u kliničku praksu,
16:22
we've made absolutely sure that we do everything we can
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moramo biti u potpunosti sigurni da smo učinili sve što smo mogli
16:25
in the laboratory before we ever
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u laboratoriju prije nego što
16:27
launch these technologies to patients.
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primijenimo ove tehnologije na pacijente.
16:29
And when we launch these technologies to patients
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A kada uvedemo ove tehnologije kod pacijenata
16:31
we want to make sure that we ask ourselves a very tough question.
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želimo biti sigurni da smo se zapitali veoma teško pitanje.
16:36
Are you ready to place this in your own loved one, your own child,
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jesmo li spremni primijeniti ovo na svoju voljenu osobu, na svoje vlastito dijete,
16:39
your own family member, and then we proceed.
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na članove svoje obitelj, i tek tada nastaviti.
16:42
Because our main goal, of course,
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Jer, naravno, naš glavni cilj
16:44
is first, to do no harm.
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je u prvom redu, ne naškoditi.
16:47
I'm going to show you now, a very short clip,
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Pokazat ću vam sada, veoma kratak isječak.
16:49
It's a five second clip of a patient
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Isječak od pet sekundi je o pacijentu
16:52
who received one of the engineered organs.
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koji je primio jedan od konstruiranih organa.
16:54
We started implanting some of these structures
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Već smo započeli s implantacijom ovih struktura
16:56
over 14 years ago.
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prije 14 godina.
16:58
So, we have patients now walking around with organs,
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Prema tome, imamo pacijente koji unaokolo hodaju s organima,
17:00
engineered organs, for over 10 years, as well.
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konstruiranim organima, već više od 10 godina.
17:04
I'm going to show a clip of one young lady.
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Pokazat ću vam isječak o jednoj mladoj dami.
17:06
She had a spina bifida defect, a spinal cord abnormality.
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Ona ima anomaliju spina bifidu, abnormalnost kralježničke moždine.
17:09
She did not have a normal bladder. This is a segment from CNN.
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Nije imala normalan mjehur. Ovo je dio sa CNN-a.
17:12
We are just taking five seconds.
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Treba nam samo pet sekundi.
17:14
This is a segment that Sanjay Gupta actually took care of.
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Ovo je dio za koji se pobrinuo Sanjay Gupta.
17:19
Video: Kaitlyn M: I'm happy. I was always afraid
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Video: Kaitlyn M: Sretna sam. Uvijek sam se bojala.
17:21
that I was going to have like, an accident or something.
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da ću doživjeti neku vrstu nesreće ili slično.
17:24
And now I can just go and
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A sada jednostavno mogu ići i
17:27
go out with my friends,
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izlaziti s mojim prijateljima.
17:29
go do whatever I want.
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činiti što god poželim.
17:32
Anthony Atala: See, at the end of the day, the promise of regenerative medicine
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Anthony Atala: Vidite, na kraju dana, obećanje regenerativne medicine
17:35
is a single promise.
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je obično obećanje.
17:37
And that is really very simple,
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A to je veoma jednostavno,
17:40
to make our patients better.
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učiniti da se naš pacijent osjeća bolje.
17:42
Thank you for your attention.
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Hvala na pažnji.
17:44
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)

Original video on YouTube.com
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