Dan Barber: How I fell in love with a fish

355,190 views ใƒป 2010-03-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Gad Amit ืžื‘ืงืจ: Amit Lampit
00:16
So, I've known a lot of fish in my life.
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ืื–, ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™.
00:20
I've loved only two.
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ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืจืง ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
00:23
That first one,
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ื”ื“ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
00:25
it was more like a passionate affair.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžืœื ืชืฉื•ืงื”.
00:28
It was a beautiful fish:
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื’ ื™ืคื™ืคื”,
00:30
flavorful, textured, meaty,
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ืžืœื ื˜ืขื, ืžืจืงื ื•ื‘ืฉืจื ื™,
00:33
a bestseller on the menu.
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ืžื ื” ื”ื ืžื›ืจืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
00:35
What a fish.
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ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื’.
00:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:40
Even better,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:42
it was farm-raised to the supposed highest standards
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:45
of sustainability.
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ืœืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
00:48
So you could feel good about selling it.
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ืื– ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื ืคืœื ื›ืฉืžื›ืจืช ืื•ืชื•.
00:52
I was in a relationship with this beauty
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ืคื™ืคื” ื”ื–ื”
00:54
for several months.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
00:58
One day, the head of the company called
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืชืงืฉืจ
01:00
and asked if I'd speak at an event
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ื•ืฉืืœ ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข
01:02
about the farm's sustainability.
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ืขืœ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื”.
01:04
"Absolutely," I said.
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"ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜", ืืžืจืชื™.
01:06
Here was a company trying to solve
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ื”ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ
01:09
what's become this unimaginable problem for us chefs:
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืœืฉืคื™ื.
01:13
How do we keep fish on our menus?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•?
01:17
For the past 50 years,
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ื‘-50 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
01:20
we've been fishing the seas
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ืื ื• ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช
01:22
like we clear-cut forests.
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
01:25
It's hard to overstate the destruction.
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ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ืจืก.
01:30
Ninety percent of large fish, the ones we love --
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90 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืืœื• ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื,
01:33
the tunas, the halibuts, the salmons, swordfish --
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ื”ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื”ืœื™ื‘ื•ื˜, ื”ืกืœืžื•ืŸ, ื“ื’ื™-ื”ื—ืจื‘,
01:36
they've collapsed.
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ื”ืชืจืกืงื•.
01:38
There's almost nothing left.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:41
So, for better or for worse,
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ืื–, ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืœืจืข,
01:44
aquaculture, fish farming, is going to be a part of our future.
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ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืช, ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื, ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื•.
01:47
A lot of arguments against it:
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ื”,
01:49
Fish farms pollute -- most of them do anyway --
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ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื ืžื–ื”ืžื•ืช, ืžืจื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ,
01:52
and they're inefficient. Take tuna,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช, ืื ื ื™ืงื— ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื ื”,
01:54
a major drawback.
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ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:56
It's got a feed conversion ratio
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ื™ื—ืก ื”ื”ืื›ืœื”
01:58
of 15 to one.
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ื”ื•ื 15 ืœืื—ื“.
02:00
That means it takes fifteen pounds of wild fish
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืฉืื ื ื™ืงื— 7.5 ืง"ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ืคืจื
02:02
to get you one pound of farm tuna.
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ื ืงื‘ืœ ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ื˜ื•ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื•ื”.
02:06
Not very sustainable.
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ืœื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื.
02:08
It doesn't taste very good either.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื˜ืขื™ื.
02:11
So here, finally,
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ืื– ื”ื ื”, ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
02:13
was a company trying to do it right.
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš.
02:15
I wanted to support them.
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ื.
02:18
The day before the event,
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ื™ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข
02:20
I called the head of P.R. for the company.
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ื”ืชืงืฉืจืชื™ ืœืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
02:23
Let's call him Don.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงืจื ืœื• ื“ื•ืŸ.
02:27
"Don," I said, "just to get the facts straight, you guys are famous
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"ื“ื•ืŸ," ืืžืจืชื™, "ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืืชื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื
02:30
for farming so far out to sea, you don't pollute."
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ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื›"ื› ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื, ืืชื ืœื ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื".
02:33
"That's right," he said. "We're so far out,
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"ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ," ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ. "ืื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื,
02:36
the waste from our fish gets distributed,
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ืฉื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืคื–ืจ,
02:39
not concentrated."
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ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืจื•ื›ื–."
02:41
And then he added,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ,
02:43
"We're basically a world unto ourselves.
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"ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•.
02:47
That feed conversion ratio? 2.5 to one," he said.
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ื™ื—ืก ื”ื”ืื›ืœื”? 2.5 ืœืื—ื“" ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ.
02:50
"Best in the business."
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"ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื."
02:52
2.5 to one, great.
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2.5 ืœืื—ื“, ื ื”ื“ืจ.
02:54
"2.5 what? What are you feeding?"
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"2.5 ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”? ืžื” ืืชื ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื?"
02:56
"Sustainable proteins," he said.
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"ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™-ืงื™ื™ืžื", ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ.
02:59
"Great," I said. Got off the phone.
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"ืžืขื•ืœื”", ืืžืจืชื™. ืกื™ื™ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”.
03:02
And that night, I was lying in bed, and I thought:
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื”, ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื”, ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™:
03:05
What the hell is a sustainable protein?
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ืžื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™-ืงื™ื™ืžื?
03:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:12
So the next day, just before the event, I called Don.
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ืื– ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข, ื”ืชืงืฉืจืชื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ.
03:14
I said, "Don, what are some examples of sustainable proteins?"
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ืืžืจืชื™, "ื“ื•ืŸ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™-ืงื™ื™ืžื?"
03:18
He said he didn't know. He would ask around.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืืœ.
03:21
Well, I got on the phone with a few people in the company;
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.
03:23
no one could give me a straight answer
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”.
03:26
until finally, I got on the phone
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื“ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ
03:29
with the head biologist.
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ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื™.
03:31
Let's call him Don too.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงืจื ื’ื ืœื•, ื“ื•ืŸ.
03:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:37
"Don," I said,
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"ื“ื•ืŸ", ืืžืจืชื™,
03:39
"what are some examples of sustainable proteins?"
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"ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™-ืงื™ื™ืžื?"
03:42
Well, he mentioned some algaes
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืืฆื•ืช
03:44
and some fish meals,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื,
03:46
and then he said chicken pellets.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ ืขื•ืคื•ืช.
03:48
I said, "Chicken pellets?"
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, "ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ ืขื•ืคื•ืช?"
03:50
He said, "Yeah, feathers, skin,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื›ืŸ, ื ื•ืฆื•ืช, ืขื•ืจ,
03:52
bone meal, scraps,
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ืขืฆืžื•ืช, ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ื,
03:54
dried and processed into feed."
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ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืื›ืœื”."
03:57
I said, "What percentage
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ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ "ื›ืžื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
03:59
of your feed is chicken?"
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ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฃ?"
04:02
Thinking, you know, two percent.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
04:05
"Well, it's about 30 percent," he said.
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"ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 30%", ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ.
04:08
I said, "Don, what's sustainable
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ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, "ื“ื•ืŸ, ืžื” ื›"ื› ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื
04:11
about feeding chicken to fish?"
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฃ?"
04:13
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:18
There was a long pause on the line,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคื•ื’ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืงื•.
04:21
and he said, "There's just too much chicken in the world."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื."
04:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:30
I fell out of love with this fish.
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ื”ืคืกืงืชื™ ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื’ ื”ื–ื”.
04:32
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:34
No, not because I'm some self-righteous,
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ืœื, ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืฆื“ืงืŸ ืฆื‘ื•ืข
04:37
goody-two shoes foodie.
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ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ื›ืœ.
04:39
I actually am.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื›ื–ื”.
04:41
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:43
No, I actually fell out of love with this fish because, I swear to God,
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ืœื, ื”ืคืกืงืชื™ ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื’ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ื’ืœืœ, ื•ืื ื™ ื ืฉื‘ืข,
04:45
after that conversation, the fish tasted like chicken.
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ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืœื“ื’ ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฃ.
04:48
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:58
This second fish,
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ื”ื“ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™,
05:01
it's a different kind of love story.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื”ื‘ื” ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
05:04
It's the romantic kind,
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ื–ื” ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™,
05:07
the kind where the more you get to know your fish,
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื” ืœื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื’
05:10
you love the fish.
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ืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื•.
05:13
I first ate it at a restaurant
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ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื›ืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื”
05:15
in southern Spain.
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ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืกืคืจื“
05:17
A journalist friend had been talking about this fish for a long time.
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืช ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื’ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื”.
05:20
She kind of set us up.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื™ื“ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•.
05:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:24
It came to the table
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ
05:26
a bright, almost shimmering, white color.
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ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืœื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืฅ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื•ื”ืง.
05:31
The chef had overcooked it.
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ื”ืฉืฃ ื‘ื™ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”.
05:34
Like twice over.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช.
05:37
Amazingly, it was still delicious.
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ื•ืœืชื“ื”ืžืชื™, ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื ืคืœื.
05:40
Who can make a fish taste good
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ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ื’ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืขื™ื
05:44
after it's been overcooked?
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ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”?
05:46
I can't,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ,
05:48
but this guy can.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ.
05:50
Let's call him Miguel --
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงืจื ืœื• ืžื™ื’ืœ.
05:52
actually his name is Miguel.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉืžื• ืื›ืŸ ืžื™ื’ืœ.
05:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:57
And no, he didn't cook the fish, and he's not a chef,
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ื•ืœื, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ื™ืฉืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื’, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉืฃ.
05:59
at least in the way that you and I understand it.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืื ื™ ื•ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืืช.
06:03
He's a biologist
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’.
06:05
at Veta La Palma.
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ื‘-ื•ื˜ื” ืœื” ืคืœืืžื”.
06:07
It's a fish farm in the southwestern corner of Spain.
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ื–ื• ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ ืกืคืจื“
06:10
It's at the tip of the Guadalquivir river.
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ื‘ืงืฆื” ื ื”ืจ ื’ื•ื•'ื“ื”ืœืงื™ื‘ื™ืจ.
06:13
Until the 1980s,
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ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื,
06:15
the farm was in the hands of the Argentinians.
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ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืืจื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื ืื™ื•ืช
06:18
They raised beef cattle
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ื”ื ื’ื™ื“ืœื• ื‘ืงืจ
06:20
on what was essentially wetlands.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช.
06:23
They did it by draining the land.
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ืข"ื™ ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
06:25
They built this intricate series of canals,
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ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืกื•ืœืœืช ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช,
06:28
and they pushed water off the land and out into the river.
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ื•ื”ื ื“ื—ืคื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœืื” ืžื”ืงืจืงืข ืืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ.
06:32
Well, they couldn't make it work,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื”ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืชืคืขืœ ืืช ื–ื”,
06:34
not economically.
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ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
06:36
And ecologically, it was a disaster.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืŸ.
06:39
It killed like 90 percent of the birds,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื’ ื›-90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
06:41
which, for this place, is a lot of birds.
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ื•ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
06:44
And so in 1982,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘-1982,
06:46
a Spanish company with an environmental conscience
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืขื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™
06:48
purchased the land.
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ืจื›ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข.
06:50
What did they do?
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ืžื” ื”ื ืขืฉื•?
06:52
They reversed the flow of water.
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ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื.
06:54
They literally flipped the switch.
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžืชื’.
06:56
Instead of pushing water out,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
06:58
they used the channels to pull water back in.
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชืขืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื”.
07:00
They flooded the canals.
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ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช.
07:02
They created a 27,000-acre fish farm --
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ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืช 109,000 ื“ื•ื ื
07:06
bass, mullet,
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ื“ื’ื™ ืžื•ืฉื˜, ื‘ื•ืจื™,
07:08
shrimp, eel --
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ืฉืจื™ืคืก, ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื
07:11
and in the process, Miguel and this company
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ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”, ืžื™ื’ืœ, ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื–ื•,
07:14
completely reversed the ecological destruction.
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ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืจืก ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
07:18
The farm's incredible.
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ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
07:20
I mean, you've never seen anything like this.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ืชื ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื”.
07:23
You stare out at a horizon
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ืืชื” ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืง
07:26
that is a million miles away,
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืœ,
07:28
and all you see are flooded canals
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ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ื” ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืคื•ืช
07:30
and this thick, rich marshland.
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ื•ืื“ืžืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ืขื‘ื”, ืขืฉื™ืจื”.
07:35
I was there not long ago with Miguel.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ ืขื ืžื™ื’ืœ.
07:38
He's an amazing guy,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
07:41
like three parts Charles Darwin and one part Crocodile Dundee.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื”-ืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื‘ืข ืื—ื“ ืงืจื•ืงื•ื“ื™ืœ ื“ื ื“ื™.
07:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:46
Okay? There we are slogging through the wetlands,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™? ื”ื ื” ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช,
07:50
and I'm panting and sweating, got mud up to my knees,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื ืฉืฃ ื•ืžื–ื™ืข, ื”ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืœื‘ืจื›ื™ื™,
07:52
and Miguel's calmly conducting a biology lecture.
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ื•ืžื™ื’ืœ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื’ืข ื”ืจืฆืื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
07:56
Here, he's pointing out a rare Black-shouldered Kite.
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ื›ืืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื“ืื” ืฉื—ื•ืจืช ื›ืชืฃ.
07:59
Now, he's mentioning the mineral needs of phytoplankton.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืช'ื•ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ.
08:03
And here, here he sees a grouping pattern
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ื•ื›ืืŸ, ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช
08:06
that reminds him of the Tanzanian Giraffe.
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ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ื’'ื™ืจืฃ ื”ื˜ื ื–ื ื™.
08:11
It turns out, Miguel spent the better part of his career
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืžื™ื’ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื” ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•
08:14
in the Mikumi National Park in Africa.
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ื‘ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ "ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™" ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
08:17
I asked him how he became
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš
08:19
such an expert on fish.
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ืœื›ื–ื” ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ื“ื’ื™ื.
08:21
He said, "Fish? I didn't know anything about fish.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื“ื’ื™ื? ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื’ื™ื.
08:24
I'm an expert in relationships."
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื."
08:27
And then he's off, launching into more talk
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ
08:29
about rare birds and algaes
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ืขืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืืฆื•ืช
08:31
and strange aquatic plants.
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ื•ืขืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื.
08:33
And don't get me wrong, that was really fascinating, you know,
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ื•ืืœ ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืจืชืง, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
08:36
the biotic community unplugged, kind of thing.
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ื›ืื™ืœื•, ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืžื’ืข ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
08:39
It's great, but I was in love.
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ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ื”ื‘.
08:42
And my head was swooning over that
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ื•ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื™ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉ ื•ื”ืชืžืงื“
08:45
overcooked piece of delicious fish I had the night before.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื“ื’ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ ื•ื˜ืขื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื, ืฉืื›ืœืชื™ ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืืžืฉ.
08:48
So I interrupted him. I said,
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ืื– ื”ืคืจืขืชื™ ืœื•. ืืžืจืชื™,
08:50
"Miguel, what makes your fish taste so good?"
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"ืžื™ื’ืœ, ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื?"
08:52
He pointed at the algae.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืืฆื•ืช
08:54
"I know, dude, the algae, the phytoplankton,
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"ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื‘ื—ื•ืจ, ื”ืืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ืช'ื•ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ,
08:57
the relationships: It's amazing.
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ื”ื™ื—ืก, ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
09:00
But what are your fish eating?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืœืš ืื•ื›ืœื™ื?
09:02
What's the feed conversion ratio?"
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ืžื” ื™ื—ืก ื”ืื›ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื?"
09:05
Well, he goes on to tell me
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ืื–, ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคืจ ืœื™
09:09
it's such a rich system
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ื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืฉื™ืจื”,
09:11
that the fish are eating what they'd be eating in the wild.
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ืฉื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
09:14
The plant biomass, the phytoplankton,
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ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื, ื”ืคื™ืช'ื•ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ
09:17
the zooplankton, it's what feeds the fish.
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ื”ื–ื•ืื•ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื.
09:19
The system is so healthy,
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืจื™ืื”,
09:21
it's totally self-renewing.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
09:23
There is no feed.
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ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื›ืœื” ื›ืœืœ.
09:26
Ever heard of a farm that doesn't feed its animals?
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ืฉืžืขืช ืคืขื ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื ืžืื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”?
09:33
Later that day, I was driving around this property with Miguel,
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื, ื ืกืขืชื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ืขื ืžื™ื’ืœ,
09:35
and I asked him, I said, "For a place that seems so natural,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื•, ืืžืจืชื™ "ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™",
09:39
unlike like any farm I'd ever been at,
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ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™,
09:44
how do you measure success?"
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"ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžื•ื“ื“ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”?"
09:47
At that moment, it was as if
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข, ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื•
09:50
a film director called for a set change.
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ื‘ืžืื™ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืงืจื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืกื˜.
09:52
And we rounded the corner
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ื•ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืคื™ื ื”
09:54
and saw the most amazing sight:
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ื•ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:56
thousands and thousands of pink flamingos,
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ืืœืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืœืžื™ื ื’ื• ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ื
09:59
a literal pink carpet for as far as you could see.
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ืฆื‘ืขื• ืฉื˜ื™ื— ื•ืจื•ื“ ืœืžืจื—ืง ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช.
10:03
"That's success," he said.
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"ื–ื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื”" ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ.
10:06
"Look at their bellies, pink.
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ืชืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืจื•ื“ื”.
10:08
They're feasting."
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ื”ื ื–ื•ืœืœื™ื."
10:10
Feasting? I was totally confused.
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ื–ื•ืœืœื™ื? ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
10:12
I said, "Miguel, aren't they feasting on your fish?"
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ืืžืจืชื™, "ืžื™ื’ืœ, ื”ืื ื”ื ืœื ื–ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืœืš?"
10:14
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:16
"Yes," he said.
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"ื›ืŸ" ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ.
10:18
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:24
"We lose 20 percent of our fish
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื 20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
10:26
and fish eggs to birds.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ ื“ื’ื™ื ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
10:30
Well, last year, this property
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื–ื”
10:32
had 600,000 birds on it,
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ื”ื™ื• 600,000 ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
10:34
more than 250 different species.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 250 ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช.
10:36
It's become, today, the largest
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ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื, ืœืฉืžื•ืจืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
10:39
and one of the most important
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ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:42
private bird sanctuaries in all of Europe."
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”."
10:46
I said, "Miguel, isn't a thriving bird population
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ืืžืจืชื™, "ืžื™ื’ืœ, ื”ืื ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช
10:49
like the last thing you want on a fish farm?"
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื?"
10:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:53
He shook his head, no.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืขื ืข ื‘ืจืืฉื•, ืœื.
10:55
He said, "We farm extensively,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื”,
10:58
not intensively.
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ืœื ื ืžืจืฆืช.
11:01
This is an ecological network.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืฉืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
11:04
The flamingos eat the shrimp.
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ื”ืคืœืžื™ื ื’ื• ืื•ื›ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื.
11:06
The shrimp eat the phytoplankton.
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ื”ื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ืช'ื•ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ.
11:08
So the pinker the belly,
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ืจื•ื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:10
the better the system."
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ."
11:13
Okay, so let's review:
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื”.
11:15
a farm that doesn't feed its animals,
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ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื ืžืื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
11:18
and a farm that measures its success
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ื•ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืงืช ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื”
11:21
on the health of its predators.
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ืœืคื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœื”.
11:23
A fish farm, but also a bird sanctuary.
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ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืฉืžื•ืจืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
11:26
Oh, and by the way, those flamingos,
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ืื•, ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ืคืœืžื™ื ื’ื• ื”ืืœื”,
11:28
they shouldn't even be there in the first place.
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ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื”
11:30
They brood in a town
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ื”ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ
11:32
150 miles away,
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ื›240 ืง"ืž ืžื›ืืŸ.
11:34
where the soil conditions
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืื“ืžื”
11:36
are better for building nests.
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ืžืชืื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงืŸ.
11:38
Every morning, they fly
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ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื”ื ืขืคื™ื
11:40
150 miles into the farm.
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240 ืง"ืž ืœื—ื•ื•ื”.
11:44
And every evening, they fly 150 miles back.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืขืจื‘ ื”ื ืขืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” 240 ืง"ืž.
11:47
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:54
They do that because they're able to follow
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘
11:57
the broken white line
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงื• ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ
11:59
of highway A92.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื“ื” A92.
12:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:03
No kidding.
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ืœื ื‘ืฆื—ื•ืง,
12:05
I was imagining a "March of the Penguins" thing,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืžืฆืขื“ ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื,
12:08
so I looked at Miguel.
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ืื– ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ืžื™ื’ืœ.
12:10
I said, "Miguel, do they fly
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ืืžืจืชื™, "ืžื™ื’ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื ืขืคื™ื
12:12
150 miles to the farm,
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240 ืง"ืž ืœื—ื•ื•ื”,
12:14
and then do they fly
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืขืคื™ื
12:16
150 miles back at night?
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240 ืง"ืž ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”?
12:18
Do they do that for the children?"
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ื”ืื ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื?"
12:21
He looked at me like I had just quoted a Whitney Houston song.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื™ ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื ื™ ื™ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ.
12:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:28
He said, "No; they do it because the food's better."
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืœื, ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ."
12:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:33
I didn't mention the skin of my beloved fish,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื’ ืฉืื”ื‘ืชื™,
12:41
which was delicious -- and I don't like fish skin;
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื“ืŸ, ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื’.
12:43
I don't like it seared, I don't like it crispy.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉ, ืื• ืคืจื™ืš.
12:46
It's that acrid, tar-like flavor.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื—ืจื™ืฃ, ื˜ืขื ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ืคืช.
12:50
I almost never cook with it.
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ืื ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืฃ-ืคืขื ืœื ืžื‘ืฉืœ ืขื ื–ื”.
12:53
Yet, when I tasted it at that restaurant in southern Spain,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ืขืžืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืกืคืจื“,
12:56
it tasted not at all like fish skin.
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ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื” ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจ ื“ื’ื™ื.
12:59
It tasted sweet and clean,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื” ื˜ืขื ืžืชื•ืง ื•ื ืงื™
13:02
like you were taking a bite of the ocean.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื™ืก ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก.
13:05
I mentioned that to Miguel, and he nodded.
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ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ื–ืืช ืœืžื™ื’ืœ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘.
13:07
He said, "The skin acts like a sponge.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื”ืขื•ืจ ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ืกืคื•ื’.
13:09
It's the last defense before anything enters the body.
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ื–ื• ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื ื›ื ืก ืœื’ื•ืฃ.
13:12
It evolved to soak up impurities."
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ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืกืคื™ื’ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื."
13:14
And then he added,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ,
13:16
"But our water has no impurities."
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"ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื."
13:22
OK. A farm that doesn't feed its fish,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื ืžืื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
13:26
a farm that measures its success
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ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืงืช ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื”
13:29
by the success of its predators.
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉื‘ื”.
13:31
And then I realized when he says,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
13:33
"A farm that has no impurities,"
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ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื,
13:36
he made a big understatement,
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื˜ื”,
13:38
because the water that flows through that farm
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื™ื ืฉื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ื–ืืช
13:40
comes in from the Guadalquivir River.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื ื”ืจ ื”ื’'ื•ื•ืื“ืืœืงื™ื•ื™ืจ.
13:43
It's a river that carries with it
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ื–ื”ื• ื ื”ืจ ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืื™ืชื•
13:45
all the things that rivers tend to carry these days:
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื–ืจื™ืžื™ื,
13:48
chemical contaminants,
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ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
13:50
pesticide runoff.
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ืชืฉื˜ื™ืคื™ ืงื•ื˜ืœื™ ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื.
13:52
And when it works its way through the system
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
13:55
and leaves,
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ื•ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื,
13:57
the water is cleaner than when it entered.
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ื”ื ื ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกืชื.
13:59
The system is so healthy, it purifies the water.
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื˜ื”ืจืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื.
14:03
So, not just a farm that doesn't feed its animals,
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ืื–, ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื ืžืื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
14:05
not just a farm that measures its success
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ืœื ืจืง ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื”
14:08
by the health of its predators,
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื,
14:10
but a farm that's literally a water purification plant --
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืชืงืŸ ืœื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ืžื™ื,
14:16
and not just for those fish,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
14:19
but for you and me as well.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืš ื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
14:21
Because when that water leaves, it dumps out into the Atlantic.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื, ื”ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™.
14:26
A drop in the ocean, I know,
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ื˜ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข,
14:28
but I'll take it, and so should you,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืืงื— ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื,
14:31
because this love story,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื”,
14:35
however romantic,
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ื›ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™,
14:37
is also instructive.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืœืžื“.
14:39
You might say it's a recipe
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื–ื” ืชืคืจื™ื˜
14:41
for the future of good food,
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ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘,
14:43
whether we're talking about bass or beef cattle.
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ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื’ื™ ื‘ืก ืื• ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ืงืจ
14:47
What we need now is
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืขืช ื–ื”
14:49
a radically new conception of agriculture,
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ืœืคืชื— ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช
14:52
one in which the food actually tastes good.
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ื›ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืžืฉ ื˜ืขื™ื.
14:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:56
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:02
But for a lot people,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื,
15:04
that's a bit too radical.
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ืžื“ื™.
15:07
We're not realists, us foodies;
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืื›ืœื ื™ื ืœื ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื.
15:09
we're lovers.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื”ื‘ื™ื.
15:11
We love farmers' markets,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ืงืœืื™ื.
15:13
we love small family farms,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
15:16
we talk about local food,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืžื™.
15:18
we eat organic.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™.
15:21
And when you suggest these are the things
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
15:23
that will ensure the future of good food,
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ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืืช ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘,
15:27
someone, somewhere stands up and says,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื•ื™ื’ื™ื“,
15:29
"Hey guy, I love pink flamingos,
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"ื”ื™ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืคืœืžื™ื ื’ื• ื•ืจื•ื“,
15:33
but how are you going to feed the world?"
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื?"
15:36
How are you going to feed the world?
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ืื™ืš ืชืื›ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื?
15:39
Can I be honest?
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ื”ืื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื”?
15:41
I don't love that question.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช.
15:44
No, not because we already produce
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ืœื, ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื
15:46
enough calories to more than feed the world.
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
15:49
One billion people will go hungry today.
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืจืขื‘ื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
15:52
One billion -- that's more than ever before --
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ -- ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ --
15:56
because of gross inequalities in distribution,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืคืฆื”,
15:59
not tonnage.
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ืœื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช.
16:02
Now, I don't love this question because it's determined the logic
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ืœื ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ
16:04
of our food system for the last 50 years.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘50 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
16:07
Feed grain to herbivores,
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ื”ืื›ืœืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืข"ื— ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
16:10
pesticides to monocultures, chemicals to soil,
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ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืœื™ ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืœืื“ืžื”,
16:12
chicken to fish,
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ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื“ื’ื™ื,
16:15
and all along agribusiness
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ื•ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš
16:18
has simply asked,
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ืฉืฉืืœื” ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช,
16:20
"If we're feeding more people more cheaply,
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"ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื•ืœ,
16:22
how terrible could that be?"
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ื›ืžื” ื’ืจื•ืข ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช?"
16:25
That's been the motivation,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”,
16:27
it's been the justification:
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืฆื“ืงื”,
16:29
it's been the business plan
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ืช
16:32
of American agriculture.
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ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
16:34
We should call it what it is:
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ื‘ืฉืžื•.
16:36
a business in liquidation,
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ืขืกืง ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ,
16:39
a business that's quickly eroding
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ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉื ืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
16:42
ecological capital that makes that very production possible.
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ื›ืกืฃ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
16:45
That's not a business,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืขืกืงื™ื,
16:47
and it isn't agriculture.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
16:49
Our breadbasket is threatened today,
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืคืช ืœื—ืžื ื• ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
16:52
not because of diminishing supply,
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืžืชื—ืกืœืช,
16:54
but because of diminishing resources.
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ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช.
16:57
Not by the latest combine and tractor invention,
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ืงืœืื™,
17:00
but by fertile land;
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ืืœื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ืžื”;
17:02
not by pumps, but by fresh water;
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ืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช, ืืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื,
17:05
not by chainsaws, but by forests;
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ืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจื™ ืฉืจืฉืจืช, ืืœื ื‘ื™ื™ืขื•ืจ;
17:08
and not by fishing boats and nets, but by fish in the sea.
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ื•ืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช, ืืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ื,
17:11
Want to feed the world?
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ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื?
17:13
Let's start by asking: How are we going to feed ourselves?
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ื‘ื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืืœื”: ืื™ืš ื ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•?
17:17
Or better: How can we create conditions
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ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื
17:20
that enable every community
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื”
17:23
to feed itself?
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ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื”?
17:25
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:32
To do that,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
17:34
don't look at the agribusiness model for the future.
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ืืœ ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
17:37
It's really old, and it's tired.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื–ืงืŸ ื•ืขื™ื™ืฃ.
17:39
It's high on capital, chemistry and machines,
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื›ืกืฃ ืจื‘, ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื, ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
17:43
and it's never produced anything really good to eat.
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ื•ื–ื” ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืื›ื•ืœ.
17:48
Instead, let's look to the ecological model.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
17:52
That's the one that relies on two billion years
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ืฉืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ 2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”
17:55
of on-the-job experience.
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ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ-ืชื•ืš-ื›ื“ื™-ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
17:58
Look to Miguel,
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ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื™ื’ืœ
18:00
farmers like Miguel.
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ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื’ืœ.
18:02
Farms that aren't worlds unto themselves;
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ื—ื•ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื•;
18:05
farms that restore instead of deplete;
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ืฉืžื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื›ืœื•ืช;
18:10
farms that farm extensively
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ื—ื•ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘
18:12
instead of just intensively;
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืžืจืฅ;
18:14
farmers that are not just producers,
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ื—ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืจืง ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช,
18:17
but experts in relationships.
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ืืœื ืžืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื,
18:19
Because they're the ones
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืืœื”
18:21
that are experts in flavor, too.
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ืฉื’ื ืžืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื.
18:24
And if I'm going to be really honest,
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ื•ืื ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื”,
18:26
they're a better chef than I'll ever be.
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ื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืื™-ืคืขื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
18:29
You know, I'm okay with that,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื ื–ื”,
18:32
because if that's the future of good food, it's going to be delicious.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื“ืŸ.
18:35
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
18:37
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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