Hendrik Poinar: Bring back the woolly mammoth!

244,191 views ใƒป 2013-05-30

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Talal Akkad ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Anwar Dafa-Alla
00:12
When I was a young boy,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ุทูู„ุงู‹ ุตุบูŠุฑุงู‹ุŒ
00:14
I used to gaze through the microscope of my father
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ูƒู†ุช ุฃู†ุธุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุณูƒูˆุจ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจูˆุงู„ุฏูŠ
00:17
at the insects in amber that he kept in the house.
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ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุดุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู„ุจุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงุญุชูุธ ุจู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู„.
00:20
And they were remarkably well preserved,
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู†ูˆ ู…ุญููˆุธูŠู† ุฌูŠุฏุง ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ู„ุญูˆุธุฉุŒ
00:23
morphologically just phenomenal.
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ุดูƒู„ู‡ู… ุงู„ุธุงู‡ุฑูŠ ุบูŠุฑ ุงุนุชูŠุงุฏูŠ.
00:25
And we used to imagine that someday,
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ูƒู†ุง ู†ุชุฎูŠู„ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ุฐุงุช ูŠูˆู…
00:27
they would actually come to life
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ุณูˆู ูŠุนูˆุฏูˆู† ู„ู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
00:29
and they would crawl out of the resin,
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ูˆุณูŠู‡ุฑุจูˆู† ู…ู† ุนู„ุจุฉ ุงู„ุชุญู†ูŠุทุŒ
00:31
and, if they could, they would fly away.
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู‡ุงุŒ ุณูˆู ูŠุทูŠุฑูˆู† ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹.
00:33
If you had asked me 10 years ago whether or not
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ู„ูˆ ุณุฃู„ุชู†ูŠ ู‚ุจู„ 10 ุณู†ูˆุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุขู†..
00:36
we would ever be able to sequence the genome of extinct animals,
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ู‡ู„ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ุดูุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ู†ู‚ุฑุถุฉุŒ
00:39
I would have told you, it's unlikely.
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ู„ูƒู† ู‚ู„ุช ู„ูƒ ุŒ ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุญุชู…ู„ .
00:42
If you had asked whether or not we would actually be able
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ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุณุคุงู„ูƒ : ู‡ู„ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู†ุง ..
00:43
to revive an extinct species,
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ุฃู† ู†ุนูŠุฏ ูุตูŠู„ุฉ ู…ู†ู‚ุฑุถุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉุŒ
00:46
I would have said, pipe dream.
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ู„ูƒู†ุช ู‚ู„ุช ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฃุญู„ุงู… ูˆู‡ู…ูŠุฉ.
00:47
But I'm actually standing here today, amazingly,
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุฃู‚ู ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุฏู‡ุดุŒ
00:50
to tell you that not only is the sequencing
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ู„ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ู„ูƒุŒ ุจุฃู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ุชุณู„ุณู„
00:52
of extinct genomes a possibility, actually a modern-day reality,
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ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ู†ู‚ุฑุถุฉ ุฃุตุจุญ ู…ู…ูƒู†ุงู‹ุŒ ูˆูˆุงู‚ุนุงู‹ ููŠ ุฃูŠุงู…ู†ุงุŒ
00:56
but the revival of an extinct species is actually within reach,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ูุตุงุฆู„ ู…ู†ู‚ุฑุถุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฃุตุจุญ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ููŠ ู…ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุฃูŠุฏูŠู†ุงุŒ
01:00
maybe not from the insects in amber --
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ู‚ุฏ ู„ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุญุดุฑุงุช ููŠ ุนู„ุจุฉ ุงู„ุชุญู†ูŠุท --
01:02
in fact, this mosquito was actually used
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจุนูˆุถุฉ ู‚ุฏ ุฃู„ู‡ู…ุช
01:04
for the inspiration for "Jurassic Park" โ€”
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ุตุงู†ุนูŠ ููŠู„ู… ุญุฏูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ุงุตูˆุฑุงุช --
01:06
but from woolly mammoths, the well preserved remains
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุญูŠูˆุงู† ุงู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ ุงู„ุตูˆููŠุŒ ุงู„ุจู‚ุงูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุญููˆุธุฉ ุฌูŠุฏุงู‹
01:09
of woolly mammoths in the permafrost.
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ู„ู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ.
01:11
Woollies are a particularly interesting,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุฅุชู…ุงู… ุจุดูƒู„ ุฎุงุตุŒ
01:13
quintessential image of the Ice Age.
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ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุนุตุฑ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠ.
01:16
They were large. They were hairy.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู†ุช ุถุฎู…ุฉุŒ ูˆ ู…ุดุนุฑุฉ.
01:18
They had large tusks, and we seem to have
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ุฐูŠ ุฃู†ูŠุงุจ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉุŒ ูˆูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง
01:20
a very deep connection with them, like we do with elephants.
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ุชูุงู‡ู… ุนู…ูŠู‚ ู…ุนู‡ู…ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุงู„ุญุงู„ ุจูŠู†ู†ุง ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ููŠู„ุฉ.
01:22
Maybe it's because elephants share
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ุฑุจู…ุง ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุน ุงู„ููŠู„ุฉ
01:25
many things in common with us.
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ุนุฏุฉ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุฉ.
01:27
They bury their dead. They educate the next of kin.
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุฏูู†ูˆู† ู…ูˆุชุงู‡ู…ุŒ ูŠุฑุจู‘ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃู‚ุฑุจุงุก.
01:30
They have social knits that are very close.
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุฑูˆุงุจุท ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
01:33
Or maybe it's actually because we're bound by deep time,
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ุฃูˆ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุงุถ ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุŒ
01:35
because elephants, like us, share their origins in Africa
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ูุงู„ููŠู„ุฉุŒ ู…ุซู„ู†ุงุŒ ุฃุตูˆู„ู‡ู… ุชุนูˆุฏ ู„ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
01:39
some seven million years ago,
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ู…ู†ุฐ ู‚ุฑุงุจุฉ ุงู„7 ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉุŒ
01:41
and as habitats changed and environments changed,
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ูˆู…ุน ุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุธุฑูˆู ูˆุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉุŒ
01:44
we actually, like the elephants, migrated out
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ุฑุญู„ู†ุง ุนู† ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ูƒู…ุง ูุนู„ุช ุงู„ููŠู„ุฉ
01:47
into Europe and Asia.
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ุจุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจุง ูˆ ุขุณูŠุง.
01:50
So the first large mammoth that appears on the scene
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ ุชุฑูˆู†ู‡
01:52
is meridionalis, which was standing four meters tall
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ู‡ูˆ meridionalis, ูƒุงู† ุทูˆู„ู‡ ูˆู‡ูˆู‡ ูŠู‚ู 4 ุฃู…ุชุงุฑ.
01:56
weighing about 10 tons, and was a woodland-adapted species
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ูŠุฒู† ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุงู„10 ุฃุทู†ุงู†ุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ู…ูƒูŠู‘ูุง ู„ูŠุนูŠุด ููŠ ุงู„ุบุงุจุงุช.
01:59
and spread from Western Europe clear across Central Asia,
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ูˆุงู†ุชุดุฑ ู…ู† ุบุฑุจูŠ ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจุง ุงู„ู‰ ุขุณูŠุง ุงู„ูˆุณุทู‰
02:02
across the Bering land bridge
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ุนุจุฑ ุฌุณุฑ ุจูŠุฑูŠู†ุฌ ุงู„ุจุฑู‘ูŠ
02:05
and into parts of North America.
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ุงู„ู‰ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ุดู…ุงู„ูŠ ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒุง.
02:07
And then, again, as climate changed as it always does,
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ูˆุซู…ู‘ุŒ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ูˆู…ุน ุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฎ ูƒู…ุง ูŠูุนู„ ุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹ุŒ
02:10
and new habitats opened up,
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ูˆู…ุน ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู…ูˆุงุทู† ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉุŒ
02:11
we had the arrival of a steppe-adapted species
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ูˆุตู„ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู†ูˆุน ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ู…ูƒูŠู‘ู ู…ุน ุงู„ุณู‡ูˆู„
02:14
called trogontherii in Central Asia
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ูŠุฏุนู‰ trogontheriiุŒ ููŠ ุขุณูŠุง ุงู„ูˆุณุทู‰
02:16
pushing meridionalis out into Western Europe.
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ู…ูุจุนุฏุงู‹ ุงู„meridionalis ุงู„ู‰ ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจุง ุงู„ุบุฑุจูŠุฉ.
02:19
And the open grassland savannas of North America
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ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุงุช ุงู„ูˆุงุณุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณุงูุงู†ุง ููŠ ุดู…ุงู„ูŠ ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒุง
02:21
opened up, leading to the Columbian mammoth,
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ูุชุญุช ู…ูˆุทู†ุงู‹ ู„ู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ ุงู„ูƒูˆู„ูˆู…ุจูŠุŒ
02:23
a large, hairless species in North America.
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ู†ูˆุน ุขุฎุฑ ุถุฎู… ูˆ ุนุฏูŠู… ุงู„ุดุนุฑ ููŠ ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒุง ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ.
02:26
And it was really only about 500,000 years later
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ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุฅู„ุง ุจุนุฏ 500 ุฃู„ู ุนุงู… ุญุชู‰
02:29
that we had the arrival of the woolly,
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ูˆุตู„ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ ุงู„ุตูˆููŠู‘ุŒ
02:31
the one that we all know and love so much,
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ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุนุฑูู‡ ุฌูŠุนุงู‹ ูˆู†ุญุจู‘ู‡ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ุŒ
02:33
spreading from an East Beringian point of origin
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ู…ู†ุชุดุฑุงู‹ ู…ู† ุดุฑู‚ูŠ ุจูŠุฑูŠู†ุบูŠู†ุŒ ุงู„ู…ู†ุดุฃ
02:37
across Central Asia, again pushing the trogontherii
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ุนุจุฑ ุขุณูŠุง ุงู„ูˆุณุทู‰ุŒ ูˆู…ุฌุฏุฏุงู‹ุŒ ู…ุจุนุฏุงู‹ ุงู„ trogontherii
02:40
out through Central Europe,
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ุฎุงุฑุฌุงู‹ ุงู„ู‰ ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจุง ุงู„ูˆุณุทู‰ุŒ
02:41
and over hundreds of thousands of years
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ูˆุฎู„ุงู„ ู…ุฆุงุช ุขู„ุงู ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู†
02:43
migrating back and forth across the Bering land bridge
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ู…ู‡ุงุฌุฑุงู‹ ู…ู† ูˆุฅู„ู‰ ุŒุนุจุฑ ุฌุณุฑ ุจูŠุฑุบูŠู† ุงู„ุจุฑูŠู‘
02:46
during times of glacial peaks
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ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฃูˆู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุฅู†ู‡ูŠุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ
02:48
and coming into direct contact
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ู„ูŠู‚ุงุจู„ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉู‹
02:50
with the Columbian relatives living in the south,
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ุงู„ุฃู‚ุฑุจุงุก ุงู„ูƒูˆู„ูˆู…ุจูŠูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจุŒ
02:53
and there they survive over hundreds of thousands of years
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูŠุนูŠุดูˆู† ู„ู…ุฆุงุช ุขู„ุงู ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู†
02:56
during traumatic climatic shifts.
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ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุชุญูˆู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฎูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุนุจุฉ.
02:58
So there's a highly plastic animal dealing with great transitions
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ุงู„ู…ุฑู† ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุชุบูŠูŠุฑุงุช ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ
03:03
in temperature and environment, and doing very, very well.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ูˆุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉุŒ ูˆูŠุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุนู‡ุง ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌูŠุฏ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
03:06
And there they survive on the mainland until about 10,000 years ago,
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูŠุนูŠุด ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠุงุจุณุฉ ู‚ุจู„ 10ุŒ000ุณู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ
03:10
and actually, surprisingly, on the small islands off of Siberia
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ูˆุจุดูƒู„ ู…ูุงุฌุฆุŒ ูŠุนูŠุด ุนู„ู‰ ุฌูุฒุฑู ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ุณูŠุจูŠุฑูŠุง
03:13
and Alaska until about 3,000 years ago.
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ูˆุขู„ุงุณูƒุง ุŒ ุญุชู‰ ู‚ุจู„ 3ุŒ000 ุณู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุขู†.
03:15
So Egyptians are building pyramids
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ุงู„ู…ุตุฑูŠูˆู† ูŠุจู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃู‡ุฑุงู…ุงุช
03:17
and woollies are still living on islands.
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ูˆุงู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ ุงู„ุตูˆููŠู‘ ู…ุงุฒุงู„ ูŠุนูŠุด ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌุฒุฑ.
03:20
And then they disappear.
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ุซู…ู‘ ุŒ ูŠุฎุชููŠ.
03:21
Like 99 percent of all the animals that have once lived,
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ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุงู„99 ุจุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนุงุดุช ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ุŒ
03:23
they go extinct, likely due to a warming climate
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ุงู†ู‚ุฑุถุชุŒ ุงู„ุฃุฑุฌุญ ุจุณุจุจ ุงุญุชุฑุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฎ
03:27
and fast-encroaching dense forests
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ูˆุงู„ุฒุญู ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุน ู„ู„ุบุงุจุงุช ุงู„ูƒุซูŠูุฉ
03:29
that are migrating north,
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ุงู„ู…ุชุฌู‡ุฉ ุดู…ุงู„ุงู‹ุŒ
03:30
and also, as the late, great Paul Martin once put it,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ูุณู‘ุฑ ุงู„ุนุธูŠู… ุจูˆู„ ู…ุงุฑุชูŠู† ู…ุฑุฉุŒ
03:33
probably Pleistocene overkill,
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ุฑุจู…ุงุŒ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุตุฑ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠุŒ
03:35
so the large game hunters that took them down.
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุตูŠุงุฏูŠู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู‚ุถูˆุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… .
03:38
Fortunately, we find millions of their remains
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ู„ุญุณู† ุงู„ุญุธ ุŒ ู†ุฌุฏ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ู…ู† ุจู‚ุงูŠุงู‡ู…
03:40
strewn across the permafrost buried deep
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ู…ู†ุชุดุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ ู…ุฏููˆู†ุฉ ุนู…ูŠู‚ุงู‹
03:43
in Siberia and Alaska, and we can actually go up there
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ููŠ ุณูŠุจูŠุฑูŠุง ูˆ ุขู„ุงุณูƒุงุŒ ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
03:46
and actually take them out.
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ูˆุงุณุชุฎุฑุงุฌู‡ู….
03:48
And the preservation is, again,
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ูˆู‡ูŠุŒ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰
03:49
like those insects in [amber], phenomenal.
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ูƒุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุดุฑุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ุนู„ุจุฉุŒ ู…ุญููˆุธุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฑุงุฆุน.
03:52
So you have teeth, bones with blood
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ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃุณู†ุงู†ุŒ ุนุธุงู… ู…ุน ุฏู…ุงุก
03:55
which look like blood, you have hair,
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุจุฏูˆ ูƒุงู„ุฏู…ุงุก ุŒ ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุดุนุฑุŒ
03:57
and you have intact carcasses or heads
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ูˆู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุฌุซุซ ุณู„ูŠู…ุฉ ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุฑุคูˆุณ
03:59
which still have brains in them.
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู…ุงุฒุงู„ุช ุชุญูˆูŠ ุฏู…ุงุบ ุฏุงุฎู„ู‡ุง.
04:02
So the preservation and the survival of DNA
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูุงู„ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุณู„ูŠู…ุงู‹
04:04
depends on many factors, and I have to admit,
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ูŠุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุนูˆุงู…ู„ ุนุฏุฉ ุŒ ูˆุนู„ูŠู‘ ุฃู† ุฃุนุชุฑูุŒ
04:06
most of which we still don't quite understand,
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ู…ุนุธู…ู‡ ู…ุงุฒู„ู†ุง ุบูŠุฑ ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ูู‡ู…ู‡ุŒ
04:08
but depending upon when an organism dies
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจุงู„ุฅุนุชู…ุงุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุฒู…ู† ู…ูˆุช ุฌุณู…
04:11
and how quickly he's buried, the depth of that burial,
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ูˆุงู„ุณุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ู‘ ุฏูู†ู‡ ุจู‡ุง ุŒ ุนู…ู‚ ุงู„ุฏูู†ุŒ
04:15
the constancy of the temperature of that burial environment,
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ูˆ ุซุจุงุช ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุจูŠุฆุฉ ุงู„ุฏูู†ุŒ
04:18
will ultimately dictate how long DNA will survive
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ุณูˆู ุชุจูŠู‘ู† ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทุงู ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุชู‰ ุณูŠุธู„ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุณู„ูŠู…ุงู‹
04:21
over geologically meaningful time frames.
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ุฎู„ุงู„ ู…ุฏุฉ ุฒู…ู†ูŠุฉ ู…ุฌุฏูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ.
04:24
And it's probably surprising to many of you
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูุฌุงุฆุงู‹ ู„ู…ุนุธู…ูƒู…
04:25
sitting in this room that it's not the time that matters,
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฉุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู„ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุŒ
04:29
it's not the length of preservation,
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ูˆู„ุง ุทูˆู„ ูุชุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญูุงุธ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุณู…ุŒ
04:30
it's the consistency of the temperature of that preservation that matters most.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุซุจุงุช ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุนุงู…ู„ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ.
04:34
So if we were to go deep now within the bones
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุฏุฎู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ู‰ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุนุธุงู…
04:37
and the teeth that actually survived the fossilization process,
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ูˆุงู„ุฃุณู†ุงู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุฌุช ู…ู† ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุฌุฑุŒ
04:40
the DNA which was once intact, tightly wrapped
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ุณู†ุฌุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ู…ุชุฑุงุจุทุงู‹ ูˆ ู…ู„ููˆูุงู‹ ุจุฅุญูƒุงู…
04:43
around histone proteins, is now under attack
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ุญูˆู„ ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‡ุณุชูˆู† ุŒ ู‚ุฏ ุฃุตุจุญ ู…ุนุฑุถุงู‹ ู„ุฎุทุฑ ุงู„ู‡ุฌูˆู…
04:46
by the bacteria that lived symbiotically with the mammoth
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนุงุดุช ุจุชู†ุงุบู… ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ
04:49
for years during its lifetime.
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ู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุฎู„ุงู„ ุญูŠุงุชู‡.
04:50
So those bacteria, along with the environmental bacteria,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุงุŒ ู…ุน ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุจูŠุฆูŠุฉ ุŒ
04:54
free water and oxygen, actually break apart the DNA
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ุชุญุฑุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ูˆุงู„ุฃูˆูƒุณูŠุฌูŠู† ุŒ ุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชููƒูŠูƒ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ
04:57
into smaller and smaller and smaller DNA fragments,
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ุงู„ู‰ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุฃุตุบุฑ ูˆุฃุตุบุฑ ูˆุฃุตุบุฑุŒ
05:00
until all you have are fragments that range
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ุญุชู‰ ู„ุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุณูˆู‰ ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุชุชุฑุงูˆุญ
05:02
from 10 base pairs to, in the best case scenarios,
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ุจูŠู† 10 ุฃุฌูˆุงุฒ ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ - ููŠ ุฃูุถู„ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช-
05:05
a few hundred base pairs in length.
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ุจุถุน ู…ุฆุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฌูˆุงุฒ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ุทูˆู„.
05:07
So most fossils out there in the fossil record
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ู„ุฐุงุŒ ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ุฃุญุงููŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุณุฌู„ ุงู„ุฃุญููˆุฑูŠ
05:10
are actually completely devoid of all organic signatures.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฎุงู„ูŠุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฏู„ุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุนุถูˆูŠุฉ.
05:12
But a few of them actually have DNA fragments
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉู‹ ูŠุญูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ
05:15
that survive for thousands,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุฌู‰ ู„ุขู„ุงูุŒ
05:17
even a few millions of years in time.
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ุจู„ ุญุชู‰ ู„ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู†.
05:20
And using state-of-the-art clean room technology,
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ูˆุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุฃุญุฏุซ ู…ุง ุชูˆุตู„ุช ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ู„ูˆุฌูŠุงุŒ
05:23
we've devised ways that we can actually pull these DNAs
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ุฃูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุทุฑู‚ุงู‹ ุชู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู…ู† ุณุญุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ
05:25
away from all the rest of the gunk in there,
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ู…ู† ู…ุง ุชุจู‚ู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ู„ุฒุฌุฉ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุŒ
05:28
and it's not surprising to any of you sitting in the room
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ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฏู‡ุด ู„ูƒู… ุฃู†ุชู… ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠู† ู‡ู†ุง
05:30
that if I take a mammoth bone or a tooth
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ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฎุฐุช ุนุธู…ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุณู†ู‘ ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ
05:32
and I extract its DNA that I'll get mammoth DNA,
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ูˆุงุณุชุฎุฑุฌุช ู…ู†ู‡ ุงู„DNAุŒ ูุฅู†ู†ูŠ ุณุฃุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ DNA ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจุงู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซุŒ
05:35
but I'll also get all the bacteria that once lived with the mammoth,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุณุฃุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนุงุดุช ูŠูˆู…ุงู‹ ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซุŒ
05:39
and, more complicated, I'll get all the DNA
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ูˆ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ุŒ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุนู‚ู‘ุฏ ุฃูƒุซุฑุŒ ุณุฃุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุงู„DNA
05:41
that survived in that environment with it,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุฌุง ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ ู…ุนู‡ ุŒ
05:43
so the bacteria, the fungi, and so on and so forth.
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุŒ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุงุŒ ูˆุงู„ูุทุฑูŠุงุชุŒ ูˆู‡ู„ู…ู‘ ุฌุฑุงู‹.
05:46
Not surprising then again that a mammoth
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู„ูŠุณ ู…ุฏู‡ุดุงู‹ุŒ ุฃู† ู…ุงู…ูˆุซุงู‹
05:49
preserved in the permafrost will have something
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ู…ุญููˆุธุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ
05:51
on the order of 50 percent of its DNA being mammoth,
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ุงู„50 ุจุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ู…ู† ุญู…ุถู‡ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุญู…ุถ ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุชุงุจุน ู„ู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ
05:53
whereas something like the Columbian mammoth,
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ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุŒ ูƒุงุฆู† ูƒุงู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ ุงู„ูƒูˆู„ูˆู…ุจูŠุŒ
05:55
living in a temperature and buried in a temperate environment
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ูŠุนูŠุด ููŠ ุฌูˆู‘ ุญุงุฑ ูˆ ุฏููู† ููŠ ุจูŠุฆุฉ ุญุงุฑุฉ
05:58
over its laying-in will only have 3 to 10 percent endogenous.
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ุฎู„ุงู„ ูุชุฑุฉ ุฏูู†ู‡ ู„ู† ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู„ู‡ ุฅู„ุง ุซู„ุงุซ ุฃูˆ ุนุดุฑุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ู…ู† ุญู…ุถู‡ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ.
06:02
But we've come up with very clever ways
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุทุฑู‚ุงู‹ ุฐูƒูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹
06:04
that we can actually discriminate, capture and discriminate,
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ุชู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูุฑู‚ุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชู‚ุงุท ูˆ ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ
06:07
the mammoth from the non-mammoth DNA,
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ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจุงู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ ุนู† ุบูŠุฑู‡ุŒ
06:09
and with the advances in high-throughput sequencing,
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ูˆู…ุน ุงู„ุชู‚ุฏู… ููŠ ุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุณุฑุนุฉุŒ
06:12
we can actually pull out and bioinformatically
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ูุนู„ุงู‹ ุณุญุจ ูˆุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุชูŠุฉ ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ
06:15
re-jig all these small mammoth fragments
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ู‡ุฒู‡ุฒุฉ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชุงุจุนุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ
06:18
and place them onto a backbone
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ูˆูˆุถุนู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุตุจุบูŠุงุช ุงู„ุนู…ูˆุฏ ุงู„ูู‚ุฑูŠ
06:20
of an Asian or African elephant chromosome.
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ู„ููŠู„ ุขุณูŠูˆูŠ ุฃูˆ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠ.
06:23
And so by doing that, we can actually get all the little points
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ูˆุจูุนู„ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุท ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ
06:25
that discriminate between a mammoth and an Asian elephant,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ู‘ูŠุฒ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ ูˆุงู„ููŠู„ ุงู„ุขุณูŠูˆูŠุŒ
06:28
and what do we know, then, about a mammoth?
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ู…ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุนุฑูู‡ ุฅุฐุงู‹ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ ุŸ
06:31
Well, the mammoth genome is almost at full completion,
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุงู„ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ ุฃูู†ุฌุฒุช ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ุŒ
06:34
and we know that it's actually really big. It's mammoth.
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ูˆู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู†ู‡ุง ูุนู„ุงู‹ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ !
06:38
So a hominid genome is about three billion base pairs,
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ูุงู„ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุŒ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 3 ุจู„ุงูŠูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฌูˆุงุฒ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุฉุŒ
06:41
but an elephant and mammoth genome
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… ุงู„ููŠู„ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ
06:42
is about two billion base pairs larger, and most of that
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ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุจุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ 2 ุจู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุŒ ูˆู…ุนุธู…ู‡ุง
06:45
is composed of small, repetitive DNAs
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ู…ูƒูˆู‘ู† ู…ู† ุฃุญู…ุงุถ ู†ูˆูˆูŠุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ูˆู…ุชูƒุฑุฑุฉ
06:48
that make it very difficult to actually re-jig the entire structure of the genome.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฌุนู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ู‡ูŠูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆู….
06:52
So having this information allows us to answer
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุชุณู…ุญ ู„ู†ุง ุจุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ
06:55
one of the interesting relationship questions
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ
06:57
between mammoths and their living relatives,
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ุนู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ ูˆุฃู‚ุฑุงุจุฆู‡ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงุกุŒ
06:59
the African and the Asian elephant,
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ุงู„ุฃููŠุงู„ ุงู„ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุขุณูŠูˆูŠุฉุŒ
07:01
all of which shared an ancestor seven million years ago,
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุฌู…ูŠุนู‡ุง ุชุดุงุฑูƒุช ุจุณู„ูู ูˆุงุญุฏ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ 7 ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุถุชุŒ
07:04
but the genome of the mammoth shows it to share
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ ุชุจูŠู‘ู† ุฃู†ู‡ ู‚ุฏ ุดุงุฑูƒ
07:06
a most recent common ancestor with Asian elephants
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ุจุฃุญุฏุซ ุณู„ู ู…ุดุชุฑูƒ ู„ู‡ ู…ุน ุงู„ููŠู„ ุงู„ุขุณูŠูˆูŠ
07:09
about six million years ago,
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ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุงู„6 ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุถุชุŒ
07:11
so slightly closer to the Asian elephant.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูู‡ูˆ ุฃู‚ุฑุจ ุจุดูƒู„ ุทููŠู ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ููŠู„ ุงู„ุขุณูŠูˆูŠ.
07:13
With advances in ancient DNA technology,
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ู…ุน ุงู„ุชู‚ุฏู… ุจุชูƒู†ู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูŠูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุŒ
07:16
we can actually now start to begin to sequence
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ูŠู…ู†ู†ุง ูุนู„ุงู‹ ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ุจุฏุก ุจุชุณู„ุณู„
07:18
the genomes of those other extinct mammoth forms that I mentioned,
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ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… ู„ู„ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ ุงู„ู…ู†ู‚ุฑุถุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฐูƒุฑุชู‡ุงุŒ
07:21
and I just wanted to talk about two of them,
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ูƒู†ุช ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุŒ
07:23
the woolly and the Columbian mammoth,
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ุงู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ ุงู„ุตูˆููŠู‘ ูˆุงู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ ุงู„ูƒูˆู„ูˆู…ุจูŠุŒ
07:25
both of which were living very close to each other
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ุงู„ุงุซู†ุงู† ุงู„ุฐุงู† ูƒุงู†ุง ูŠุนูŠุดุงู† ู‚ุฑูŠุจูŠู† ู…ู† ุจุนุถู‡ู…ุง
07:27
during glacial peaks,
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ุฎู„ุงู„ ูุชุฑุงุช ุฐุฑูˆุฉ ุงู„ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠุŒ
07:30
so when the glaciers were massive in North America,
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ู„ุฐุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุญุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ ุดุฏูŠุฏุฉ ููŠ ุดู…ุงู„ ุฃู…ูŠุฑูƒุงุŒ
07:32
the woollies were pushed into these subglacial ecotones,
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ุงู†ุณุญุจ ุงู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ ุงู„ุตูˆููŠู‘ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ุฎุทูˆุฑุฉุŒ
07:35
and came into contact with the relatives living to the south,
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู„ูŠู„ุชู‚ูŠ ุจุฃู‚ุฑุจุงุฆู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจุŒ
07:38
and there they shared refugia,
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุชุดุงุฑูƒูˆ ุจุงู„ู…ู„ุฌุฃุŒ
07:40
and a little bit more than the refugia, it turns out.
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ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู„ุฌุฃุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุงุชุถุญ.
07:42
It looks like they were interbreeding.
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ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูƒุงู†ูˆ ูŠุชุฒุงูˆุฌูˆู†.
07:45
And that this is not an uncommon feature
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู„ูŠุณ ุจุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ู†ุงุฏุฑ
07:47
in Proboscideans, because it turns out
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ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ ProboscideansุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒู…ุง ุงุชุถุญ
07:48
that large savanna male elephants will outcompete
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ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ููŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ุณุงูุงู†ุง ุงู„ุถุฎู…ุฉ ุณูˆู ุชู‡ุฒู…
07:51
the smaller forest elephants for their females.
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ู…ู†ุงูุณูŠู‡ุง ููŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ุบุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุฃุตุบุฑ ุญุฌู…ุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅู†ุงุซู‡ู†.
07:54
So large, hairless Columbians
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ูุงู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ ุงู„ูƒูˆู„ูˆู…ุจูŠ ุงู„ุถุฎู… ุฐูˆ ุงู„ุดุนุฑ
07:57
outcompeting the smaller male woollies.
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ูŠู‡ุฒู… ุงู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ ุงู„ุตูˆููŠ ุงู„ุฃุตุบุฑ ุญุฌู…ุงู‹.
07:59
It reminds me a bit of high school, unfortunately.
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ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุฐูƒุฑู†ูŠ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ุจุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูˆูŠุฉุŒ ู„ู„ุฃุณู !
08:01
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
08:04
So this is not trivial, given the idea that we want
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ุฃู…ุฑุงู‹ ุณุฎูŠูุงู‹ุŒ ู†ุธุฑุงู‹ ู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ
08:06
to revive extinct species, because it turns out
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ุฅุญูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู…ู†ู‚ุฑุถุฉุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูˆูƒู…ุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ
08:08
that an African and an Asian elephant
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ููŠู„ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠ ูˆููŠู„ ุขุณูŠูˆูŠ
08:10
can actually interbreed and have live young,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุฃู† ูŠุชุฒุงูˆุฌูˆุง ูˆูŠู†ุฌุจูˆุง ุตุบุงุฑุงู‹ุŒ
08:12
and this has actually occurred by accident in a zoo
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุญุตู„ ู‡ุฐุง ูุนู„ุงู‹ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุตุฏูุฉ ููŠ ุญุฏูŠู‚ุฉ ุญูŠูˆุงู†
08:14
in Chester, U.K., in 1978.
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ููŠ ุชุดูŠุณุชุฑุŒ ุงู„ู…ู…ู„ูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ุนุงู… 1978.
08:18
So that means that we can actually take Asian elephant chromosomes,
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ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃุฎุฐ ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุฒูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ููŠู„ ุงู„ุขุณูŠูˆูŠ
08:21
modify them into all those positions we've actually now
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ูˆุชุนุฏูŠู„ู‡ู… ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃูˆุถุงุน ุงู„ุชูŠุŒ ูุนู„ุงู‹ ุงู„ุขู†
08:23
been able to discriminate with the mammoth genome,
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ู†ุญู† ู‚ุงุฏุฑูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ู†ู…ูŠุฒู‡ู… ุนู† ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… ุงู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซุŒ
08:25
we can put that into an enucleated cell,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ูˆุถุน ุฐู„ูƒ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ู…ู†ุฒูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฉุŒ
08:28
differentiate that into a stem cell,
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ูˆุชุญูˆูŠู„ู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุฌุฐุนูŠุฉุŒ
08:30
subsequently differentiate that maybe into a sperm,
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ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุชุญูˆูŠู„ู‡ุง ุฑุจู…ุง ุงู„ู‰ ู†ุทูุฉุŒ
08:33
artificially inseminate an Asian elephant egg,
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ูˆุซู… ุงู„ุชู„ู‚ูŠุญ ุงู„ู…ุตุทู†ุน ู„ุจูˆูŠุถุฉ ููŠู„ ุขุณูŠูˆูŠ ุจู‡ุงุŒ
08:35
and over a long and arduous procedure,
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ูˆุจุนุฏ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ูˆุดุงู‚ุฉุŒ
08:38
actually bring back something that looks like this.
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ุณู†ุนูŠุฏ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ูƒู‡ุฐุง !
08:42
Now, this wouldn't be an exact replica,
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ ู„ู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู†ุณุฎุฉ ู…ุทุงุจู‚ุฉุŒ
08:43
because the short DNA fragments that I told you about
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ู„ุฃู† ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ู„ุช ู„ูƒู… ุนู†ู‡ุง
08:46
will prevent us from building the exact structure,
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ุณุชู…ู†ุนู†ุง ู…ู† ุจู†ุงุก ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู‡ูŠูƒู„ ุจุงู„ุถุจุทุŒ
08:48
but it would make something that looked and felt
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ ุณูŠุจุฏูˆ ูƒุดูŠุฆ ูŠุดุจู‡ ุญู‚ุงู‹
08:50
very much like a woolly mammoth did.
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ูˆ ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ ุงู„ุตูˆููŠู‘.
08:53
Now, when I bring up this with my friends,
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ุทูŠุจุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฃุชุญุฏุซ ู…ู† ุฃุตุฏู‚ุงุฆูŠ ุนู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุŒ
08:56
we often talk about, well, where would you put it?
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ุบุงู„ุจุงู‹ ู…ุง ู†ุณุฃู„ : ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุฃูŠู† ุณุชุถุนู‡ ุŸ
08:58
Where are you going to house a mammoth?
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ุฃูŠู† ุณุชูุณูƒูู† ู…ุงู…ูˆุซุงู‹ ุŸ
09:00
There's no climates or habitats suitable.
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ู„ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ ู…ุณุงูƒู† ูˆู„ุง ุจูŠุฆุฉ ู…ู„ุงุฆู…ุฉ.
09:02
Well, that's not actually the case.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู„ูŠุณ ุตุญูŠุญุงู‹.
09:04
It turns out that there are swaths of habitat
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ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุณุงุญุงุช ู…ู„ุงุฆู…ุฉ
09:06
in the north of Siberia and Yukon
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ููŠ ุดู…ุงู„ูŠ ุณูŠุจูŠุฑูŠุง ูˆ ูŠูˆูƒูˆู†
09:09
that actually could house a mammoth.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ู„ุงุฆู…ุฉ ูุนู„ุงู‹ ู„ู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซ.
09:10
Remember, this was a highly plastic animal
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ูˆุชุฐูƒู‘ุฑ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ู…ุฑู† ุฌุฏุงู‹
09:12
that lived over tremendous climate variation.
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุนุงุด ุฎู„ุงู„ ุชุบูŠุฑุงุช ู…ู†ุงุฎูŠุฉ ู‡ุงุฆู„ุฉ.
09:15
So this landscape would be easily able to house it,
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ุฅุฐุง ูู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู„ุงุฆู…ุงู‹ ูˆุณู‡ู„ุงู‹ ู„ูŠุณุชุถูŠูู‡ุŒ
09:18
and I have to admit that there [is] a part of the child in me,
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ูˆุนู„ูŠู‘ ุฃู† ุงุนุชุฑู ุฃู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุทูู„ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุŒ
09:21
the boy in me, that would love to see
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ุงู„ุตุจูŠู‘ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุŒ ูŠุญุจ ุฃู† ูŠุฑู‰
09:23
these majestic creatures walk across the permafrost
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุดุงู‡ู‚ุฉ ุชู…ุดูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุงุถูŠ ุงู„ุฏุงุฆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชุฌู…ุฏ
09:26
of the north once again, but I do have to admit
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ููŠ ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู†ูŠ ุณุฃุนุชุฑู
09:28
that part of the adult in me sometimes wonders
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ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ุจุงู„ุบ ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠ ูŠููƒู‘ุฑ ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุงู‹
09:30
whether or not we should.
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ุฅู† ูƒุงู† ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ูุนู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุŒ ุฃู… ู„ุง.
09:33
Thank you very much.
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ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ุฌุฒูŠู„ุงู‹.
09:34
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
09:39
Ryan Phelan: Don't go away.
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ุฑูŠุงู† ูุงู„ูŠู†: ู„ุง ุชุฐู‡ุจ.
09:41
You've left us with a question.
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุณุคุงู„.
09:43
I'm sure everyone is asking this. When you say, "Should we?"
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ุฅู†ูŠ ู…ุชุฃูƒุฏุฉ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุง ู†ููƒุฑ ุจู‡ุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชู‚ูˆู„ : ู‡ู„ ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุŸ
09:46
it feels like you're reticent there,
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ุจุฏูˆุช ูˆูƒุฃู†ูƒ ู…ุชุญูู‘ุธ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุŒ
09:49
and yet you've given us a vision of it being so possible.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ูƒ ุชุฑูƒุชู†ุง ู†ุดุนุฑ ูˆูƒุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุญุตู„ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
09:52
What's your reticence?
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ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุงุฐุง ุชุชุญูู‘ุธ ุŸ
09:53
Hendrik Poinar: I don't think it's reticence.
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ู‡ู†ุฏุฑูŠูƒ ุจูˆูŠู†ุงุฑ: ู„ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ุชุญูู‘ุธ.
09:54
I think it's just that we have to think very deeply
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู†ููƒู‘ุฑ ุจุดูƒู„ ุนู…ูŠู‚
09:58
about the implications, ramifications of our actions,
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ููŠ ุชุฏุงุนูŠุงุช ูˆุนูˆุงู‚ุจ ุฃุนู…ุงู„ู†ุงุŒ
10:01
and so as long as we have good, deep discussion
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ูˆู…ุงุฏู…ู†ุง ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุดุงุช ุงู„ุจู†ู‘ุงุฆุฉ
10:03
like we're having now, I think
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ูƒุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู…. ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ
10:05
we can come to a very good solution as to why to do it.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุณุจุจู ุฌูŠุฏ ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ.
10:08
But I just want to make sure that we spend time
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุชุฃูƒุฏ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ู…ุถูŠ ูˆู‚ุชุงู‹ ูƒุงููŠุงู‹
10:09
thinking about why we're doing it first.
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ู†ููƒู‘ุฑ ุจุณุจุจ ู‚ูŠุงู…ู†ุง ุจุฐู„ูƒ .
10:11
RP: Perfect. Perfect answer. Thank you very much, Hendrik.
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ุฑูŠุงู†: ุฌูˆุงุจ ุฑุงุฆุนุŒ ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ุฌุฒูŠู„ุงู‹ ู„ูƒุŒ ู‡ู†ุฏุฑูŠูƒ.
10:14
HP: Thank you. (Applause)
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ู‡ู†ุฏุฑูŠูƒ: ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ู„ูƒู…. (ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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