Hendrik Poinar: Bring back the woolly mammoth!

243,131 views ใƒป 2013-05-30

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sanghun Byeon ๊ฒ€ํ† : Sung Kuk Kang
00:12
When I was a young boy,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ์ ์—
00:14
I used to gaze through the microscope of my father
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
00:17
at the insects in amber that he kept in the house.
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์ง‘์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ฐ•์†์— ๋“  ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
And they were remarkably well preserved,
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๊ทธ ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค์˜ ์™ธํ˜•์€ ๋†€๋ž„๋งŒํผ
00:23
morphologically just phenomenal.
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์ž˜ ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:25
And we used to imagine that someday,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€
00:27
they would actually come to life
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๊ทธ ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๋˜์ฐพ๊ณ 
00:29
and they would crawl out of the resin,
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์†ก์ง„ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์–ด๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
and, if they could, they would fly away.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค์ด ๋‚ ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ„๋ฆด๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
00:33
If you had asked me 10 years ago whether or not
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๋งŒ์•ฝ 10๋…„ ์ „์—, ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉธ์ข…๋œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜
00:36
we would ever be able to sequence the genome of extinct animals,
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์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐฐ์—ด ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:39
I would have told you, it's unlikely.
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๊ฐ€๋ง ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
00:42
If you had asked whether or not we would actually be able
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๋ฉธ์ข…๋œ ์ข…์„
00:43
to revive an extinct species,
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์‚ด๋ ค๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:46
I would have said, pipe dream.
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๊ฟˆ๋„ ๋ชป ๊ฟ€๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. .
00:47
But I'm actually standing here today, amazingly,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์„œ์„œ, ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„,
00:50
to tell you that not only is the sequencing
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๋ฉธ์ข…๋œ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐฐ์—ด ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
00:52
of extinct genomes a possibility, actually a modern-day reality,
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ์ด์ œ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
00:56
but the revival of an extinct species is actually within reach,
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๋ฉธ์ข…๋œ ์ข…์„ ์žฌ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ ๋‚จ์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ 
01:00
maybe not from the insects in amber --
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ํ˜ธ๋ฐ• ์†์˜ ๊ณค์ถฉ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
01:02
in fact, this mosquito was actually used
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- ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์˜ํ™”
01:04
for the inspiration for "Jurassic Park" โ€”
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"์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ๊ณต์›"์˜ ์˜๊ฐ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ . -
01:06
but from woolly mammoths, the well preserved remains
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์˜๊ตฌ ๋™ํ† ๋Œ€์— ์ž˜ ๋ณด์กด๋œ
01:09
of woolly mammoths in the permafrost.
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์œ ํ•ด๋‚˜ ํ„ธ๋กœ๋„ ์šธ๋ฆฌ ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
Woollies are a particularly interesting,
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์ด ์šธ๋ฆฌ ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ๋“ค์€ ํŠนํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด,
01:13
quintessential image of the Ice Age.
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์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
They were large. They were hairy.
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๊ทธ ๋…€์„๋“ค์€ ํฌ๊ณ , ํ„ธ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ถํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
They had large tusks, and we seem to have
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๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ์ƒ์•„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ
01:20
a very deep connection with them, like we do with elephants.
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๊นŠ์€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•˜๋“ฏ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:22
Maybe it's because elephants share
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ด๊ฑด ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด
01:25
many things in common with us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ ์—์„œ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
01:27
They bury their dead. They educate the next of kin.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋™์กฑ์˜ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฌป์–ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์นœ์ฒ™๋„ ๊ต์œกํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
01:30
They have social knits that are very close.
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๋˜ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
Or maybe it's actually because we're bound by deep time,
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ด๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฌถ์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
because elephants, like us, share their origins in Africa
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์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ธฐ์›์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
some seven million years ago,
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ํ•œ 7๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„์ „ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:41
and as habitats changed and environments changed,
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์„œ์‹์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ , ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
01:44
we actually, like the elephants, migrated out
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ด๋‚˜
01:47
into Europe and Asia.
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์•„์‹œ์•„๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
So the first large mammoth that appears on the scene
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ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ๋Š”
01:52
is meridionalis, which was standing four meters tall
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๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ๋””์˜ค๋‚ ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ‚ค๋Š” 4๋ฏธํ„ฐ์—
01:56
weighing about 10 tons, and was a woodland-adapted species
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๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋Š” 10ํ†ค ์ •๋„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‚ผ๋ฆผ์ง€๋Œ€์— ์ ์‘๋œ ์ข…์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:59
and spread from Western Europe clear across Central Asia,
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์„œ๋ถ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์ค‘์•„์•„์‹œ์•„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜
02:02
across the Bering land bridge
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๋ฒ ๋ง ์œก๊ต๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜ [๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์œกํ™”๋ฌ๋˜ ๋ฒ ๋ง ํ•ดํ˜‘ ๋ถ€๊ทผ์˜ ์œก์ง€]
02:05
and into parts of North America.
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๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€๋Œ€๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
And then, again, as climate changed as it always does,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜, ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์™”๋“ฏ์ด ๊ธฐํ›„๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:10
and new habitats opened up,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„œ์‹์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ฆฌ์ž
02:11
we had the arrival of a steppe-adapted species
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์Šคํ… ์ง€๋Œ€์— ์ ์‘๋œ ์ข…์ธ
02:14
called trogontherii in Central Asia
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์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ํŠธ๋กœ๊ณค๋”๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์€
02:16
pushing meridionalis out into Western Europe.
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๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ๋””์˜ค๋‚ ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์„œ๋ถ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ์•„๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
And the open grassland savannas of North America
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋ชฉ์ดˆ์ง€์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜
02:21
opened up, leading to the Columbian mammoth,
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์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•ˆ ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
a large, hairless species in North America.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ํฌ๊ณ  ํ„ธ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์ข…์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:26
And it was really only about 500,000 years later
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒจ์šฐ 500,000๋…„ ํ›„์—
02:29
that we had the arrival of the woolly,
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์šธ๋ฆฌ ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์„ ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
the one that we all know and love so much,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…์ด์ฃ .
02:33
spreading from an East Beringian point of origin
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋™๋ถ€ ๋ฒ ๋ง ์ชฝ์—์„œ ํƒ„์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ
02:37
across Central Asia, again pushing the trogontherii
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์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ํŠธ๋กœ๊ณค๋”๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
02:40
out through Central Europe,
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์ค‘๋ถ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
and over hundreds of thousands of years
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋งŒ๋…„ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ
02:43
migrating back and forth across the Bering land bridge
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๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ ˆ์ •๊ธฐ์— ๋ฒ ๋ง ์œก๊ต๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜
02:46
during times of glacial peaks
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์™”๋‹ค๊ฐ”๋‹ค ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:48
and coming into direct contact
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๋‚จ์ชฝ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•ˆ ์นœ์ฒ™๋“ค๊ณผ
02:50
with the Columbian relatives living in the south,
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์ง์ ‘ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ
02:53
and there they survive over hundreds of thousands of years
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋งŒ๋…„ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
during traumatic climatic shifts.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:58
So there's a highly plastic animal dealing with great transitions
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์˜จ๋„๋‚˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€
03:03
in temperature and environment, and doing very, very well.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ ์‘์„ฑ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
And there they survive on the mainland until about 10,000 years ago,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋ณธํ† ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋งŒ๋…„์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์กดํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:10
and actually, surprisingly, on the small islands off of Siberia
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์„ฌ์ด๋‚˜
03:13
and Alaska until about 3,000 years ago.
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์•Œ๋ž˜์Šค์นด ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์„ฌ์—์„œ ์•ฝ 3,000๋…„ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์‚ด์•„ ๋‚จ์•˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:15
So Egyptians are building pyramids
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ํ”ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋„
03:17
and woollies are still living on islands.
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์šธ๋ฆฌ ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ์„ฌ๋“ค์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
And then they disappear.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š”์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์ฃ .
03:21
Like 99 percent of all the animals that have once lived,
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99ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ ๋•Œ ์ƒ์กดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
03:23
they go extinct, likely due to a warming climate
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๋ฉธ์ข…๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”. ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ๋Š” ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„์™€
03:27
and fast-encroaching dense forests
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๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ž ์‹ํ•ด์˜ค๋Š”
03:29
that are migrating north,
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๋นฝ๋นฝํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ’€, ์ฆ‰ ๋ฐ€๋ฆผ๋“ค
03:30
and also, as the late, great Paul Martin once put it,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„์— ํด ๋งˆํ‹ด์ด ๋งํ–ˆ ๋“ฏ์ด (ํด ๋งˆํ‹ด: ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค 34๋Œ€ ์ด๋ฆฌ)
03:33
probably Pleistocene overkill,
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ํ™์ ์„ธ(์‹ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ์ œ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฒซ ์‹œ๊ธฐ)์˜ ๊ณผ์ž‰ ์ˆ˜๋ ต ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—
03:35
so the large game hunters that took them down.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ต ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ผฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
Fortunately, we find millions of their remains
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๋‹คํ–‰์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„๋‚˜ ์•Œ๋ž˜์Šค์นด์—์„œ
03:40
strewn across the permafrost buried deep
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์˜๊ตฌ ๋™ํ† ๋Œ€ ๊นŠ์ˆ™ํžˆ ํฉ๋ฟŒ๋ ค์ ธ ๋ฌปํžŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜๊ณ ,
03:43
in Siberia and Alaska, and we can actually go up there
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ
03:46
and actually take them out.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์ ธ๋‚ด์–ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
And the preservation is, again,
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๋ณด์กด์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€, ๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ,
03:49
like those insects in [amber], phenomenal.
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ํ˜ธ๋ฐ• ์†์˜ ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
So you have teeth, bones with blood
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์ด๋นจ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ณผ ๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
03:55
which look like blood, you have hair,
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์นด๋ฝ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
03:57
and you have intact carcasses or heads
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์ƒ์ฒ˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ชธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋จธ๋ฆฌํ†ต์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
03:59
which still have brains in them.
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๊ทธ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ๋‡Œ๋„ ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:02
So the preservation and the survival of DNA
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DNA์˜ ๋ณด์กด๊ณผ ์ƒ์กด์€
04:04
depends on many factors, and I have to admit,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
04:06
most of which we still don't quite understand,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
but depending upon when an organism dies
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–ธ์ œ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ๊ณ ,
04:11
and how quickly he's buried, the depth of that burial,
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌปํžˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๋˜ ๋งค์žฅ๋œ ๊นŠ์ด,
04:15
the constancy of the temperature of that burial environment,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌปํžŒ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
04:18
will ultimately dictate how long DNA will survive
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์ง€์งˆํ•™์  ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๋„˜์–ด
04:21
over geologically meaningful time frames.
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DNA๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
And it's probably surprising to many of you
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†€๋ผ์šธ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
04:25
sitting in this room that it's not the time that matters,
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์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณด์กด์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
it's not the length of preservation,
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๋ณด์กด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:30
it's the consistency of the temperature of that preservation that matters most.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜จ๋„์˜ ๋ถˆ๋ณ€์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
So if we were to go deep now within the bones
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ์˜ ์œ ํ•ด ๊นŠ์ˆ™ํžˆ,
04:37
and the teeth that actually survived the fossilization process,
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ํ™”์„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ๋ผˆ๋‚˜ ์ด๋นจ์—๋Š”
04:40
the DNA which was once intact, tightly wrapped
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ํžˆ์Šคํ†ค ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์—
04:43
around histone proteins, is now under attack
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์‹ธ์—ฌ ํ•œ๋•Œ๋Š” ์†์ƒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ DNA๊ฐ€
04:46
by the bacteria that lived symbiotically with the mammoth
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€, ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋˜ ํ‰์ƒ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณต์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋“ค์˜
04:49
for years during its lifetime.
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๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
So those bacteria, along with the environmental bacteria,
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์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„, ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜, ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ (๋ถˆํˆฌ์ˆ˜์ธต๊ณผ ์ง€ํ‘œ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜)
04:54
free water and oxygen, actually break apart the DNA
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์ด ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋“ค์ด DNA๋ฅผ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ
04:57
into smaller and smaller and smaller DNA fragments,
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์ž‘๋””์ž‘์€ ์กฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ชผ๊ฐฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
until all you have are fragments that range
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์€ 10๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
05:02
from 10 base pairs to, in the best case scenarios,
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์ž˜ํ•ด๋ด์•ผ
05:05
a few hundred base pairs in length.
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๋ช‡๊ฐœ ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋กœ ์ชผ๊ฐœ์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
05:07
So most fossils out there in the fossil record
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ™”์„๋“ค์€
05:10
are actually completely devoid of all organic signatures.
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์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ํ”์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
But a few of them actually have DNA fragments
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํ™”์„๋“ค์€ DNA ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
that survive for thousands,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์ฒœ๋…„, ์•„๋‹ˆ
05:17
even a few millions of years in time.
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
05:20
And using state-of-the-art clean room technology,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ์˜ ์ฒญ์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
05:23
we've devised ways that we can actually pull these DNAs
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‚จ์€ ์ž”ํ•ด ์ฐŒ๊บผ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์—์„œ
05:25
away from all the rest of the gunk in there,
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DNA๋“ค์„ ์ถ”์ถœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
and it's not surprising to any of you sitting in the room
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์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์žฅ์— ๊ณ„์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ๋†€๋ผ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ :
05:30
that if I take a mammoth bone or a tooth
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ๋“ค์˜ ๋ผˆ๋‚˜ ์ด๋นจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
05:32
and I extract its DNA that I'll get mammoth DNA,
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๊ทธ DNA๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•ด๋‚ด์–ด ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ์–ป์œผ๋ฉด
05:35
but I'll also get all the bacteria that once lived with the mammoth,
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๋งค๋จธ๋“œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
05:39
and, more complicated, I'll get all the DNA
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๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ๋Š”, ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€
05:41
that survived in that environment with it,
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„, ๊ณฐํŒก์ด ๋“ฑ์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘
05:43
so the bacteria, the fungi, and so on and so forth.
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์–ป์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:46
Not surprising then again that a mammoth
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์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋†€๋ผ์šด๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ฐ์š”,
05:49
preserved in the permafrost will have something
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์˜๊ตฌ ๋™ํ† ๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ณด์กด๋œ ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ๋“ค์€
05:51
on the order of 50 percent of its DNA being mammoth,
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๋งค๋จธ๋“œ์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ์•ฝ 50ํผ์„ผํŠธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด,
05:53
whereas something like the Columbian mammoth,
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์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•ˆ ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค,
05:55
living in a temperature and buried in a temperate environment
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์ฆ‰ ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ์‚ด๋‹ค ์˜จ๋‚œํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋ฌปํžŒ ์ด๋“ค์€
05:58
over its laying-in will only have 3 to 10 percent endogenous.
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๊ฒจ์šฐ 3์—์„œ 10ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
But we've come up with very clever ways
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
06:04
that we can actually discriminate, capture and discriminate,
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ DNA๋ฅผ
06:07
the mammoth from the non-mammoth DNA,
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๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ถ”์ถœํ•ด ๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”.
06:09
and with the advances in high-throughput sequencing,
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๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋œ ๊ณ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์—ผ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฐ์—ด ์ˆœ์„œ ๊ฐ์‹๋ฒ• ๋•๋ถ„์—
06:12
we can actually pull out and bioinformatically
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์ƒ์ฒด์ •๋ณดํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
06:15
re-jig all these small mammoth fragments
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ž‘์€ DNA ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ด ์žฌ์กฐ์ •ํ•œ ํ›„,
06:18
and place them onto a backbone
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์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์— ๊ฒน์ณ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
06:20
of an Asian or African elephant chromosome.
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๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
And so by doing that, we can actually get all the little points
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ์™€ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
06:25
that discriminate between a mammoth and an Asian elephant,
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๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌํ•ญ๋“ค์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:28
and what do we know, then, about a mammoth?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„  ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
06:31
Well, the mammoth genome is almost at full completion,
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์Œ, ๋ฉ”๋จธ๋“œ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ(์œ ์ „์ž ์ด์ฒด)์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
06:34
and we know that it's actually really big. It's mammoth.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฌ๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š”. ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
06:38
So a hominid genome is about three billion base pairs,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์ด ๋Œ€๋žต 30์–ต๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด,
06:41
but an elephant and mammoth genome
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์€
06:42
is about two billion base pairs larger, and most of that
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20์–ต ์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ์ด๋‚˜ ๋” ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š”
06:45
is composed of small, repetitive DNAs
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์ž‘๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” DNA๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
06:48
that make it very difficult to actually re-jig the entire structure of the genome.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฝค ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:52
So having this information allows us to answer
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์ด ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
06:55
one of the interesting relationship questions
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๋งค๋จธ๋“œ์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์นœ์ฒ™๋“ค์ธ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
06:57
between mammoths and their living relatives,
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๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์—
06:59
the African and the Asian elephant,
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๋‹ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
all of which shared an ancestor seven million years ago,
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์ด ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ 700๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์— ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ์ƒ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:04
but the genome of the mammoth shows it to share
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๋งค๋จธ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์€
07:06
a most recent common ancestor with Asian elephants
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600๋งŒ๋…„์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค๊ณผ
07:09
about six million years ago,
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๊ณตํ†ต์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
07:11
so slightly closer to the Asian elephant.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
With advances in ancient DNA technology,
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DNA ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
07:16
we can actually now start to begin to sequence
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๊นŒ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ, ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ๋“ค์˜
07:18
the genomes of those other extinct mammoth forms that I mentioned,
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๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
and I just wanted to talk about two of them,
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๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ๋งŒ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆดํ…๋ฐ์š”,
07:23
the woolly and the Columbian mammoth,
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์šธ๋ฆฌ ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ์™€ ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•ˆ ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ๋“ค์€
07:25
both of which were living very close to each other
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๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ์„œ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ
07:27
during glacial peaks,
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๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ง€์—ญ์— ์‚ด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ,
07:30
so when the glaciers were massive in North America,
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๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๋น™ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๋˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ์—,
07:32
the woollies were pushed into these subglacial ecotones,
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์šธ๋ฆฌ ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ๋“ค์€ ๋น™ํ•˜ ์ง€์—ญ ์•„๋ž˜ ์ดํ–‰๋Œ€(๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋Œ€)๋กœ
07:35
and came into contact with the relatives living to the south,
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๋ฐ€๋ ค๊ฐ”๊ณ , ๋‚จ์ชฝ์— ์‚ด๋˜ ์นœ์ฒ™๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜
07:38
and there they shared refugia,
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๋ ˆํ“จ์ง€์•„ (๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ ์–ด ๋ฉธ์ข…๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ด์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ)
07:40
and a little bit more than the refugia, it turns out.
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์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์กดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
It looks like they were interbreeding.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์ด์ข… ๊ต๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
07:45
And that this is not an uncommon feature
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅ˜(์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ, ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ ๋“ฑ)์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”์น˜ ์•Š์€
07:47
in Proboscideans, because it turns out
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ํŠน์ง•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
07:48
that large savanna male elephants will outcompete
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ปท ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋‚˜ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€
07:51
the smaller forest elephants for their females.
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์ž‘์€ ๋‘ฅ๊ทผ ๊ท€ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์•”์ปท ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์—์„œ ์ด๊ธด ๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
07:54
So large, hairless Columbians
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ํฌ๊ณ , ํ„ธ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•ˆ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ
07:57
outcompeting the smaller male woollies.
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์ž‘์€ ์ˆ˜์ปท ์šธ๋ฆฌ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์—์„œ ์ด๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
It reminds me a bit of high school, unfortunately.
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์‹œ์ ˆ์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋‚˜๋„ค์š”.
08:01
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:04
So this is not trivial, given the idea that we want
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์ž, ๋ฉธ์ข…๋œ ์ข…์„ ์žฌ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ „์ œํ•˜์—์„œ
08:06
to revive extinct species, because it turns out
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์ด๊ฑด ํ•˜์ฐฎ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
08:08
that an African and an Asian elephant
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
08:10
can actually interbreed and have live young,
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์ด์ข… ๊ต๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”,
08:12
and this has actually occurred by accident in a zoo
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ 1978๋…„์— ์˜๊ตญ ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
08:14
in Chester, U.K., in 1978.
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๋™๋ฌผ์›์—์„œ ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
So that means that we can actually take Asian elephant chromosomes,
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์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ
08:21
modify them into all those positions we've actually now
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๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ์ด๊ฑธ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
08:23
been able to discriminate with the mammoth genome,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์œ„์น˜๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
we can put that into an enucleated cell,
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์ด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ œํ•ต ์„ธํฌ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด์„œ,
08:28
differentiate that into a stem cell,
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์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ ๋‹ค์Œ,
08:30
subsequently differentiate that maybe into a sperm,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ •์ž๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ
08:33
artificially inseminate an Asian elephant egg,
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์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋‚œ์ž๋ฅผ์— ์ธ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ •์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„,
08:35
and over a long and arduous procedure,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ด ํž˜๋“  ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด
08:38
actually bring back something that looks like this.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
Now, this wouldn't be an exact replica,
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์ž, ์ด๊ฒŒ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ณต์ œํ’ˆ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
because the short DNA fragments that I told you about
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งŒ DNA์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
08:46
will prevent us from building the exact structure,
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์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
08:48
but it would make something that looked and felt
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ ์šธ๋ฆฌ ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต๊ณผ
08:50
very much like a woolly mammoth did.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
Now, when I bring up this with my friends,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ
08:56
we often talk about, well, where would you put it?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋””์— ๋‘˜๊นŒ?
08:58
Where are you going to house a mammoth?
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์–ด๋””์„œ ์ด ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜์ง€?
09:00
There's no climates or habitats suitable.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ . ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„๋‚˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋Š” ์—†์–ด.
09:02
Well, that's not actually the case.
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์Œ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
It turns out that there are swaths of habitat
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์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ์œ ์ฝ˜ ๋ถ๋ถ€์—
09:06
in the north of Siberia and Yukon
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๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์„œ์‹์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
09:09
that actually could house a mammoth.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
Remember, this was a highly plastic animal
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๊ธฐ์–ต๋‚˜์‹œ์ฃ . ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์‘๋ ฅ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๋™๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
that lived over tremendous climate variation.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€์ด ์†์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•˜์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:15
So this landscape would be easily able to house it,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ด ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ํ’๊ฒฝ ์†์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
and I have to admit that there [is] a part of the child in me,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ €๊ธฐ์— ์ œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
the boy in me, that would love to see
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๋ถ์ชฝ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์˜๊ตฌ ๋™ํ† ๋Œ€ ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์–ด๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋˜
09:23
these majestic creatures walk across the permafrost
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๊ทธ ์žฅ์—„ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋˜
09:26
of the north once again, but I do have to admit
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์ œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ ๋ง์ด์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €๋Š” ์ธ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
that part of the adult in me sometimes wonders
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์–ด๋ฅธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ €๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
whether or not we should.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ• ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
09:33
Thank you very much.
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์ •๋ง ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
09:39
Ryan Phelan: Don't go away.
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๋ผ์ด์–ธ ํŽ ๋Ÿฐ: ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
09:41
You've left us with a question.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌํ•œํ…Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘์…จ์ž–์•„์š”.
09:43
I'm sure everyone is asking this. When you say, "Should we?"
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜์‹ค๊ฑฐ์—์š”. ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ''์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ผญ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
09:46
it feels like you're reticent there,
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ง์„ ์•„๋‚€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์…จ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
09:49
and yet you've given us a vision of it being so possible.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ฉธ์ข…๋œ ์ข… ๋ณต์›์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„์ ผ์„ ์ฃผ์…จ์–ด์š”.
09:52
What's your reticence?
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์™œ ๋์— ์™€์„œ ๋ง์„ ์•„๋ผ์‹œ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?
09:53
Hendrik Poinar: I don't think it's reticence.
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ํ—จ๋“œ๋ฆญ ํฌ์ด๋‚˜๋ฅด: ๋ง์„ ์•„๋‚€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
09:54
I think it's just that we have to think very deeply
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋‚˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด ๋ฏธ์น  ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด๋‚˜
09:58
about the implications, ramifications of our actions,
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ํŒŒ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊นŠ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
and so as long as we have good, deep discussion
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ
10:03
like we're having now, I think
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์ข‹๊ณ  ๊นŠ์€ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
10:05
we can come to a very good solution as to why to do it.
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์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
But I just want to make sure that we spend time
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
10:09
thinking about why we're doing it first.
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๋จผ์ € ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
RP: Perfect. Perfect answer. Thank you very much, Hendrik.
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๋ผ์ด์–ธ ํŽ ๋Ÿฐ: ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
HP: Thank you. (Applause)
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ํ—จ๋“œ๋ฆญ ํฌ์ด๋‚˜๋ฅด: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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