What happens to your brain during a migraine - Marianne Schwarz

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A throbbing, pounding headache.

Jaka, pulsirajuća glavobolja.

Bright zigzagging lines across your field of vision.

Svetle cikcak linije preko vašeg vidnog polja.

Sensitivity to light, lingering fatigue, disrupted sleep.

Osetljivost na svetlost, dugotrajan umor, poremećen san.

A migraine can include any of these symptoms.

Migrene mogu uključiti bilo koji od ovih simptoma.

While an incapacitating headache is one of the most common experiences of migraine,

Iako je onesposobljavajuća glavobolja jedan od glavnih simptoma migrene,

the word “headache” doesn’t really capture the wide array of experiences

reč ,,glavobolja” ne obuhvata širok spektar doživljaja

a migraine can entail.

koje migrena može izazvati.

No two are alike, and some don’t even involve a headache.

Ne postoje dve iste migrene, a kod nekih se ni ne javlja glavobolja.

So what then is a migraine? What’s happening in the brain to cause it?

Dakle, šta je to migrena? I zbog čega nastaje?

To trace a migraine’s anatomy,

Da bismo pratili anatomiju migrene,

we have to begin in the days and hours leading up to a migraine,

moramo se fokusirati na dane i sate koji joj prethode.

when people often identify warning signs ranging from fatigue or mood changes,

U ovom periodu se često javljaju prvi simptomi kao umor, promene raspoloženja,

to bursts of yawning, sleep disruption, nausea,

nekontrolisano zevanje, poremećaji sna, mučnina,

light and sound sensitivity, or even increased thirst.

osetljivost na svetlost i zvuk ili čak povećan osećaj žeđi.

These warning signs point to a particular part of the brain:

Svi navedeni simptomi ukazuju na aktivnost jedng dela mozga:

the hypothalamus.

hipotalamusa.

The hypothalamus normally controls the systems behind these symptoms—

Hipotalamus obično kontroliše sisteme koji regulišu navedene simptome:

our body’s internal hormonal balances, circadian rhythms and water regulation.

hormonski balans, cirkadijalni ritam i regulaciju unosa vode.

It has wide connections throughout the brain,

On je dobro povezan sa drugim delovima mozga

and is more active than usual in the days before migraine.

i postaje aktivniji u danima koji prethode migreni.

Another common warning sign is the migraine aura,

Još jedan čest znak koji prethodi migreni je aura

which can take the form of transient visual changes,

koja se može javiti u obliku prolaznih promena u vidnom polju,

tingling, or even trouble speaking.

peckanja ili čak poremećaja govora.

These sensations come from a change in charge across cell membranes

Ove promene nastaju zbog izmene potencijala ćelijske membrane

that leads to spreading changes in brain activity and blood flow across the brain.

što dovodi do promene moždane aktivnsti i moždanog krvotoka.

We don't know what triggers this change in charge,

Još uvek ne znamo šta dovodi do ove izmene potencijala,

but it can spread quickly over the surface of the brain,

ali se ona veoma brzo širi preko cele površine mozga

causing different aura symptoms depending on the affected area.

i izaziva različite simptome u zavisnosti od lokacije zahvaćenog dela mozga.

If it inches over the visual cortex, for example,

Na primer, ako je zahvaćen deo vidne kore

it may cause an image or blind spot to spread over the visual field.

to može uzrokovati da se slika ili slepa mrlja prošire vizuelnim poljem.

During the headache phase, the trigeminal nerve plays a key role.

Tokom faze u kojoj se javlja glavobolja glavnu ulogu igra trigeminalni nerv.

The trigeminal nerve normally transmits touch, temperature, and other sensations

Ovaj nerv inače prenosi signale za dodir, temperaturu i druge senzacije

from the skin to most of the face, part of the scalp,

od kože do većeg dela lica, dela poglavine

and some of the blood vessels and layers covering the cerebral cortex.

i nekih krvnih sudova i slojeva koji pokrivaju moždanu koru.

Once activated, the trigeminal nerve transmits pain signals.

Kada se aktivira, trigeminalni nerv prenosi bolne impulse.

During a migraine, this pain pathway becomes sensitized,

Tokom migrene, ovaj put za prenos bola postaje preterano osetljiv,

meaning the threshold for provoking pain is lowered.

što znači da je prag za izazivanje bola niži nego ranije.

Sensations that would usually be pain-free,

Zbog toga nadražaji koji su inače bezbolni

such as coughing, bending over, or light and sound, can become painful.

poput kašljanja, savijanja, svetlosti ili zvuka mogu postati bolni.

Migraines are as common as they are diverse,

Migrene su veoma česte i različite.

affecting as many as 33% of women and 13% of men in their lifetimes.

Javljaju se kod 33% žena i 13% muškaraca.

Still, there’s much we don’t know about them.

Uprkos tome, ne znamo još mnogo toga o njima.

We can see that migraine is a neurological disorder

Očigledno je da spadaju u neurološke poremećaje

affecting multiple parts of the brain—

koji utiču na različite delove mozga -

the brainstem, cerebral hemispheres, and the nerves themselves.

moždano stablo, hemisfere, kao i na nerve.

But we don't know for sure what exactly triggers each step,

Mi ne znamo zasigurno šta izaziva svaku fazu,

why some people get migraines and not others,

zašto neki ljudi imaju migrene, a drugi ne,

why so many more women do than men,

zašto većinski pogađa žene

or why people’s migraine patterns sometimes change over their lifetimes.

ili zašto se obrasci javljanja migrena ponekad menjaju tokom života.

Hormonal fluctuations are thought to have a role in some of these things:

Smatra se da oscilacije hormona igraju ulogu u ovim stvarima:

some women experience a significant reduction in migraine frequency

neke žene imaju značajno manji broj migrena

after menopause, when sex hormone fluctuations are fewer.

posle menopauze, kada su fluktuacije polnih hormona manje.

Meanwhile, just before menopause, these fluctuations increase,

Tačno pred menopauzu, ove fluktuacije postaju izraženije

and some women experience worsening or new headaches.

i neke žene zbog toga imaju snažnije ili nove glavobolje.

People with migraines are more likely to suffer from depression,

Ljudi sa migrenama imaju veću verovatnoću da pate od depresije,

panic disorder, sleep disorders, and strokes, among other illnesses.

paničnog poremećaja, poremećaja sna, infarkta i drugih bolesti.

The relationship with these diseases is likely complex,

Odnos između ovih bolesti je verovatno veoma kompleksan.

possibly reflecting the effect of migraine on those diseases or vice versa,

On nam daje uvid u uticaj migrena na navedene bolesti i obrnuto

or reflecting their shared genetic basis.

ili nagoveštava njihovu zajedničku genetičku podlogu.

Genetics almost certainly play a role, although with a few exceptions,

Genetika skoro sigurno igra ulogu, ipak iako postoje izuzeci,

there’s no single gene that causes migraines.

ne postoji jedan gen koji samostalno izaziva migrene.

Certain genes control how easily our brains’ neurons

Određeni geni kontrolišu koliko lako naši moždani neuroni

are excited by environmental stimuli and how readily they transmit painful signals.

odgovaraju na spoljašnje nadražaje i koliko brzo prenose bolne signale.

It’s possible that the neurons in the brains of people who experience migraines

Moguće je da su moždani neuroni kod ljudi koji imaju migrene

are more easily triggered by environmental stimuli

osetljiviji na stimulacije iz spoljašnje sredine

and less likely to block painful signals.

i manje su sposobni da blokiraju bolne impulse.

While there’s no simple way to explain what happens in our brains

Iako nije lako objasniti šta se dešava u mozgu

with this complex disorder,

tokom ovog složenog poremećaja,

one thing is for sure: migraine is much more than a headache.

jedna stvar je sigurna: migrena je mnogo više od obične glavobolje