Can the economy grow forever?

829,779 views ・ 2022-08-11

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuca Lektor: Milenka Okuka
00:09
Let’s say you discover a magical gold coin that doubles every 25 years.
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Recimo da otkrijete magični zlatnik koji se udvostručuje svakih 25 godina.
00:14
75 years later, you’d only have eight coins.
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Nakon 75 godina, imali biste samo osam zlatnika.
00:17
But 1,000 years later, you’d have over a trillion.
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Ali nakon 1000 godina, imali biste više od bilion.
00:21
And in just 4,600 years, your gold coins would outweigh the observable universe.
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A za samo 4600 godina, vaši zlatnici bi prevazišli univerzum koji vidimo.
00:28
This periodic doubling is an example of exponential growth,
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Ovo periodično udvostručavanje je primer eksponencijalnog rasta,
00:32
and while we’re not in any danger of discovering a real-life golden goose-coin,
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i mada nam ne preti opasnost da otkrijemo pravu zlatnik-koku,
00:38
something almost as consequential has been growing like this
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nešto gotovo podjednako impresivno je naraslo na taj način
00:42
for the past 200 or so years: the global economy.
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tokom proteklih 200 godina: globalna ekonomija.
00:47
Many economists think that an eternally growing economy
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Mnogi ekonomisti smatraju da je privreda koja se večito razvija
00:50
is necessary to keep improving people’s lives,
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neophodna da bi život ljudi nastavio da se poboljšava,
00:54
and that if the global economy stops growing,
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i da bi se, ako globalna ekonomija prestane da raste,
00:56
people would fight more over the fixed amount of value that exists,
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ljudi više borili oko fiksnog iznosa vrednosti koja postoji,
01:00
rather than working to generate new value.
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umesto da rade na stvaranju nove vrednosti.
01:03
That raises the question:
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To nameće pitanje:
01:05
is infinite growth possible on a finite planet?
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da li je beskonačan rast moguć na konačnoj planeti?
01:09
We measure economic growth by tracking the total financial value
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Ekonomski rast merimo praćenjem ukupne finansijske vrednosti
01:13
of everything a country (or the world) produces and sells on the market.
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svega što zemlja (ili svet) proizvodi i prodaje na tržištu.
Ti proizvodi nam mogu pomoći da zadovoljimo osnovne potrebe
01:18
These products can help us meet basic needs
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01:20
or improve our individual and collective quality of life.
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ili poboljšamo individualni i kolektivni kvalitet života.
01:24
But they also, crucially, take resources to invent, build, or maintain.
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A takođe, što je ključno, koriste resurse za smišljanje, pravljenje i održavanje.
01:30
For example, this smartphone.
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Na primer, ovaj pametni telefon.
01:32
It’s valuable in part because it contains aluminum, gallium, and silicon,
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Delom je vredan jer sadrži aluminijum, galijum i silicijum,
01:37
all of which took energy and resources to mine, purify, and turn into a phone.
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za koje su bili potrebni energija i resursi
da bi se iskopali, prečistili i pretvorili u telefon.
01:42
It’s also valuable because of all the effort that went
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Takođe je vredan zbog uloženog truda
01:45
into designing the hardware and writing the software.
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u dizajniranje hardvera i razvijanje softvera.
01:48
And it’s also valuable because a guy in a black turtleneck got up on stage
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A isto tako vredi jer je tip u crnoj rolci izašao na scenu
01:52
and told you it was.
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i rekao vam da vredi.
01:54
So how do we grow the total financial value of all things?
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Dakle, kako povećavamo ukupnu finansijsku vrednost svih stvari?
01:59
One way is to make more things.
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Jedan način je pravljenje još stvari.
02:02
Another way is to invent new things.
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Drugi način je izmišljanje novih stvari.
02:05
However you do it, growing the economy requires resources and energy.
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Kako god da to uradite, rast ekonomije zahteva resurse i energiju.
02:10
And eventually, won’t we just run out?
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Hoće li nam oni na kraju nestati?
02:13
To answer this question, let's consider what goes into the economy
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Da bismo odgovorili na ovo pitanje, razmotrimo šta ulazi u ekonomiju
02:17
and what comes out of it:
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i šta izlazi iz nje:
02:19
its inputs are labor, capital— which you can think of as money—
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Ulazne jedinice su rad, kapital - koji možete zamisliti kao novac -
02:23
and natural resources, like water or energy.
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i prirodni resursi kao što su voda i energija.
02:27
Its output is value.
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Rezultat je vrednost.
02:29
Over the past 200 years, economies have gotten exponentially more efficient
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Tokom proteklih 200 godina, privrede su postale eksponencijalno efikasnije
02:34
at producing value.
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u pogledu proizvodnje vrednosti.
02:36
If we, as a species, are able to keep upgrading our economies
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Ako uspemo, kao vrsta, da nastavimo da unapređujemo privrede
02:40
so that they get ever-more efficient,
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tako da postaju sve efikasnije,
02:43
we could theoretically pump out more and more value using the same—
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teoretski bismo mogli da izvučemo sve više vrednosti pomoću iste količine -
02:48
or, let’s be really ambitious here— fewer resources.
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ili, ako ćemo da budemo baš ambiciozni - manje količine resursa.
02:52
So, how do we do that?
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Pa, kako da to uradimo?
02:54
How do we increase efficiency?
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Kako da povećamo efikasnost?
02:56
With new technologies.
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Novim tehnologijama.
02:59
This is where we hit a snag.
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Tu nailazimo na prepreku.
03:01
New tech, in addition to making things more efficient,
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Nova tehnologija, osim toga što stvari čini efikasnijim,
03:04
can also generate new demand, which ends up using more resources.
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takođe može da proizvede novu potražnju, što na kraju koristi više resursa.
03:09
We’re actually not in imminent danger of running out of most resources.
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Zapravo nam ne preti opasnosti da ostanemo bez većine resursa.
03:14
But we have a much bigger and more immediate problem:
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Ali imamo mnogo veći i hitniji problem:
03:17
the global economy, and in particular those of rich countries,
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globalna ekonomija, naročito u bogatim zemljama,
03:21
is driving climate change and destroying valuable natural environments
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podstiče klimatske promene i uništava dragocena prirodna staništa
03:25
on which all of us depend—
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od kojih svi mi zavisimo -
03:27
soil, forests, fisheries, and countless other resources
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zemljišta, šume, ribnjake i bezbroj drugih resursa
03:30
that help keep our civilization running.
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koji pomažu u održavanju naše civilizacije.
03:33
So, what should we do?
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Pa, šta treba da radimo?
03:35
This is where economists disagree.
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Tu dolazi do neslaganja kod ekonomista.
03:38
Most economists think that new ideas will be able to fix most of these problems.
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Većina ekonomista smatra da će nove ideje moći da reše većinu tih problema.
03:43
They argue that,
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Tvrde da,
03:44
in the same way that exponentially increasing resource and energy use
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kao što je eksponencijalno povećanje upotrebe resursa i energije
03:49
have fueled exponential economic growth,
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podstaklo eksponencijalni ekonomski rast,
03:52
human ingenuity has also increased exponentially,
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ljudska pronicljivost je takođe eksponencijalno porasla,
03:55
and will rise to meet these challenges in ways that we simply can't predict.
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i uspeće da odgovori na te probleme na načine koje ne možemo predvideti.
04:01
For example, between 2000 and 2014,
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Na primer, između 2000. i 2014. godine,
04:04
Germany grew their GDP by 16%, while cutting CO2 emissions by 12%.
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Nemačka je povećala BDP za 16%, a za to vreme smanjila emisiju CO2 za 12%.
04:11
That’s impressive, but it’s not cutting emissions fast enough
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To je impresivno, ali ne smanjuje emisije dovoljno brzo
04:14
to limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
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da ograniči zagrevanje na 1,5 stepeni celzijusa.
04:18
For this reason and others,
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Iz ovog i drugih razloga,
04:19
some economists think the solution is to reengineer our economies completely.
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neki ekonomisti misle da je rešenje u potpunom reinženjeringu ekonomije.
04:25
They make the case that what we should really be doing is weaning ourselves
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Oni tvrde da je ono što zaista treba da radimo jeste da se odvikavamo
04:29
from the addiction to growth and shifting to a post-growth economy.
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od zavisnosti od rasta i pređemo na post-rast ekonomiju.
04:35
What would that look like?
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Kako bi to izgledalo?
04:36
A post-growth economy wouldn’t assume that the economy should grow;
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Post-rast ekonomija ne bi očekivala da privreda treba da raste;
04:41
instead, it would require us to focus on improving what we really need—
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već bi zahtevala fokus na unapređivanju onog što nam zaista treba -
04:45
things like renewable energy, healthcare, and public transportation.
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stvari kao što su obnovljiva energija, zdravstvena zaštita i javni prevoz.
04:49
To do that, post-growth economists suggest that rich countries
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U vezi sa tim, post-rast ekonomisti predlažu da bogate zemlje
04:53
should do things like guarantee living wages,
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treba da rade stvari kao što je garantovanje prihoda,
04:56
reduce wealth and income inequality,
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smanjivanje nejednakosti u bogatstvu i primanjima,
04:58
and ensure universal access to public services, like healthcare.
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i obezbeđivanje univerzalnog pristupa javnim uslugama poput zdravstvene zaštite.
05:02
In such an economy, people would be theoretically less dependent on their jobs
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U takvoj ekonomiji, ljudi bi u teoriji manje zavisili od svog posla
05:06
to earn their living or get healthcare,
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da bi zaradili za život ili dobili zdravstvenu zaštitu,
05:09
so it might be more feasible to scale down production
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pa bi moglo postati izvodljivije da se smanji proizvodnja
05:12
of things deemed less necessary.
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stvari koje se smatraju manje potrebnim.
05:15
But this raises other questions: who gets to define what’s necessary?
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Ali to navodi na druga pitanja: ko može da definiše šta je neophodno?
05:19
How would we resolve the inevitable disagreements?
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Kako bismo rešili neizbežne nesuglasice?
05:22
Could we really do away with entire industries?
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Da li zaista možemo ukinuti čitave industrije?
05:26
The “we’ll come up with new ideas to solve these problems” approach
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Pristup „smislićemo nove ideje za rešavanje ovih problema“
05:30
can seem as realistic as, well, a magical gold coin.
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može izgledati realistično kao, pa, magični zlatni novčić.
05:34
And the “we have to fundamentally change our economies” approach
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A pristup „moramo suštinski da promenimo ekonomije“
05:38
can seem politically daunting, particularly in rich countries.
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može delovati politički zastrašujuće, posebno u bogatim zemljama.
05:42
One way or another, we have to find a way to benefit everyone
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Na ovaj ili onaj način, moramo pronaći pristup koji će svima biti od koristi
05:46
while also taking care of our planet.
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a da istovremeno vodimo računa o našoj planeti.

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