Can the economy grow forever?

901,904 views ・ 2022-08-11

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuca Lektor: Milenka Okuka
00:09
Let’s say you discover a magical gold coin that doubles every 25 years.
0
9005
5130
Recimo da otkrijete magični zlatnik koji se udvostručuje svakih 25 godina.
00:14
75 years later, you’d only have eight coins.
1
14510
3337
Nakon 75 godina, imali biste samo osam zlatnika.
00:17
But 1,000 years later, you’d have over a trillion.
2
17847
3629
Ali nakon 1000 godina, imali biste više od bilion.
00:21
And in just 4,600 years, your gold coins would outweigh the observable universe.
3
21601
6423
A za samo 4600 godina, vaši zlatnici bi prevazišli univerzum koji vidimo.
00:28
This periodic doubling is an example of exponential growth,
4
28733
3879
Ovo periodično udvostručavanje je primer eksponencijalnog rasta,
00:32
and while we’re not in any danger of discovering a real-life golden goose-coin,
5
32612
6131
i mada nam ne preti opasnost da otkrijemo pravu zlatnik-koku,
00:38
something almost as consequential has been growing like this
6
38743
3795
nešto gotovo podjednako impresivno je naraslo na taj način
00:42
for the past 200 or so years: the global economy.
7
42538
4171
tokom proteklih 200 godina: globalna ekonomija.
00:47
Many economists think that an eternally growing economy
8
47085
3545
Mnogi ekonomisti smatraju da je privreda koja se večito razvija
00:50
is necessary to keep improving people’s lives,
9
50630
3420
neophodna da bi život ljudi nastavio da se poboljšava,
00:54
and that if the global economy stops growing,
10
54175
2502
i da bi se, ako globalna ekonomija prestane da raste,
00:56
people would fight more over the fixed amount of value that exists,
11
56677
3712
ljudi više borili oko fiksnog iznosa vrednosti koja postoji,
01:00
rather than working to generate new value.
12
60389
2628
umesto da rade na stvaranju nove vrednosti.
01:03
That raises the question:
13
63518
1585
To nameće pitanje:
01:05
is infinite growth possible on a finite planet?
14
65103
3211
da li je beskonačan rast moguć na konačnoj planeti?
01:09
We measure economic growth by tracking the total financial value
15
69065
4046
Ekonomski rast merimo praćenjem ukupne finansijske vrednosti
01:13
of everything a country (or the world) produces and sells on the market.
16
73111
4796
svega što zemlja (ili svet) proizvodi i prodaje na tržištu.
Ti proizvodi nam mogu pomoći da zadovoljimo osnovne potrebe
01:18
These products can help us meet basic needs
17
78157
2419
01:20
or improve our individual and collective quality of life.
18
80576
3921
ili poboljšamo individualni i kolektivni kvalitet života.
01:24
But they also, crucially, take resources to invent, build, or maintain.
19
84747
5631
A takođe, što je ključno, koriste resurse za smišljanje, pravljenje i održavanje.
01:30
For example, this smartphone.
20
90878
2044
Na primer, ovaj pametni telefon.
01:32
It’s valuable in part because it contains aluminum, gallium, and silicon,
21
92922
4546
Delom je vredan jer sadrži aluminijum, galijum i silicijum,
01:37
all of which took energy and resources to mine, purify, and turn into a phone.
22
97468
4963
za koje su bili potrebni energija i resursi
da bi se iskopali, prečistili i pretvorili u telefon.
01:42
It’s also valuable because of all the effort that went
23
102640
2544
Takođe je vredan zbog uloženog truda
01:45
into designing the hardware and writing the software.
24
105184
3045
u dizajniranje hardvera i razvijanje softvera.
01:48
And it’s also valuable because a guy in a black turtleneck got up on stage
25
108229
3879
A isto tako vredi jer je tip u crnoj rolci izašao na scenu
01:52
and told you it was.
26
112108
1501
i rekao vam da vredi.
01:54
So how do we grow the total financial value of all things?
27
114152
5088
Dakle, kako povećavamo ukupnu finansijsku vrednost svih stvari?
01:59
One way is to make more things.
28
119240
2961
Jedan način je pravljenje još stvari.
02:02
Another way is to invent new things.
29
122201
3045
Drugi način je izmišljanje novih stvari.
02:05
However you do it, growing the economy requires resources and energy.
30
125246
5213
Kako god da to uradite, rast ekonomije zahteva resurse i energiju.
02:10
And eventually, won’t we just run out?
31
130459
2545
Hoće li nam oni na kraju nestati?
02:13
To answer this question, let's consider what goes into the economy
32
133629
3712
Da bismo odgovorili na ovo pitanje, razmotrimo šta ulazi u ekonomiju
02:17
and what comes out of it:
33
137508
1710
i šta izlazi iz nje:
02:19
its inputs are labor, capital— which you can think of as money—
34
139218
4505
Ulazne jedinice su rad, kapital - koji možete zamisliti kao novac -
02:23
and natural resources, like water or energy.
35
143723
3128
i prirodni resursi kao što su voda i energija.
02:27
Its output is value.
36
147226
2127
Rezultat je vrednost.
02:29
Over the past 200 years, economies have gotten exponentially more efficient
37
149770
4964
Tokom proteklih 200 godina, privrede su postale eksponencijalno efikasnije
02:34
at producing value.
38
154734
1460
u pogledu proizvodnje vrednosti.
02:36
If we, as a species, are able to keep upgrading our economies
39
156694
4046
Ako uspemo, kao vrsta, da nastavimo da unapređujemo privrede
02:40
so that they get ever-more efficient,
40
160740
2544
tako da postaju sve efikasnije,
02:43
we could theoretically pump out more and more value using the same—
41
163284
5005
teoretski bismo mogli da izvučemo sve više vrednosti pomoću iste količine -
02:48
or, let’s be really ambitious here— fewer resources.
42
168289
3795
ili, ako ćemo da budemo baš ambiciozni - manje količine resursa.
02:52
So, how do we do that?
43
172710
1376
Pa, kako da to uradimo?
02:54
How do we increase efficiency?
44
174086
2503
Kako da povećamo efikasnost?
02:56
With new technologies.
45
176964
1794
Novim tehnologijama.
02:59
This is where we hit a snag.
46
179133
1835
Tu nailazimo na prepreku.
03:01
New tech, in addition to making things more efficient,
47
181260
3087
Nova tehnologija, osim toga što stvari čini efikasnijim,
03:04
can also generate new demand, which ends up using more resources.
48
184347
4254
takođe može da proizvede novu potražnju, što na kraju koristi više resursa.
03:09
We’re actually not in imminent danger of running out of most resources.
49
189268
5005
Zapravo nam ne preti opasnosti da ostanemo bez većine resursa.
03:14
But we have a much bigger and more immediate problem:
50
194440
3170
Ali imamo mnogo veći i hitniji problem:
03:17
the global economy, and in particular those of rich countries,
51
197818
3337
globalna ekonomija, naročito u bogatim zemljama,
03:21
is driving climate change and destroying valuable natural environments
52
201155
4421
podstiče klimatske promene i uništava dragocena prirodna staništa
03:25
on which all of us depend—
53
205576
1502
od kojih svi mi zavisimo -
03:27
soil, forests, fisheries, and countless other resources
54
207078
3753
zemljišta, šume, ribnjake i bezbroj drugih resursa
03:30
that help keep our civilization running.
55
210831
2294
koji pomažu u održavanju naše civilizacije.
03:33
So, what should we do?
56
213542
1627
Pa, šta treba da radimo?
03:35
This is where economists disagree.
57
215169
2795
Tu dolazi do neslaganja kod ekonomista.
03:38
Most economists think that new ideas will be able to fix most of these problems.
58
218297
5172
Većina ekonomista smatra da će nove ideje moći da reše većinu tih problema.
03:43
They argue that,
59
223678
1126
Tvrde da,
03:44
in the same way that exponentially increasing resource and energy use
60
224804
4504
kao što je eksponencijalno povećanje upotrebe resursa i energije
03:49
have fueled exponential economic growth,
61
229308
3212
podstaklo eksponencijalni ekonomski rast,
03:52
human ingenuity has also increased exponentially,
62
232520
3253
ljudska pronicljivost je takođe eksponencijalno porasla,
03:55
and will rise to meet these challenges in ways that we simply can't predict.
63
235898
5130
i uspeće da odgovori na te probleme na načine koje ne možemo predvideti.
04:01
For example, between 2000 and 2014,
64
241320
3212
Na primer, između 2000. i 2014. godine,
04:04
Germany grew their GDP by 16%, while cutting CO2 emissions by 12%.
65
244532
6465
Nemačka je povećala BDP za 16%, a za to vreme smanjila emisiju CO2 za 12%.
04:11
That’s impressive, but it’s not cutting emissions fast enough
66
251539
3170
To je impresivno, ali ne smanjuje emisije dovoljno brzo
04:14
to limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
67
254709
3211
da ograniči zagrevanje na 1,5 stepeni celzijusa.
04:18
For this reason and others,
68
258170
1669
Iz ovog i drugih razloga,
04:19
some economists think the solution is to reengineer our economies completely.
69
259839
5172
neki ekonomisti misle da je rešenje u potpunom reinženjeringu ekonomije.
04:25
They make the case that what we should really be doing is weaning ourselves
70
265177
4130
Oni tvrde da je ono što zaista treba da radimo jeste da se odvikavamo
04:29
from the addiction to growth and shifting to a post-growth economy.
71
269307
4838
od zavisnosti od rasta i pređemo na post-rast ekonomiju.
04:35
What would that look like?
72
275146
1293
Kako bi to izgledalo?
04:36
A post-growth economy wouldn’t assume that the economy should grow;
73
276439
4713
Post-rast ekonomija ne bi očekivala da privreda treba da raste;
04:41
instead, it would require us to focus on improving what we really need—
74
281360
4046
već bi zahtevala fokus na unapređivanju onog što nam zaista treba -
04:45
things like renewable energy, healthcare, and public transportation.
75
285406
3629
stvari kao što su obnovljiva energija, zdravstvena zaštita i javni prevoz.
04:49
To do that, post-growth economists suggest that rich countries
76
289368
4088
U vezi sa tim, post-rast ekonomisti predlažu da bogate zemlje
04:53
should do things like guarantee living wages,
77
293456
2544
treba da rade stvari kao što je garantovanje prihoda,
04:56
reduce wealth and income inequality,
78
296000
2127
smanjivanje nejednakosti u bogatstvu i primanjima,
04:58
and ensure universal access to public services, like healthcare.
79
298127
3795
i obezbeđivanje univerzalnog pristupa javnim uslugama poput zdravstvene zaštite.
05:02
In such an economy, people would be theoretically less dependent on their jobs
80
302423
4504
U takvoj ekonomiji, ljudi bi u teoriji manje zavisili od svog posla
05:06
to earn their living or get healthcare,
81
306927
2378
da bi zaradili za život ili dobili zdravstvenu zaštitu,
05:09
so it might be more feasible to scale down production
82
309305
3045
pa bi moglo postati izvodljivije da se smanji proizvodnja
05:12
of things deemed less necessary.
83
312350
2127
stvari koje se smatraju manje potrebnim.
05:15
But this raises other questions: who gets to define what’s necessary?
84
315519
3963
Ali to navodi na druga pitanja: ko može da definiše šta je neophodno?
05:19
How would we resolve the inevitable disagreements?
85
319482
3169
Kako bismo rešili neizbežne nesuglasice?
05:22
Could we really do away with entire industries?
86
322651
3129
Da li zaista možemo ukinuti čitave industrije?
05:26
The “we’ll come up with new ideas to solve these problems” approach
87
326530
3838
Pristup „smislićemo nove ideje za rešavanje ovih problema“
05:30
can seem as realistic as, well, a magical gold coin.
88
330368
4004
može izgledati realistično kao, pa, magični zlatni novčić.
05:34
And the “we have to fundamentally change our economies” approach
89
334914
3879
A pristup „moramo suštinski da promenimo ekonomije“
05:38
can seem politically daunting, particularly in rich countries.
90
338793
3628
može delovati politički zastrašujuće, posebno u bogatim zemljama.
05:42
One way or another, we have to find a way to benefit everyone
91
342588
3712
Na ovaj ili onaj način, moramo pronaći pristup koji će svima biti od koristi
05:46
while also taking care of our planet.
92
346300
2377
a da istovremeno vodimo računa o našoj planeti.

Original video on YouTube.com
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7