Can the economy grow forever?

829,779 views ・ 2022-08-11

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Seohee Kim κ²€ν† : ν•œλ‚˜ 졜
00:09
Let’s say you discover a magical gold coin that doubles every 25 years.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 25λ…„λ§ˆλ‹€ 두 배둜 λΆˆμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” λ§ˆλ²• κΈˆν™”λ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
00:14
75 years later, you’d only have eight coins.
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75λ…„ ν›„μ—” 겨우 8κ°œλ°–μ— μ•ˆ λ˜κ² μ§€λ§Œ
00:17
But 1,000 years later, you’d have over a trillion.
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1,000λ…„ ν›„μ—” 1μ‘° κ°œκ°€ λ„˜λŠ” κΈˆν™”λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ²Œ 될 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
And in just 4,600 years, your gold coins would outweigh the observable universe.
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그리고 단 4,600λ…„λ§Œ μ§€λ‚˜λ©΄ 당신이 가진 κΈˆν™”μ˜ 양은
κ΄€μΈ‘ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μš°μ£Όλ³΄λ‹€ 더 κ±°λŒ€ν•΄μ§ˆ κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
00:28
This periodic doubling is an example of exponential growth,
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이 주기적인 배증(doubling)은 κΈ°ν•˜κΈ‰μˆ˜μ  μ„±μž₯의 ν•œ μ˜ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
and while we’re not in any danger of discovering a real-life golden goose-coin,
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비둝 ν˜„μ‹€μ—μ„œ ν™©κΈˆμ•Œμ„ λ‚³λŠ” κ±°μœ„ 같은 κΈˆν™”λ₯Ό 찾을 λ¦¬λŠ” λ§Œλ¬΄ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
00:38
something almost as consequential has been growing like this
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이 κΈˆν™”λ§ŒνΌ μ€‘λŒ€ν•˜κ²Œ
μ§€λ‚œ μ•½ 200λ…„κ°„ μ„±μž₯ν•΄μ˜¨ 것이 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
00:42
for the past 200 or so years: the global economy.
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λ°”λ‘œ 세계 κ²½μ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
Many economists think that an eternally growing economy
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λ§Žμ€ κ²½μ œν•™μžλŠ” μ˜μ›νžˆ μ„±μž₯ν•˜λŠ” κ²½μ œκ°€
00:50
is necessary to keep improving people’s lives,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 삢을 μ§€μ†ν•΄μ„œ ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
and that if the global economy stops growing,
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λ˜ν•œ λ§Œμ•½ 세계 κ²½μ œκ°€ μ„±μž₯을 λ©ˆμΆ˜λ‹€λ©΄
00:56
people would fight more over the fixed amount of value that exists,
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ν˜„μ‘΄ν•˜λŠ” ν•œμ •λœ μ–‘μ˜ κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό 두고 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 더 많이 μ‹ΈμšΈ 거라고 ν•΄μš”.
01:00
rather than working to generate new value.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ°½μΆœν•΄λ‚΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ…Έλ ₯ν•˜κΈ°λ³΄λ‹€μš”.
01:03
That raises the question:
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μ΄λŠ” λ‹€μŒμ˜ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ μ œκΈ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
is infinite growth possible on a finite planet?
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ν•œμ •λœ μ§€κ΅¬μ—μ„œ λ¬΄ν•œμ •μ˜ μ„±μž₯이 κ°€λŠ₯ν• κΉŒμš”?
01:09
We measure economic growth by tracking the total financial value
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 경제 μ„±μž₯을 μΈ‘μ •ν•  λ•Œ, 경제적 κ°€μΉ˜μ˜ 총합을 λ”°μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:13
of everything a country (or the world) produces and sells on the market.
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ν•œ λ‚˜λΌ ν˜Ήμ€ μ „ 세계 μ‹œμž₯μ—μ„œ μƒμ‚°λ˜κ³  νŒλ§€λ˜λŠ” μž¬ν™”μ˜ 총체λ₯Όμš”.
01:18
These products can help us meet basic needs
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이런 μž¬ν™”λŠ” 기초 μš•κ΅¬λ₯Ό μΆ©μ‘±ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
01:20
or improve our individual and collective quality of life.
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개인적, 집단적 μ‚Άμ˜ μ§ˆμ„ ν–₯μƒν•˜λŠ” 데 도움이 λΌμš”.
01:24
But they also, crucially, take resources to invent, build, or maintain.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ²°μ •μ μœΌλ‘œ, μž¬ν™”λŠ” λ˜ν•œ
이λ₯Ό 발λͺ…ν•˜κ³ , λ§Œλ“€κ³ , μœ μ§€ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μžμ›μ„ ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜μ£ .
01:30
For example, this smartphone.
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이 μŠ€λ§ˆνŠΈν°μ„ μ˜ˆμ‹œλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄λ³ΌκΉŒμš”.
01:32
It’s valuable in part because it contains aluminum, gallium, and silicon,
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μŠ€λ§ˆνŠΈν°μ€ μ•Œλ£¨λ―ΈλŠ„, 갈λ₯¨, μ‹€λ¦¬μ½˜μ„ λ‚΄μž¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄ κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
01:37
all of which took energy and resources to mine, purify, and turn into a phone.
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μ΄λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ™€ μžμ›μ„ μ†Œλͺ¨ν•˜μ£ .
μ±„κ΅΄ν•΄μ„œ μ •μ œν•˜κ³ , νœ΄λŒ€ν°μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄κΈ°κΉŒμ§€μš”.
01:42
It’s also valuable because of all the effort that went
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λ˜ν•œ μ œμ‘°μ— λ“€μ–΄κ°„ λ…Έλ ₯ λ•Œλ¬Έμ—λ„ κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ 있죠.
01:45
into designing the hardware and writing the software.
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ν•˜λ“œμ›¨μ–΄ λ””μžμΈλΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ„œ μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄ κ°œλ°œμ— λ“œλŠ” λ…Έλ ₯μ΄μš”.
01:48
And it’s also valuable because a guy in a black turtleneck got up on stage
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또, 검은 λͺ©ν΄λΌλ‘œ 유λͺ…ν•œ λ‚¨μžκ°€ λ¬΄λŒ€μ— μ˜¬λΌμ™€μ„  슀마트폰이 κ°€μΉ˜ μžˆλ‹€κ³ 
01:52
and told you it was.
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μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•΄μ„œ 그렇기도 ν•΄μš”.
01:54
So how do we grow the total financial value of all things?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λͺ¨λ“  μž¬ν™”μ™€ κ΄€λ ¨λœ 총 경제적 κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ„±μž₯μ‹œν‚¬κΉŒμš”?
01:59
One way is to make more things.
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ν•˜λ‚˜, 더 λ§Žμ€ μž¬ν™”λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 방법이 μžˆκ³ μš”.
02:02
Another way is to invent new things.
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 방법은 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μž¬ν™”λ₯Ό 발λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
However you do it, growing the economy requires resources and energy.
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μ–΄λ–€ 방법이든 간에, 경제 μ„±μž₯은 μžμ›κ³Ό μ—λ„ˆμ§€κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜κ²Œ 되죠.
02:10
And eventually, won’t we just run out?
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κ²°κ΅­μ—” μ „λΆ€ λ°”λ‹₯이 λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„κΉŒμš”?
02:13
To answer this question, let's consider what goes into the economy
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μ•žμ„  μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— 닡을 μ°ΎκΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ, κ²½μ œμ— 무엇이 νˆ¬μž…λ˜κ³ 
02:17
and what comes out of it:
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무엇이 μ°½μΆœλ˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
02:19
its inputs are labor, capitalβ€” which you can think of as moneyβ€”
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일단 νˆ¬μž…λ˜λŠ” 것은 노동λ ₯κ³Ό 자본이죠. 참고둜 μžλ³Έμ€ 돈이라고 μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹œκ³ ,
02:23
and natural resources, like water or energy.
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또 λ¬Όκ³Ό μ—λ„ˆμ§€ 같은 μ²œμ—°μžμ›λ„ νˆ¬μž…λΌμš”.
02:27
Its output is value.
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κ²½μ œμ—μ„œ μ°½μΆœλ˜λŠ” 것은 κ°€μΉ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
Over the past 200 years, economies have gotten exponentially more efficient
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μ§€λ‚œ 200λ…„κ°„, κ²½μ œλŠ” κΈ‰κ²©ν•˜κ²Œ 더 효율적이게 λμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
at producing value.
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κ°€μΉ˜ μ°½μΆœμ— μžˆμ–΄μ„œμš”.
02:36
If we, as a species, are able to keep upgrading our economies
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우리 인간이 λ‹€ 같이, κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ 경제λ₯Ό λ°œμ „μ‹œμΌœμ„œ
02:40
so that they get ever-more efficient,
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κ²½μ œκ°€ λ”μš±λ” 효율적이게 λ˜λ‹€λ©΄
02:43
we could theoretically pump out more and more value using the sameβ€”
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이둠적으둠 같은 μžμ›μœΌλ‘œ 더 λ§Žμ€ κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό 생산해낼 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
02:48
or, let’s be really ambitious hereβ€” fewer resources.
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μš•μ‹¬μ„ μ’€ λΆ€λ €λ³΄μžλ©΄, 더 적은 μžμ›μœΌλ‘œλ„μš”.
02:52
So, how do we do that?
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그럼, μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ 되죠?
02:54
How do we increase efficiency?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ„ 높일 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
02:56
With new technologies.
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μ‹ κΈ°μˆ μ„ ν™œμš©ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
02:59
This is where we hit a snag.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ λ°œμƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
New tech, in addition to making things more efficient,
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μ‹ κΈ°μˆ μ€ νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ„ λ†’μ—¬μ£Όμ§€λ§Œ, 여기에 더해
03:04
can also generate new demand, which ends up using more resources.
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더 λ§Žμ€ μˆ˜μš”λ‘œ μ΄μ–΄μ§ˆ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ–΄μš”. κ²°κ΅­μ—” 더 λ§Žμ€ μžμ›μ„ μ“°κ²Œ 되죠.
03:09
We’re actually not in imminent danger of running out of most resources.
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사싀 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μžμ›μ— μžˆμ–΄ κΈ‰λ°•ν•œ 고갈의 μœ„ν—˜μ— μžˆμ§„ μ•Šμ•„μš”.
03:14
But we have a much bigger and more immediate problem:
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 더 크고 더 직접적인 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
the global economy, and in particular those of rich countries,
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λ°”λ‘œ 세계 κ²½μ œμš”. 특히 λΆ€μœ ν•œ λ‚˜λΌλ“€μ΄
03:21
is driving climate change and destroying valuable natural environments
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κΈ°ν›„ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ΄ˆλž˜ν•˜κ³  μ†Œμ€‘ν•œ μžμ—°ν™˜κ²½μ„ νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄μš”.
03:25
on which all of us dependβ€”
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λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜λŠ” μžμ—°μ„μš”.
03:27
soil, forests, fisheries, and countless other resources
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ν† μ–‘, μ‚°λ¦Ό, μ–΄μž₯, 그리고 μ…€ 수 없이 λ§Žμ€ μžμ›λ“€μ„ νŒŒκ΄΄ν•΄μš”.
03:30
that help keep our civilization running.
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λ¬Έλͺ…을 κ³„μ†ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” κ·Έ μžμ›λ“€μ„ 말이죠.
03:33
So, what should we do?
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우린 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
03:35
This is where economists disagree.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ κ²½μ œν•™μžλ“€ 간에 이견이 λ°œμƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
Most economists think that new ideas will be able to fix most of these problems.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ κ²½μ œν•™μžλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 사고방식이
λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 문제λ₯Ό 해결해주리라 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
They argue that,
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그듀이 μ£Όμž₯ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ,
03:44
in the same way that exponentially increasing resource and energy use
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κΈ‰κ²©νžˆ μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μžμ›κ³Ό μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰μ΄
03:49
have fueled exponential economic growth,
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κΈ‰κ²©ν•œ 경제 μ„±μž₯에 λΆˆμ„ λ• λ˜ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ,
03:52
human ingenuity has also increased exponentially,
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μΈκ°„μ˜ 독창성 μ—­μ‹œ κΈ‰κ²©νžˆ μ„±μž₯ν•΄μ„œ
03:55
and will rise to meet these challenges in ways that we simply can't predict.
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각쒅 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 있게 될 거라고 ν•΄μš”.
예츑쑰차 ν•  수 μ—†λŠ” λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œμš”.
04:01
For example, between 2000 and 2014,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, λ…μΌμ˜ 경우 2000λ…„λΆ€ν„° 2014λ…„ 사이에
04:04
Germany grew their GDP by 16%, while cutting CO2 emissions by 12%.
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GDPκ°€ 16% μƒμŠΉν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„
μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œ λ°°μΆœλŸ‰μ€ 12% κ°μ†Œν–ˆλ‹€κ³  ν•΄μš”.
04:11
That’s impressive, but it’s not cutting emissions fast enough
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인상적이죠. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 μ†λ„μ˜ κ°μΆ•μœΌλ‘œλŠ”
04:14
to limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
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지ꡬ μ˜¨λ„μ˜ 1.5도 μƒμŠΉμ„ μ €μ§€μ‹œν‚€κΈ°μ—” λΆ€μ‘±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:18
For this reason and others,
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이λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ μ—¬λŸ¬ 이유둜
04:19
some economists think the solution is to reengineer our economies completely.
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μ–΄λ–€ κ²½μ œν•™μžλ“€μ€ 우리 경제λ₯Ό
μ™„μ „νžˆ μž¬κ±΄ν•˜λŠ” 것이 ν•΄κ²° 방법이라고 μƒκ°ν•΄μš”.
04:25
They make the case that what we should really be doing is weaning ourselves
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그듀이 μ£Όμž₯ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§„μ§œλ‘œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” 건
μ„±μž₯에 λŒ€ν•œ 집착을 버리고 μ„±μž₯ ν›„ 경제둜 κ°€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
from the addiction to growth and shifting to a post-growth economy.
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04:35
What would that look like?
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κ³Όμ—° μ–΄λ–€ λͺ¨μŠ΅μΌκΉŒμš”?
04:36
A post-growth economy wouldn’t assume that the economy should grow;
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μ„±μž₯ ν›„ κ²½μ œλŠ”, 경제 μ„±μž₯을 μ „μ œλ‘œ ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
instead, it would require us to focus on improving what we really needβ€”
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λŒ€μ‹ , μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 정말 ν•„μš”ν•œ 것을 μ„±μž₯μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 데에 μ§‘μ€‘ν•˜λ„λ‘ λ§Œλ“€μ£ .
04:45
things like renewable energy, healthcare, and public transportation.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ‹ μž¬μƒ μ—λ„ˆμ§€, 보건 μ„œλΉ„μŠ€, λŒ€μ€‘κ΅ν†΅ λ“±μ—μš”.
04:49
To do that, post-growth economists suggest that rich countries
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이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄, μ„±μž₯ ν›„ κ²½μ œν•™μžλ“€μ€ λΆ€μœ ν•œ λ‚˜λΌλ“€μ΄
04:53
should do things like guarantee living wages,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μžλ©΄ μ΅œμ € 생계비λ₯Ό 보μž₯ν•˜κ³ ,
04:56
reduce wealth and income inequality,
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뢀와 μ†Œλ“μ˜ λΆˆν‰λ“±μ„ 쀄이고,
04:58
and ensure universal access to public services, like healthcare.
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보건과 같은 곡곡 μ„œλΉ„μŠ€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 접근성을 보μž₯ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:02
In such an economy, people would be theoretically less dependent on their jobs
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μ„±μž₯ ν›„ κ²½μ œμ—μ„ , 이둠적으둜 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 직μž₯에 덜 μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜κ²Œ λΌμš”.
05:06
to earn their living or get healthcare,
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μƒκ³„μœ μ§€λ‚˜ 보건 μ„œλΉ„μŠ€ μ΄μš©μ— μžˆμ–΄μ„œμš”.
05:09
so it might be more feasible to scale down production
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ 덜 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μ—¬κ²¨μ§€λŠ” μž¬ν™”μ˜ μƒμ‚°λŸ‰μ„ μ€„μ΄λŠ” 게 더 λ‚˜μ„ 수 있죠.
05:12
of things deemed less necessary.
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05:15
But this raises other questions: who gets to define what’s necessary?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„ μ•ΌκΈ°ν•΄μš”. λˆ„κ°€ μž¬ν™”μ˜ ν•„μš”μ„±μ„ κ·œμ •ν•˜μ£ ?
05:19
How would we resolve the inevitable disagreements?
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ν”Όν•  수 μ—†λŠ” 의견 μΆ©λŒμ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
05:22
Could we really do away with entire industries?
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λͺ¨λ“  산업을 μ •λ§λ‘œ 포기할 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
05:26
The β€œwe’ll come up with new ideas to solve these problems” approach
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문제 해결을 μœ„ν•΄ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 사고방식을 ν™œμš©ν•˜λŠ” 접근법은
05:30
can seem as realistic as, well, a magical gold coin.
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ν˜„μ‹€μ μœΌλ‘œ λΉ„μœ ν•˜μžλ©΄, μ•„κΉŒ κ·Έ λ§ˆλ²•μ˜ κΈˆν™”μ™€ κ°™μ•„μš”.
05:34
And the β€œwe have to fundamentally change our economies” approach
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그리고 근본적으둜 경제λ₯Ό λ’€λ°”κΏ”μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 접근법은
05:38
can seem politically daunting, particularly in rich countries.
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μ •μΉ˜μ  무리수둜 보일 수 있죠. 특히 λΆ€μœ ν•œ κ΅­κ°€λ“€μ—μ„œμš”.
05:42
One way or another, we have to find a way to benefit everyone
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μ–΄λ–€ 접근법이든, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ 이둜운 방법을 μ°Ύμ•„μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:46
while also taking care of our planet.
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λ™μ‹œμ— 지ꡬλ₯Ό λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 말이죠.

Original video on YouTube.com
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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