Why do people join cults? - Janja Lalich

Zašto se ljudi pridružuju kultovima? - Janja Lalić (Janja Lalich)

5,549,329 views

2017-06-12 ・ TED-Ed


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Why do people join cults? - Janja Lalich

Zašto se ljudi pridružuju kultovima? - Janja Lalić (Janja Lalich)

5,549,329 views ・ 2017-06-12

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković
00:07
When Reverend Jim Jones founded the Peoples Temple in 1955,
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Kada je velečasni Džim Džons 1955. osnovao Narodni hram,
00:12
few could have imagined its horrifying end.
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malo je onih koji su mogli da zamisle njegov zastrašujući kraj.
00:16
This progressive religious movement rose in popularity and gained support
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Ovom progresivnom religijskom pokretu je rasla popularnost i podrška
00:20
from some of San Francisco's most prominent politicians.
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među nekim od najuvaženijih političara iz San Franciska.
00:24
But in 1977, amidst revelations of brainwashing and abuse,
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Međutim, 1977. u sred razotkrivanja o ispiranju mozga i nasilju,
00:29
Jones moved with several hundred followers
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Džons se preselio sa nekoliko stotina pristalica
00:31
to establish the commune of Jonestown in Guyana.
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kako bi osnovao džonstaunsku komunu u Gvajani.
00:36
Billed as a utopian paradise, the colony was more like a prison camp,
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Predstavljajući se kao utopijski raj, kolonija je više ličila na logor,
00:40
and when a congressional delegation arrived to investigate its conditions,
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a kad je kongresna delegacija stigla da ispita uslove u koloniji,
00:44
Jones executed his final plan.
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Džons je sproveo u delo poslednji plan.
00:48
On November 18, 1978, 909 men, women, and children died
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18. novembra 1978, 909 muškaraca, žena i dece je umrlo
00:54
after being forced to drink poisoned Flavor Aid.
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nakon što su ih naterali da popiju otrovan sok "flejvor ejd".
00:58
That grizzly image has since been immortalized as shorthand slang
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Taj jezivi prizor je od tad ovekovečen kao sažeti sleng
01:02
for single-minded cult-like thinking,
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za jednoumlje i razmišljanje nalik onom u kultu:
01:06
"They drank the Kool-aid."
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"Popili su 'kul-ejd'."
01:08
Today, there are thousands of cults around the world.
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Danas postoji na hiljade kultova širom sveta.
01:11
It's important to note two things about them.
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Važno je zapamtiti dve stvari u vezi s njima.
01:14
First, not all cults are religious.
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Prvo, nisu svi kultovi religiozni.
01:17
Some are political,
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Neki su politički,
01:18
therapy-based,
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zasnovani na terapiji,
01:19
focused on self-improvement,
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usmereni na samounapređenje
01:21
or otherwise.
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ili nešto slično.
01:22
And on the flip side,
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A uprkos svemu,
01:23
not all new religions are what we're referring to as cults.
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nisu sve nove religije ono što smatramo kultovima.
01:28
So what exactly defines our modern understanding of cults,
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Pa, šta tačno definiše naše savremeno razumevanje kultova
01:31
and why do people join them?
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i zašto im se ljudi pridružuju?
01:35
Broadly speaking, a cult is a group or movement
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Uopšteno govoreći, kult je grupa ili pokret
01:37
with a shared commitment to a usually extreme ideology
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sa zajedničkom posvećenošću često ekstremnoj ideologiji
01:41
that's typically embodied in a charismatic leader.
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koju obično otelotvoruje harizmatični vođa.
01:45
And while few turn out as deadly as Jonestown or Heaven's Gate,
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I, dok malo njih ispadne smrtonosno kao Džonstaun ili Rajska kapija,
01:49
which ended in a mass suicide of 39 people in 1997,
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koja je okončana masovnim samoubistvom 39 ljudi 1997,
01:53
most cults share some basic characteristics.
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većini kultova su zajedničke neke osnovne karakteristike.
01:58
A typical cult requires a high level of commitment from its members
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Tipični kult zahteva od svojih članova visok stepen posvećenosti
02:01
and maintains a strict hierarchy,
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i u njemu se održava stroga hijerarhija,
02:04
separating unsuspecting supporters and recruits
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razdvajaju se naivni podržavaoci i regruti
02:06
from the inner workings.
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od unutrašnjeg poslovanja.
02:09
It claims to provide answers to life's biggest questions
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Oni tvrde da nude odgovore na najveća životna pitanja
02:12
through its doctrine,
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kroz svoje doktrine,
02:13
along with the required recipe for change
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zajedno sa željenim receptom za promenu
02:16
that shapes a new member into a true believer.
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koji oblikuje novog člana u istinskog vernika.
02:20
And most importantly, it uses both formal and informal systems
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I, najvažnije, koriste i formalne i neformalne sisteme
02:24
of influence and control to keep members obedient,
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uticaja i kontrole kako bi držali članove u pokornosti,
02:28
with little tolerance for internal disagreement or external scrutiny.
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netolerišući unutrašnja neslaganja ili spoljnji nadzor.
02:33
You might wonder whether some of these descriptions
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Možda se pitate da li se neki od ovih opisa
02:36
might also apply to established religions.
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mogu takođe primeniti na zvanične religije.
02:39
In fact, the world "cultus" originally described
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Zapravo, reč "cultus" je prvobitno opisivala
02:42
people who cultivated the worship of certain gods
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ljude koji su gajili obožavanje prema određenim bogovima
02:46
by performing rituals and maintaining temples.
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izvodeći rituale i održavajući hramove.
02:49
But in time, it came to mean excessive devotion.
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Ali vremenom je reč poprimila značenje prekomerne odanosti.
02:53
Many religions began as cults,
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Mnoge religije su počele kao kultovi,
02:55
but integrated into the fabric of the larger society as they grew.
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ali su se integrisale u tkivo šireg društva kako su rasle.
02:59
A modern cult, by contrast, separates its members from others.
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Moderni kult, nasuprot tome, razdvaja svoje članove od drugih ljudi.
03:03
Rather than providing guidelines for members to live better lives,
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Umesto svojim članovima da obezbedi uputstva kako da žive bolje,
03:07
a cult seeks to directly control them,
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kult teži za direktnom kontrolom,
03:10
from personal and family relationships,
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od ličnih i porodičnih veza
03:12
to financial assets and living arrangements.
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do finansijskih dobara i životnog uređenja.
03:15
Cults also demand obedience to human leaders
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Kultovi takođe zahtevaju pokornost ljudskim vođama,
03:18
who tend to be highly persuasive people
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koji su obično ubedljivi ljudi
03:21
with authoritarian and narcissistic streaks
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sa autoritarnim i narcisoidnim karakteristikama,
03:24
motivated by money, sex, power, or all three.
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a motiviše ih novac, seks, moć ili sve troje.
03:29
While a cult leader uses personal charisma to attract initial followers,
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Dok vođa kulta koristi sopstvenu harizmu da privuče prvobitne sledbenike,
03:33
further expansion works like a pyramid scheme,
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dalje proširenje funkcioniše poput piramidalne sheme,
03:37
with early members recruiting new ones.
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gde stariji članovi regrutuju nove.
03:40
Cults are skilled at knowing whom to target,
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Kultovi su vešti u prepoznavanju ciljne grupe,
03:43
often focusing on those new to an area,
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često se usredsređujući na one koji su novi u nekom mestu
03:46
or who have recently undergone some personal or professional loss.
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ili koji su nedavno pretrpeli neki lični ili profesionalni gubitak.
03:51
Loneliness and a desire for meaning
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Usamljenost i žudnja za smislom
03:53
make one susceptible to friendly people offering community.
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čine pojedinca podložnim prijateljskim ljudima koji nude zajednicu.
Proces regrutovanja može da bude suptilan,
03:58
The recruitment process can be subtle,
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04:00
sometimes taking months to establish a relationship.
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ponekad su potrebni meseci da se uspostavi veza.
04:03
In fact, more than two-thirds of cult members are recruited by a friend,
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Zapravo, više od dve trećine članova kulta je regrutovao prijatelj,
04:07
family member,
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član porodice
04:08
or co-worker
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ili kolega s posla
04:10
whose invitations are harder to refuse.
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čije je pozivnice teže odbiti.
04:13
Once in the cult, members are subjected to multiple forms of indoctrination.
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Kad postanu deo kulta, članove izlažu raznim oblicima indoktrinacije.
04:18
Some play on our natural inclination to mimic social behaviors or follow orders.
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Neki se poigravaju našim prirodnim nagonom
da oponašamo društvena ponašanja i budemo poslušni.
04:24
Other methods may be more intense
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Druge metode mogu da budu intenzivnije
04:26
using techniques of coercive persuasion involving guilt, shame, and fear.
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i da koriste tehnike prisilnog ubeđivanja koje uključuju: krivicu, stid i strah.
04:32
And in many cases, members may willingly submit out of desire to belong
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A u mnogim slučajevima,
članovi se svojevoljno prijavljuju iz želje za pripadanjem
04:37
and to attain the promised rewards.
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i kako bi stekli obećane nagrade.
04:40
The cult environment discourages critical thinking,
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Okruženje u kultu obeshrabruje kritičko razmišljanje
04:43
making it hard to voice doubts
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zbog čega je teško formulisati sumnje
04:45
when everyone around you is modeling absolute faith.
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dok svi su svi oko vas primer apsolutne vere.
04:50
The resulting internal conflict, known as cognitive dissonance,
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Iz toga proizlazi unutrašnji konflikt, poznat kao kognitivna disonanca,
04:53
keeps you trapped,
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koji vas drži u zarobljeništvu,
04:55
as each compromise makes it more painful to admit you've been deceived.
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dok zbog svakog kompromisa postaje sve bolnije priznati da ste obmanuti.
05:01
And though most cults don't lead members to their death,
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I, iako većina kultova ne vodi svoje članove u smrt,
05:03
they can still be harmful.
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i dalje mogu da budu štetni.
05:05
By denying basic freedoms of thought, speech, and association,
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Opovrgavajući osnosvne slobode: misli, govora i udruživanja,
05:09
cults stunt their members' psychological and emotional growth,
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kultovi presecaju svojim članovima psihološki i emotivni rast,
05:13
a particular problem for children,
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što je naročit problem za decu,
05:16
who are deprived of normal developmental activities and milestones.
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kojoj su uskraćene normalne razvojne aktivnosti i prekretnice.
05:20
Nevertheless, many cult members eventually find a way out,
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Uprkos tome, mnogi članovi kulta vremenom pronađu izlaz,
05:24
whether through their own realizations,
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bilo sopstvenim razumom,
05:26
the help of family and friends,
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uz pomoć porodice i prijatelja
05:27
or when the cult falls apart due to external pressure or scandals.
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ili kad se kult raspadne zbog spoljnih pritisaka ili skandala.
05:33
Many cults may be hard to identify,
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Mnoge kultove može da bude teško prepoznati,
05:35
and for some, their beliefs, no matter how strange,
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a nekima su njihova ubeđenja, bez obzira na to koliko neobična,
05:39
are protected under religious freedom.
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zaštićena pod religijskim slobodama.
05:42
But when their practices involve harassment,
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Ali kad njihovi rituali uključuju zlostavljanje,
05:44
threats,
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pretnje,
05:45
illegal activities,
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nezakonite aktivnosti
05:46
or abuse,
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ili nasilje,
05:47
the law can intervene.
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zakon može da interveniše.
05:50
Believing in something should not come at the cost of your family and friends,
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Verovanje u nešto ne bi trebalo da vas košta porodice i prijatelja,
05:55
and if someone tells you to sacrifice your relationships
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a ako vam neko kaže da žrtvujete svoje veze
05:58
or morality for the greater good,
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ili moralnost zarad opšteg dobra,
06:01
they're most likely exploiting you for their own.
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najverovatnije vas iskorišćava zarad sopstvene dobrobiti.
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