Are Elvish, Klingon, Dothraki and Na'vi real languages? - John McWhorter

Da li su vilenjački, klingonski, dotrački i na'vijski pravi jezici? - Džon Mekvorter

2,913,876 views

2013-09-26 ・ TED-Ed


New videos

Are Elvish, Klingon, Dothraki and Na'vi real languages? - John McWhorter

Da li su vilenjački, klingonski, dotrački i na'vijski pravi jezici? - Džon Mekvorter

2,913,876 views ・ 2013-09-26

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Tijana Mihajlović Lektor: Mile Živković
00:06
To many, one of the coolest things about "Game of Thrones"
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Za mnoge, jedna od najboljih stvari
00:09
is that the inhabitants of the Dothraki Sea
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u „Igri prestola" je
to što stanovnici Dotračkog mora
00:12
have their own real language.
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imaju svoj sopstveni pravi jezik,
00:14
And Dothraki came hot on the heels
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a dotrački je došao ubrzo nakon
00:16
of the real language that the Na'vi speak in "Avatar,"
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pravog jezika koji Na'vi govore u „Avataru”
00:20
which, surely, the Na'vi needed
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koji je, naravno, Na'vima trebao
00:21
when the Klingons in "Star Trek" have had their own whole language since 1979.
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nakon što su Klingonci ranije u „Zvezdanim stazama”
imali čitav svoj jezik još 1979. godine.
00:26
And let's not forget the Elvish languages
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Ne zaboravimo i vilenjačke jezike
00:28
in J.R.R. Tolkien's "Lord of the Rings" trilogy,
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iz Dž. R. R. Tolkinove trilogije „Gospodar prstenova”,
00:32
especially since that was the official grandfather
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posebno zbog toga što je on prvi zvanični predak
00:34
of the fantasy conlangs.
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fantazije konjezika.
00:37
"Conlang" is short for "constructed language."
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Konjezik je skraćenica za konstruisani jezik.
00:40
They're more than codes like Pig Latin,
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Oni se ne sastoje samo od kodova, kao npr. šatrovački
00:43
and they're not just collections of fabricated slang like the Nadsat lingo
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i nisu samo zbirka izmišljenog slenga kao što je nadsatski žargon
00:47
that the teen hoodlums in "A Clockwork Orange" speak,
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koji bitange tinejdžeri iz „Paklene pomorandže” koriste,
00:50
where "droog" from Russian happens to mean "friend."
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gde „drug” iz ruskog slučajno znači „prijatelj”.
00:52
What makes conlangs real languages isn't the number of words they have.
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Ono što konjezike čini pravim jezicima nije samo broj reči koje imaju.
00:57
It helps, of course, to have a lot of words.
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Posedovanje mnogo reči, naravno, pomaže.
00:59
Dothraki has thousands of words.
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Dotrački ima na hiljade reči.
01:02
Na'vi started with 1,500 words.
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Na'vi je započeo sa 1500 reči.
01:04
Fans on websites have steadily created more.
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Obožavaoci su na vebsajtovima postepeno stvarali još reči.
01:07
But we can see the difference between vocabulary alone
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Međutim, možemo videti razliku između samog vokabulara
01:10
and what makes a real language
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i onoga što čini pravi jezik
01:12
from a look at how Tolkien put together grand old Elvish,
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samo na osnovu pogleda na to kako Tolkin sastavlja stari, dobri vilenjački,
01:16
a conlang with several thousands words.
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konjezik od nekoliko hiljada reči.
Na kraju krajeva, mogli biste da zapamtite 5000 reči iz ruskog
01:19
After all, you could memorize 5,000 words of Russian
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01:22
and still be barely able to construct a sentence.
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i da i dalje jedva možete da sastavite rečenicu.
01:24
A four-year-old would talk rings around you.
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Četvorogodišnjak bi mogao ispasti pametniji od vas.
01:27
That's because you have to know how to put the words together.
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To je zbog toga što morate znati kako da spojite reči,
to jest, pravi jezik ima gramatiku.
01:30
That is, a real language has grammar.
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01:33
Elvish does.
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Vilenjački ima.
01:34
In English, to make a verb past, you add an "-ed."
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U engleskom, da prebacite glagol u prošlo vreme,
dodajete nastavak „-ed”;
01:38
Wash, washed.
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„oprati” - „oprao”.
01:39
In Elvish, "wash" is "allu"
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Na vilenjačkom, „oprati” je „alu”,
01:42
and "washed" is "allune."
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a „oprao” je „alune”.
Pravi jezici se, takođe, menjaju tokom vremena.
01:45
Real languages also change over time.
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01:47
There's no such thing as a language
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Ne postoji stvar kao što je jezik
01:49
that's the same today as it was a thousand years ago.
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koji je isti danas kao i pre hiljadu godina.
01:52
As people speak, they drift into new habits,
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Dok pričaju, ljudi uplovljavaju u nove navike,
01:55
shed old ones,
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odbacuju stare,
01:56
make mistakes, and get creative.
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prave greške i postaju kreativni.
01:58
Today, one says,
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Danas se kaže:
02:00
"Give us today our daily bread."
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„Hleb naš nasušni daj nam danas.”
02:02
In Old English, they said,
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U staroengleskom bi rekli:
02:04
"Urne gedaeghwamlican hlaf syle us todaeg."
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„Urne gedaeghwamlican hlaf syle us todaeg.”
Stvari se menjaju i u konjezicima.
02:09
Things change in conlangs, too.
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02:11
Tolkien charted out ancient and newer versions of Elvish.
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Tolkin je napravio tabelu
drevnog vilenjačkog i njegove novije verzije.
02:15
When the first Elves awoke at Cuiviénen,
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Kada su se prvi vilenjaci probudili na Kujvijenenu,
02:17
in their new language,
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u njihovom novom jeziku,
02:18
the word for "people" was "kwendi,"
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reč za ljude bila je „kvendi”,
02:20
but in the language of one of the groups that moved away, Teleri,
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ali u jeziku jedne od grupa koja se odselila, Teleri,
02:24
over time, "kwendi" became "pendi,"
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„kvendi” je vremenom postalo „pendi”,
02:26
with the "k" turning into a "p."
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gde se „k” pretvorilo u „p”.
Kao i kod pravih jezika, konjezici kao što je vilenjački,
02:30
And just like real languages, conlangs like Elvish split off into many.
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razgranali su se na mnoge jezike.
02:34
When the Romans transplanted Latin across Europe,
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Kada su Rimljani preneli latinski širom Evrope,
02:37
French, Spanish, and Italian were born.
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rodili su se francuski, španski i italijanski.
02:39
When groups move to different places,
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Kada se grupe presele na različita mesta,
02:41
over time, their ways of speaking grow apart,
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vremenom se njihov način govora razdvaja,
02:44
just like everything else about them.
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kao i sve ostalo u vezi sa njima.
02:46
Thus, Latin's word for hand was "manus,"
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Tako je latinska reč za ruku bila „manus”,
02:48
but in French, it became "main,"
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ali je na francuskom postala „main”,
02:50
while in Spain it became "mano."
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dok je na španskom postala „mano”.
02:53
Tolkien made sure Elvish did the same kind of thing.
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Tolkin je osigurao da i vilenjački uradi isto.
02:56
While that original word "kwendi" became "pendi"
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Dok je izvorna reč „kvendi” postala „pendi” među Telerima,
02:59
among the Teleri,
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03:00
among the Avari, who spread throughout Middle Earth,
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među Avarijima, koji su se raširili po Srednjoj zemlji,
03:03
it became "kindi" when the "w" dropped out.
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postala je „kindi” kada je „v” izostavljeno.
03:07
The Elvish varieties Tolkien fleshed out the most
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Vilenjačke podvrste koje je Tolkin najviše razvio su
03:10
are Quenya and Sindarin,
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kvenjanski i sindarinski,
03:11
and their words are different in the same way French and Spanish are.
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a njihove reči se razlikuju kao kod francuskog i španskog.
03:15
Quenya has "suc" for "drink,"
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Kvenjanski koristi „sak” za „piti”,
03:16
Sindarin has "sog."
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a sindarinski „sog”.
03:19
And as you know, real languages are messy.
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Kao što i sami znate, stvarni jezici su haotični.
03:22
That's because they change,
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To je zato što se menjaju,
03:23
and change has a way of working against order,
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a promena pronalazi načine da podriva red,
03:26
just like in a living room or on a bookshelf.
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na isti način kao što to radi u dnevnoj sobi ili polici za knjige.
03:29
Real languages are never perfectly logical.
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Pravi jezici nikada nisu savršeno logični.
03:32
That's why Tolkien made sure that Elvish had plenty of exceptions.
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Zato je Tolkin osigurao da vilenjački ima obilje izuzetaka.
Mnogo glagola se menja po vremenima
03:36
Lots of verbs are conjugated in ways you just have to know.
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na načine koje jednostavno morate da znate.
03:39
Take even the word "know."
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Uzmite, na primer, reč na engleskom „znati”.
03:41
In the past, it's "knew,"
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U prošlom vremenu je „znao”,
03:43
which isn't explained by any of the rules in English.
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a to ne objašnjava nijedno pravilo engleskog.
Pa, dobro.
03:47
Oh well.
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03:48
In Elvish, "know" is "ista,"
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Na vilenjačkom je „znati” - „ista”,
03:50
but "knew" is "sinte."
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ali je „znao” - „sinte”.
03:52
Oh well.
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Pa, dobro.
03:54
The truth is, though, that Elvish is more a sketch for a real language
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Istina je, ipak, da je vilenjački više nacrt pravog jezika
nego sveobuhvatni jezik.
03:57
than a whole one.
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03:59
For Tolkien, Elvish was a hobby
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Za Tolkina je vilenjački bio hobi,
04:01
rather than an attempt to create something people could actually speak.
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a ne pokušaj da stvori nešto što će ljudi koristiti kao jezik.
04:04
Much of the Elvish the characters in the "Lord of the Rings" movies speak
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Veći deo vilenjačkog koji govore likovi u filmu „Gospodari prstenova”
04:08
has been made up since Tolkien by dedicated fans of Elvish
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izmislili su posle Tolkina predani obožavaoci vilenjačkog
04:11
based on guesses as to what Tolkien would have constructed.
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zasnovano na nagađanju šta bi Tolkin napravio.
04:15
That's the best we can do for Elvish because there are no actual Elves around
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To je najbolje što možemo učiniti za vilenjački
jer ne postoje pravi vilenjaci u našoj okolini
04:19
to speak it for us.
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da ga govore za nas.
04:21
But the modern conlangs go further.
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Moderni konjezici idu još dalje.
04:23
Dothraki, Na'vi, and Klingon are developed enough
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Dotrački, na'vijski i klingonski dovoljno su se razvili
04:26
that you can actually speak them.
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da ih zapravo možete govoriti.
04:28
Here's a translation of "Hamlet" into Klingon,
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Evo prevoda „Hamleta” na klingonski,
04:31
although performing it would mean getting used
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iako bi njegova izvedba značila razvijanje navike
04:33
to pronouncing "k" with your uvula,
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da izgovarate „k” pomoću resice,
04:35
that weird, cartoony thing hanging in the back of your throat.
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te čudne, smešne stvari koja visi na zadnjem delu našeg grla.
04:38
Believe it or not, you actually do that in plenty of languages around the world,
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Verovali ili ne, to se dešava kod mnogo jezika širom sveta,
04:42
like Eskimo ones.
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kao što su eskimski.
04:44
Pronouncing Elvish is much easier, though.
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Izgovaranje vilenjačkog je ipak mnogo lakše.
04:47
So, let's take our leave for now
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Hajde da za sada završimo
04:49
from this introduction to conlangs in Elvish
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ovaj uvod u konjezike na vilenjačkom
04:51
and the other three conlangs discussed
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i ostala tri konjezika o kojima smo diskutovali
04:53
with a heartfelt quad-conlangual valedictory:
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sa iskrenim konjezičkim pozdravima na četiri jezika:
„A Na Marie!”,
04:58
"A Na Marie!"
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04:59
"Hajas!"
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„hađas!”,
05:00
Na'vi's "Kiyevame!"
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na'vijskim „kijevam!”,
05:01
"Qapla!"
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05:02
and "Goodbye!"
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„kapla”
i „do viđenja!”
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