Are Elvish, Klingon, Dothraki and Na'vi real languages? - John McWhorter

Jesu li Vilenjački, Klingonski, Dothraki i Na'vi stvarni jezici? - John McWhorter

2,915,921 views

2013-09-26 ・ TED-Ed


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Are Elvish, Klingon, Dothraki and Na'vi real languages? - John McWhorter

Jesu li Vilenjački, Klingonski, Dothraki i Na'vi stvarni jezici? - John McWhorter

2,915,921 views ・ 2013-09-26

TED-Ed


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Ivan Stamenković Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG
00:06
To many, one of the coolest things about "Game of Thrones"
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Mnogima, jedna od najboljih stvari
u "Igri prijestolja"
00:09
is that the inhabitants of the Dothraki Sea
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je da stanovnici Dothraki mora
00:12
have their own real language.
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imaju vlastiti stvarni jezik.
00:14
And Dothraki came hot on the heels
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I Dothraki je došao za petama
00:16
of the real language that the Na'vi speak in "Avatar,"
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stvarnog jezika koji Na'vi govore u Avataru,
00:20
which, surely, the Na'vi needed
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koji je bio potreban Na'vijima
00:21
when the Klingons in "Star Trek" have had their own whole language since 1979.
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kada su Klingonci u "Zvjezdanim Stazama"
imali vlastiti jezik
od 1979.
00:26
And let's not forget the Elvish languages
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I ne zaboravimo vilenjačke jezike
00:28
in J.R.R. Tolkien's "Lord of the Rings" trilogy,
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u Tolkienovoj trilogiji "Gospodar Prstenova",
00:32
especially since that was the official grandfather
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osobito jer je to bio službeni djed
00:34
of the fantasy conlangs.
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svih fantazijskih konjezika.
00:37
"Conlang" is short for "constructed language."
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Konjezik je kratica za konstruirani jezik.
00:40
They're more than codes like Pig Latin,
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One su više od šifri šatrovačkog,
00:43
and they're not just collections of fabricated slang like the Nadsat lingo
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i nisu samo kolekcije
izmišljenog slenga Nadsat govora
00:47
that the teen hoodlums in "A Clockwork Orange" speak,
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koje tinejdžerske bitange
u "Paklenoj naranči" govore,
00:50
where "droog" from Russian happens to mean "friend."
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gdje droog iz ruskog
znači prijatelj.
00:52
What makes conlangs real languages isn't the number of words they have.
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Ono što čini konjezike stvarnim jezicima
nije broj riječi koje imaju.
00:57
It helps, of course, to have a lot of words.
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Pomaže, naravno, imati puno riječi.
00:59
Dothraki has thousands of words.
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Dothraki ima tisuće riječi.
Na'vi je počeo s 1.500 riječi.
01:02
Na'vi started with 1,500 words.
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01:04
Fans on websites have steadily created more.
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Fanovi su na webu stvarali više.
01:07
But we can see the difference between vocabulary alone
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Ali možemo vidjeti razlike
u isključivo vokabularu
01:10
and what makes a real language
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i onome što čini stvarni jezik
01:12
from a look at how Tolkien put together grand old Elvish,
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iz pogleda kako je Tolkien
sastavio stari vilenjački,
01:16
a conlang with several thousands words.
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konjezik s nekoliko tisuća riječi.
Napokon, možete zapamtiti 5.000 riječi ruskog
01:19
After all, you could memorize 5,000 words of Russian
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01:22
and still be barely able to construct a sentence.
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i jedva složiti rečenicu.
01:24
A four-year-old would talk rings around you.
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Četverogodišnjak bi vas nadpričao.
01:27
That's because you have to know how to put the words together.
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To je zato što morate znati
kako staviti riječi skupa.
01:30
That is, a real language has grammar.
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To jest, pravi jezik ima gramatiku.
Vilenjački je ima.
01:33
Elvish does.
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01:34
In English, to make a verb past, you add an "-ed."
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U engleskom, kako bi glagol bio u prošlom vremenu
dodajete "ed".
01:38
Wash, washed.
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Wash (prati), washed (prao).
01:39
In Elvish, "wash" is "allu"
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U vilenjačkom, prati je allu
01:42
and "washed" is "allune."
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a prao je allune.
01:45
Real languages also change over time.
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Pravi jezici se također mijenjaju kroz vrijeme.
01:47
There's no such thing as a language
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Ne postoji
jezik koji je isti danas
01:49
that's the same today as it was a thousand years ago.
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kao što je bio prije tisuću godina.
01:52
As people speak, they drift into new habits,
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Kako ljudi pričaju, klize u nove navike,
01:55
shed old ones,
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odbacuju stare,
01:56
make mistakes, and get creative.
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rade greške,
i postaju kreativni.
01:58
Today, one says,
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Danas, netko kaže
02:00
"Give us today our daily bread."
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"Kruh naš svagdanji daj nam danas."
02:02
In Old English, they said,
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U starom engleskom govorili su,
02:04
"Urne gedaeghwamlican hlaf syle us todaeg."
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"Urne gedaeghwamlican hlaf syle us todaeg."
Stvari se mjenjaju i u konjezicima, također.
02:09
Things change in conlangs, too.
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02:11
Tolkien charted out ancient and newer versions of Elvish.
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Tolkien je stvorio drevne
i novije verzije vilenjačkog.
02:15
When the first Elves awoke at Cuiviénen,
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Kada su se prvi Vilenjaci probudili u Culvienenu,
02:17
in their new language,
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u svom novom jeziku,
02:18
the word for "people" was "kwendi,"
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riječ za ljude bila je kwendi,
02:20
but in the language of one of the groups that moved away, Teleri,
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ali u jeziku jedne od grupa
to je promijenjeno, Teleri,
02:24
over time, "kwendi" became "pendi,"
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kroz vrijeme, kwendi je postao pendi,
02:26
with the "k" turning into a "p."
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k je postalo p.
I baš kao pravi jezici,
02:30
And just like real languages, conlangs like Elvish split off into many.
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konjezici kao vilenjački odvajaju se u mnoge druge.
02:34
When the Romans transplanted Latin across Europe,
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Kada su Rimljani raširili latinski po Europi,
02:37
French, Spanish, and Italian were born.
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francuski, španjolski i talijanski su rođeni.
02:39
When groups move to different places,
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Kada se grupe kreću na druga mjesta,
02:41
over time, their ways of speaking grow apart,
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kroz vrijeme način govora se razlikuje,
02:44
just like everything else about them.
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kao i sve u vezi s njima.
02:46
Thus, Latin's word for hand was "manus,"
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Tako je latinski za ruku bio 'manus',
02:48
but in French, it became "main,"
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ali u francuskom to je 'main',
02:50
while in Spain it became "mano."
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dok je u španjolskoj 'mano'.
02:53
Tolkien made sure Elvish did the same kind of thing.
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Tolkien se pobrinuo da vilenjački radi jednake stvari.
02:56
While that original word "kwendi" became "pendi"
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Dok je kwendi postao pendi
02:59
among the Teleri,
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među Telerima,
03:00
among the Avari, who spread throughout Middle Earth,
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kod Avara, koji su se širili Međuzemljem,
03:03
it became "kindi" when the "w" dropped out.
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postala je kindi,
kada je ispalo w.
Vilenjačke vrste koje su se najviše odvojile
03:07
The Elvish varieties Tolkien fleshed out the most
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su Quenya i Sindarin,
03:10
are Quenya and Sindarin,
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03:11
and their words are different in the same way French and Spanish are.
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i njihove riječi su različite
kao francuski i španjolski.
03:15
Quenya has "suc" for "drink,"
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Quenya ima 'suc' za piće,
03:16
Sindarin has "sog."
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Sandarin ima 'sog'.
03:19
And as you know, real languages are messy.
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I kao što znate, stvarni jezici su neuredni.
03:22
That's because they change,
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To je zato što se mjenjaju,
03:23
and change has a way of working against order,
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i promjena ima način djelovati protiv reda,
03:26
just like in a living room or on a bookshelf.
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kao u dnevnoj sobi
ili na polici.
03:29
Real languages are never perfectly logical.
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Stvarni jezici nisu nikad savršeno logični.
03:32
That's why Tolkien made sure that Elvish had plenty of exceptions.
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Zato se Tolkien pobrinuo da
vilenjački ima puno iznimaka.
Mnogi se glagoli konjugiraju na načine
03:36
Lots of verbs are conjugated in ways you just have to know.
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koje jednostavno morate znati.
03:39
Take even the word "know."
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Uzmite čak i riječ znati (know).
03:41
In the past, it's "knew,"
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U prošlosti je znao (knew),
03:43
which isn't explained by any of the rules in English.
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što nije objašnjeno pravilima engleskog.
Pa eto.
03:47
Oh well.
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03:48
In Elvish, "know" is "ista,"
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U vilenjačkom, znati je 'ista',
03:50
but "knew" is "sinte."
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ali znao je 'sinte'.
03:52
Oh well.
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Pa eto.
Istina je ipak,
03:54
The truth is, though, that Elvish is more a sketch for a real language
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da je vilenjački više skica za stvarni jezik
03:57
than a whole one.
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nego čitav jezik.
Za Tolkiena, vilenjački je bio hobi
03:59
For Tolkien, Elvish was a hobby
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04:01
rather than an attempt to create something people could actually speak.
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više nego pokušaj stvaranja nečega
što bi ljudi mogli govoriti.
04:04
Much of the Elvish the characters in the "Lord of the Rings" movies speak
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Mnogo vilenjačkog kojeg likovi
u filmovima "Gospodar prstenova" govore
04:08
has been made up since Tolkien by dedicated fans of Elvish
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izmišljen je nakon Tolkiena
od strane fanova vilenjačkog
04:11
based on guesses as to what Tolkien would have constructed.
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na osnovi nagađanja što bi Tolkien
konstruirao.
04:15
That's the best we can do for Elvish because there are no actual Elves around
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To je najbolje što možemo napraviti za vilenjački
jer nema pravih vilenjaka uokolo
04:19
to speak it for us.
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da ga pričaju za nas.
04:21
But the modern conlangs go further.
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Ali moderni konjezici idu dalje.
04:23
Dothraki, Na'vi, and Klingon are developed enough
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Dothraki, Na'vi i klingonski su dovoljno razvijeni
04:26
that you can actually speak them.
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da ih možete pričati.
04:28
Here's a translation of "Hamlet" into Klingon,
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Ovo je prijevod Hamleta na klingonski,
ali ako ga mislite izvesti morali bi se naviknuti
04:31
although performing it would mean getting used
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04:33
to pronouncing "k" with your uvula,
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na izgovaranje 'k' s vašom resicom,
ovom čudnom stvari kao iz crtanog filma koja visi
04:35
that weird, cartoony thing hanging in the back of your throat.
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u vašem grlu.
04:38
Believe it or not, you actually do that in plenty of languages around the world,
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Vjerovali ili ne,
to činite u puno
jezika širom svijeta,
04:42
like Eskimo ones.
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kao u eskimskim.
04:44
Pronouncing Elvish is much easier, though.
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Izgovarati vilenjački je puno lakše.
Pa završimo za sada
04:47
So, let's take our leave for now
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04:49
from this introduction to conlangs in Elvish
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s ovim upoznavanjem s konjezicima na vilenjačkom
04:51
and the other three conlangs discussed
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i druga tri konjezika o kojima smo pričali
04:53
with a heartfelt quad-conlangual valedictory:
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sa srčanom četvero-konjezičnom oproštajem:
"A na marie!"
04:58
"A Na Marie!"
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04:59
"Hajas!"
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"Hajas!"
05:00
Na'vi's "Kiyevame!"
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Na'vi "Kiyevame!"
05:01
"Qapla!"
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"Qapla!"
05:02
and "Goodbye!"
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i "Zbogom!"
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