Are Elvish, Klingon, Dothraki and Na'vi real languages? - John McWhorter

So vilinščina, klingonščina, dothraščina in jezik na'vi pravi jeziki? - John McWhorter

Translator: Nika Kotnik Reviewer: Matej Divjak

To many, one of the coolest things about "Game of Thrones"

Za mnoge je ena izmed najbolj kul stvari

pri "Igri prestolov",

is that the inhabitants of the Dothraki Sea

da imajo prebivalci Dothraškega morja

have their own real language.

svoj lastni pravi jezik.

And Dothraki came hot on the heels

In Dothraki so sledili

of the real language that the Na'vi speak in "Avatar,"

pravemu jeziku, ki ga Na'vi govorijo v "Avatarju",

which, surely, the Na'vi needed

ki so ga, zagotovo, Na'vi potrebovali,

when the Klingons in "Star Trek" have had their own whole language since 1979.

ker so Klingoni v "Star Treku"

imeli svoj lasten jezik

že od 1979.

And let's not forget the Elvish languages

In ne pozabimo na vilinske jezike

in J.R.R. Tolkien's "Lord of the Rings" trilogy,

v trilogiji "Gospodar prstanov" J. R. R. Tolkiena,

especially since that was the official grandfather

še posebej zato, ker je bil to uradni dedek

of the fantasy conlangs.

fantazijskih umetnih jezikov.

"Conlang" is short for "constructed language."

"Conlang je angleška skovanka za 'constructed language' oz. umetni jezik.

They're more than codes like Pig Latin,

So več kot samo šifre pri prašičji latinščini,

and they're not just collections of fabricated slang like the Nadsat lingo

in niso samo zbirka

izmišljenega slenga, kot je Nadsat govorica,

that the teen hoodlums in "A Clockwork Orange" speak,

ki jo najstniški huligani

govorijo v "Peklenski pomaranči",

where "droog" from Russian happens to mean "friend."

kjer droog iz ruščine

pomeni prijatelj.

What makes conlangs real languages isn't the number of words they have.

Kar naredi umetne jezike prave jezike,

ni število besed, ki jih imajo.

It helps, of course, to have a lot of words.

Pomaga, seveda, da imaš veliko besed.

Dothraki has thousands of words.

Dothraščina ima na tisoče besed.

Jezik Na'vi je začel s 1500 besedami.

Na'vi started with 1,500 words.

Fans on websites have steadily created more.

Oboževalci na internetnih straneh so jih vztrajno ustvarili več.

But we can see the difference between vocabulary alone

Ampak lahko vidimo razliko

med samo besediščem

and what makes a real language

in med tem, kar naredi jezik resničen,

from a look at how Tolkien put together grand old Elvish,

če pogledamo, kako je Tolkien

sestavil veličastno staro vilinščino,

a conlang with several thousands words.

umetni jezik z več tisoč besedami.

Navsezadnje, lahko si zapomnite 5000 besed v ruščini

After all, you could memorize 5,000 words of Russian

and still be barely able to construct a sentence.

in še vedno komaj sestavite stavek.

A four-year-old would talk rings around you.

Štiriletnik bi se norčeval iz vas.

That's because you have to know how to put the words together.

To je zato, ker morate vedeti,

kako skupaj postaviti besede.

That is, a real language has grammar.

Se pravi, resnični jezik ima slovnico.

Vilinščina jo ima.

Elvish does.

In English, to make a verb past, you add an "-ed."

V angleščini, da naredimo preteklik,

dodamo "-ed"

Wash, washed.

Wash, washed. (Perem, sem pral.)

In Elvish, "wash" is "allu"

V vilinščini, je wash allu

and "washed" is "allune."

in washed allune.

Real languages also change over time.

Pravi jeziki se prav tako spreminjajo s časom.

There's no such thing as a language

Ne obstaja

jezik, ki je enak danes,

that's the same today as it was a thousand years ago.

kot je bil tisoč let nazaj.

As people speak, they drift into new habits,

Ko ljudje govorijo, zdrsnejo v nove navade,

shed old ones,

se znebijo starih,

make mistakes, and get creative.

delajo napake

in so ustvarjalni.

Today, one says,

Danes, nekdo reče,

"Give us today our daily bread."

"Give us today our daily bread." (Daj nam danes naš vsakdanji kruh.)

In Old English, they said,

V stari angleščini bi rekli

"Urne gedaeghwamlican hlaf syle us todaeg."

"Urne gedaeghwamlican hlaf syle us todaeg." (Kruh naš vsedanji daj nam danas)

Stvari se spreminjajo tudi pri umetnih jezikih.

Things change in conlangs, too.

Tolkien charted out ancient and newer versions of Elvish.

Tolkien je je začrtal starodavno

in novejšo različico vilinščine.

When the first Elves awoke at Cuiviénen,

Ko so se prvi Vilini zbudili na Cuivienenu,

in their new language,

je bila v njihovem novem jeziku

the word for "people" was "kwendi,"

beseda za ljudi kwendi,

but in the language of one of the groups that moved away, Teleri,

ampak v jeziku ene izmed skupin,

ki se je odselila, Telerijev,

over time, "kwendi" became "pendi,"

je čez čas kwendi postal pendi,

with the "k" turning into a "p."

k se je spremenil v p.

In kot v resničnih jezikih,

And just like real languages, conlangs like Elvish split off into many.

se umetni jeziki, kot je vilinščina, razcepijo v mnoge.

When the Romans transplanted Latin across Europe,

Ko so Rimljani razširili latinščino čez Evropo,

French, Spanish, and Italian were born.

so se rodile francoščina, španščina in italijanščina.

When groups move to different places,

Ko se skupine selijo na različne kraje,

over time, their ways of speaking grow apart,

se čez čas njihov način govora razide

just like everything else about them.

tako kot vse drugo.

Thus, Latin's word for hand was "manus,"

Torej, latinska beseda za roko je manus,

but in French, it became "main,"

ampak v francoščini je main,

while in Spain it became "mano."

medtem ko je v španščini postala mano.

Tolkien made sure Elvish did the same kind of thing.

Tolkien je poskrbel, da je bilo v vilinščini enako.

While that original word "kwendi" became "pendi"

Ko je prvotna beseda kwendi postala pendi

among the Teleri,

med Teleriji,

among the Avari, who spread throughout Middle Earth,

je med Avari, ki so se razširili po Srednjem svetu,

it became "kindi" when the "w" dropped out.

postala kindi,

ko je izpadel w.

Različici vilinščine, ki ju je Tolkien najbolj razvil,

The Elvish varieties Tolkien fleshed out the most

sta Quenya in Sindarin

are Quenya and Sindarin,

and their words are different in the same way French and Spanish are.

in njune besede so si različne,

kot sta si različni francoščina in španščina.

Quenya has "suc" for "drink,"

Qenya ima za pijačo suc,

Sindarin has "sog."

Sindarin pa sog.

And as you know, real languages are messy.

In, kot veste, pravi jeziki so neurejeni.

That's because they change,

To je zato, ker se spreminjajo,

and change has a way of working against order,

in sprememba pogosto deluje proti urejenosti,

just like in a living room or on a bookshelf.

tako kot v dnevni sobi

ali pa na polici s knjigami.

Real languages are never perfectly logical.

Pravi jeziki nikoli niso popolnoma logični.

That's why Tolkien made sure that Elvish had plenty of exceptions.

Zato je Tolkien poskrbel,

da ima vilinščina mnogo izjem.

Veliko glagolov se sklanja na način,

Lots of verbs are conjugated in ways you just have to know.

ki ga preprosto morate vedeti.

Take even the word "know."

Vzemimo celo besedo know (vedeti).

In the past, it's "knew,"

V pretekliku je knew (sem vedel),

which isn't explained by any of the rules in English.

česar ne razložijo nobena pravila angleščine.

Ah, ja.

Oh well.

In Elvish, "know" is "ista,"

V vilinščini je know ista

but "knew" is "sinte."

in knew sinte.

Oh well.

Ah, ja.

Ampak resnica je,

The truth is, though, that Elvish is more a sketch for a real language

da je vilinščina bolj zasnova pravega jezika,

than a whole one.

kot celota.

Za Tolkiena je bila vilinščina bolj hobi,

For Tolkien, Elvish was a hobby

rather than an attempt to create something people could actually speak.

kot pa namen ustvariti nekaj,

kar bi ljudje lahko dejansko govorili.

Much of the Elvish the characters in the "Lord of the Rings" movies speak

Veliko vilinščine, ki jo govorijo

osebe v filmih "Gospodar prstanov",

has been made up since Tolkien by dedicated fans of Elvish

so si po Tolkienu izmislili

predani oboževalci vilinščine,

based on guesses as to what Tolkien would have constructed.

z ugibanji o tem,

kaj bi Tolkien ustvaril.

That's the best we can do for Elvish because there are no actual Elves around

To je največ, kar pri vilinščini lahko naredimo,

ker tu ni nobenih Vilincev,

to speak it for us.

da bi jo govorili.

But the modern conlangs go further.

Ampak moderni umetni jeziki gredo še dlje.

Dothraki, Na'vi, and Klingon are developed enough

Dothraščina, jezik Na'Vi in klingonščina so dovolj razviti,

that you can actually speak them.

da jih lahko dejansko govorimo.

Here's a translation of "Hamlet" into Klingon,

Tu je prevod "Hamleta" v klingonščino,

although performing it would mean getting used

čeprav bi se za uprizarjanje morali navaditi

to pronouncing "k" with your uvula,

izgovorjave k z uvulo,

that weird, cartoony thing hanging in the back of your throat.

tisto čudno, risankasto stvarjo, ki visi

zadaj v grlu.

Believe it or not, you actually do that in plenty of languages around the world,

Verjemite ali ne,

to počnejo v mnogih

jezikih po svetu,

like Eskimo ones.

na primer eskimskih.

Pronouncing Elvish is much easier, though.

Izgovorjava vilinščine je veliko lažja.

Poslovimo se za zdaj

So, let's take our leave for now

from this introduction to conlangs in Elvish

od te predstavitve umetnih jezikov v vilinščini

and the other three conlangs discussed

in treh drugih umetnih jezikih

with a heartfelt quad-conlangual valedictory:

s prisrčnim štirijezičnim poslovilnim nagovorom:

"A na marie!"

"A Na Marie!"

"Hajas!"

"Hajas!"

Na'vi's "Kiyevame!"

Na'vi-jskim "Kiyevame!"

"Qapla!"

"Qapla'!"

and "Goodbye!"

in "Nasvidenje!"