The science of skin color - Angela Koine Flynn

3,342,722 views ・ 2016-02-16

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Ljiljana Colic Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća
00:09
When ultraviolet sunlight hits our skin,
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Kada je naša koža izložena ultraljubičastim zracima,
00:12
it affects each of us a little differently.
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na svakoga od nas to deluje drugačije.
00:14
Depending on skin color, it will take only minutes of exposure
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U zavisnosti od boje kože, potrebno je samo nekoliko minuta izloženosti
00:18
to turn one person beetroot-pink,
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da jedna osoba pocrveni kao paprika,
00:20
while another requires hours to experience the slightest change.
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dok su drugoj osobi potrebni sati da bi se primetila ikakva promena.
00:24
So what's to account for that difference
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Šta objašnjava ovu razliku,
00:26
and how did our skin come to take on so many different hues to begin with?
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i kako je prvobitno naša koža poprimila toliko različitih nijansi?
00:31
Whatever the color,
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Bez obzira na boju, naša koža skriva epsku priču
00:32
our skin tells an epic tale of human intrepidness and adaptability,
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o ljudskoj neustrašivosti i prilagodljivosti,
00:38
revealing its variance to be a function of biology.
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pokazujući da u njenom variranju ključnu ulogu igra biologija.
00:42
It all centers around melanin,
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Središte svega toga je melanin,
00:44
the pigment that gives skin and hair its color.
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pigment koji daje boju koži i kosi.
00:47
This ingredient comes from skin cells called melanocytes
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Ovaj sastojak potiče od ćelija kože koje se zovu melanociti
00:51
and takes two basic forms.
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i poprima dva osnovna oblika.
00:53
There's eumelanin, which gives rise to a range of brown skin tones,
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Jedan je eumelanin, koji stvara niz smeđih nijansi kože,
00:57
as well as black, brown, and blond hair,
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kao i crnu, smeđu, i plavu kosu,
01:00
and pheomelanin, which causes the reddish browns of freckles and red hair.
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a drugi je feomelanin, koji stvara crvenkastosmeđe pege i crvenu kosu.
Ali ljudi nisu uvek bili ovakvi.
01:06
But humans weren't always like this.
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01:08
Our varying skin tones were formed by an evolutionary process
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Različite nijanse naše kože su rezultat evolucionog procesa
01:12
driven by the Sun.
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pod uticajem Sunca.
01:14
In began some 50,000 years ago when our ancestors migrated north from Africa
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To je počelo pre otprilike 50 000 godina kada su naši preci migrirali
iz Afrike na sever prema Evropi i Aziji.
01:19
and into Europe and Asia.
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01:22
These ancient humans lived between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn,
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Ovi drevni ljudi su živeli između Ekvatora i Južnog povratnika,
01:27
a region saturated by the Sun's UV-carrying rays.
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područje koje je zasićeno sunčevim UV zracima.
01:31
When skin is exposed to UV for long periods of time,
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Kada je koža izložena UV zracima duži vremenski period,
01:34
the UV light damages the DNA within our cells,
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UV zraci oštećuju DNK unutar naših ćelija,
01:38
and skin starts to burn.
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i koža počinje da gori.
01:40
If that damage is severe enough,
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Ako je oštećenje ozbiljno,
01:42
the cells mutations can lead to melanoma,
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ćelijske mutacije mogu dovesti do melanoma,
01:44
a deadly cancer that forms in the skin's melanocytes.
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smrtonosnog oblika raka koji se obrazuje u melanocitima kože.
01:49
Sunscreen as we know it today didn't exist 50,000 years ago.
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Današnja zaštita od Sunca nije postojala pre 50 000 godina.
01:53
So how did our ancestors cope with this onslaught of UV?
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Kako su se onda naši preci borili sa napadom UV zraka?
01:58
The key to survival lay in their own personal sunscreen
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Ključ za preživljavanje je bila njihova lična zaštita od Sunca
02:01
manufactured beneath the skin: melanin.
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koja se proizvodila ispod kože: melanin.
02:05
The type and amount of melanin in your skin
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Vrsta i količina melanina u našoj koži
02:07
determines whether you'll be more or less protected from the sun.
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određuje da li ćemo biti više ili manje zaštićeni od Sunca.
02:11
This comes down to the skin's response as sunlight strikes it.
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To se svodi na reakciju kože pri izloženosti sunčevoj svetlosti.
02:15
When it's exposed to UV light,
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Kada je koža izložena UV zracima,
02:17
that triggers special light-sensitive receptors called rhodopsin,
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aktiviraju se posebni receptori rodopsini koji su osetljivi na svetlost,
02:21
which stimulate the production of melanin to shield cells from damage.
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a to stimuliše proizvodnju melanina kako bi se ćelije zaštitile od oštećenja.
02:25
For light-skin people, that extra melanin darkens their skin and produces a tan.
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Kod ljudi svetle puti, taj dodatni melanin potamnjuje kožu i ona postaje preplanula.
02:30
Over the course of generations,
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Tokom više generacija,
02:33
humans living at the Sun-saturated latitudes in Africa
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ljudi koji žive na područjima u Africi koja su zasićena sunčevom svetlošću
02:36
adapted to have a higher melanin production threshold
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su se prilagodili tako što im je povećana proizvodnja melanina
02:39
and more eumelanin,
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i imaju više eumelanina,
02:41
giving skin a darker tone.
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što koži daje tamniju nijansu.
02:44
This built-in sun shield helped protect them from melanoma,
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Ovaj ugrađeni štit od Sunca ih je štitio od melanoma,
02:48
likely making them evolutionarily fitter
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što ih je verovatno činilo evoluciono vičnijima
02:50
and capable of passing this useful trait on to new generations.
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i sposobnim da prenesu ovu korisnu osobinu na nove generacije.
02:55
But soon, some of our Sun-adapted ancestors migrated northward
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Međutim, uskoro su neki naši preci koji su se prilagodili Suncu
migrirali prema severu izvan tropske zone,
03:00
out of the tropical zone,
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03:01
spreading far and wide across the Earth.
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šireći se nadaleko i naširoko po Zemlji.
03:04
The further north they traveled, the less direct sunshine they saw.
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Što su išli severnije,
to su manje bili izloženi direktnoj sunčevoj svetlosti.
03:08
This was a problem because although UV light can damage skin,
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To je predstavljalo problem,
jer iako UV zraci mogu da oštete kožu,
03:12
it also has an important parallel benefit.
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oni su i jednako korisni.
03:15
UV helps our bodies produce vitamin D,
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UV zraci pomažu našem telu da proizvede vitamin D,
03:18
an ingredient that strengthens bones and lets us absorb vital minerals,
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sastojak koji jača kosti i pomaže nam u upijanju bitnih minerala
03:22
like calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate, and zinc.
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kao što su kalcijum, gvožđe, magnezijum, fosfat, i cink.
03:26
Without it, humans experience serious fatigue and weakened bones
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Bez njega ljudi osećaju jak umor i slabe im kosti,
03:30
that can cause a condition known as rickets.
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što može dovesti do stanja poznato kao rahitis.
03:33
For humans whose dark skin effectively blocked whatever sunlight there was,
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Za ljude čija je tamna koža predstavljala delotvoran štit od sunčeve svetlosti,
03:37
vitamin D deficiency would have posed a serious threat in the north.
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nedostatak vitamina D bi predstavljao ozbiljnu pretnju na severu.
03:42
But some of them happened to produce less melanin.
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Međutim, neki od njih su proizvodili manje melanina.
03:44
They were exposed to small enough amounts of light that melanoma was less likely,
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Bili su izloženi malim količinama svetlosti
te je postojala manja verovatnoća za pojavu melanoma,
03:49
and their lighter skin better absorbed the UV light.
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a njihova svetlija koža bolje je upijala UV svetlost.
03:53
So they benefited from vitamin D,
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Tako da su oni uživali pogodnosti vitamina D, razvili jake kosti,
03:55
developed strong bones,
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03:56
and survived well enough to produce healthy offspring.
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i uspeli da prežive i da stvore zdravo potomstvo.
04:00
Over many generations of selection,
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Nakon mnogo generacija selekcije,
04:02
skin color in those regions gradually lightened.
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boja kože na tim prodručjima je postepeno posvetlila.
04:05
As a result of our ancestor's adaptability,
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Kao rezultat prilagodljivosti naših predaka,
04:09
today the planet is full of people with a vast palette of skin colors,
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danas je naša planeta puna ljudi sa ogromnom paletom boja kože,
04:13
typically, darker eumelanin-rich skin in the hot, sunny band around the Equator,
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obično, tamnija koža bogata eumelaninom
u vrelim sunčanim područjima oko Ekvatora,
04:19
and increasingly lighter pheomelanin-rich skin shades fanning outwards
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i sve svetliji tonovi kože bogate feomelaninom
koji se kreću u širokom opsegu
04:23
as the sunshine dwindles.
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shodno manjem intenzitetu sunčeve svetlosti.
04:26
Therefore, skin color is little more than an adaptive trait for living on a rock
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Dakle, boja kože nije ništa više do prilagodljive osobine
za život na steni koja kruži oko Sunca.
04:30
that orbits the Sun.
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04:32
It may absorb light,
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Možda upija svetlost,
04:34
but it certainly does not reflect character.
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ali definitivno ne odražava ličnost.
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