The science of skin color - Angela Koine Flynn

3,350,762 views ・ 2016-02-16

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Ljiljana Colic Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća
00:09
When ultraviolet sunlight hits our skin,
0
9445
2672
Kada je naša koža izložena ultraljubičastim zracima,
00:12
it affects each of us a little differently.
1
12117
2773
na svakoga od nas to deluje drugačije.
00:14
Depending on skin color, it will take only minutes of exposure
2
14890
3345
U zavisnosti od boje kože, potrebno je samo nekoliko minuta izloženosti
00:18
to turn one person beetroot-pink,
3
18235
2350
da jedna osoba pocrveni kao paprika,
00:20
while another requires hours to experience the slightest change.
4
20585
4198
dok su drugoj osobi potrebni sati da bi se primetila ikakva promena.
00:24
So what's to account for that difference
5
24783
2048
Šta objašnjava ovu razliku,
00:26
and how did our skin come to take on so many different hues to begin with?
6
26831
4890
i kako je prvobitno naša koža poprimila toliko različitih nijansi?
00:31
Whatever the color,
7
31721
1255
Bez obzira na boju, naša koža skriva epsku priču
00:32
our skin tells an epic tale of human intrepidness and adaptability,
8
32976
5347
o ljudskoj neustrašivosti i prilagodljivosti,
00:38
revealing its variance to be a function of biology.
9
38323
4599
pokazujući da u njenom variranju ključnu ulogu igra biologija.
00:42
It all centers around melanin,
10
42922
1712
Središte svega toga je melanin,
00:44
the pigment that gives skin and hair its color.
11
44634
3310
pigment koji daje boju koži i kosi.
00:47
This ingredient comes from skin cells called melanocytes
12
47944
3248
Ovaj sastojak potiče od ćelija kože koje se zovu melanociti
00:51
and takes two basic forms.
13
51192
2293
i poprima dva osnovna oblika.
00:53
There's eumelanin, which gives rise to a range of brown skin tones,
14
53485
4152
Jedan je eumelanin, koji stvara niz smeđih nijansi kože,
00:57
as well as black, brown, and blond hair,
15
57637
3186
kao i crnu, smeđu, i plavu kosu,
01:00
and pheomelanin, which causes the reddish browns of freckles and red hair.
16
60823
5177
a drugi je feomelanin, koji stvara crvenkastosmeđe pege i crvenu kosu.
Ali ljudi nisu uvek bili ovakvi.
01:06
But humans weren't always like this.
17
66000
2518
01:08
Our varying skin tones were formed by an evolutionary process
18
68518
3792
Različite nijanse naše kože su rezultat evolucionog procesa
01:12
driven by the Sun.
19
72310
2125
pod uticajem Sunca.
01:14
In began some 50,000 years ago when our ancestors migrated north from Africa
20
74435
5121
To je počelo pre otprilike 50 000 godina kada su naši preci migrirali
iz Afrike na sever prema Evropi i Aziji.
01:19
and into Europe and Asia.
21
79556
2800
01:22
These ancient humans lived between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn,
22
82356
5188
Ovi drevni ljudi su živeli između Ekvatora i Južnog povratnika,
01:27
a region saturated by the Sun's UV-carrying rays.
23
87544
3828
područje koje je zasićeno sunčevim UV zracima.
01:31
When skin is exposed to UV for long periods of time,
24
91372
3536
Kada je koža izložena UV zracima duži vremenski period,
01:34
the UV light damages the DNA within our cells,
25
94908
3379
UV zraci oštećuju DNK unutar naših ćelija,
01:38
and skin starts to burn.
26
98287
2347
i koža počinje da gori.
01:40
If that damage is severe enough,
27
100634
1708
Ako je oštećenje ozbiljno,
01:42
the cells mutations can lead to melanoma,
28
102342
2638
ćelijske mutacije mogu dovesti do melanoma,
01:44
a deadly cancer that forms in the skin's melanocytes.
29
104980
4707
smrtonosnog oblika raka koji se obrazuje u melanocitima kože.
01:49
Sunscreen as we know it today didn't exist 50,000 years ago.
30
109687
4214
Današnja zaštita od Sunca nije postojala pre 50 000 godina.
01:53
So how did our ancestors cope with this onslaught of UV?
31
113901
4278
Kako su se onda naši preci borili sa napadom UV zraka?
01:58
The key to survival lay in their own personal sunscreen
32
118179
3570
Ključ za preživljavanje je bila njihova lična zaštita od Sunca
02:01
manufactured beneath the skin: melanin.
33
121749
3417
koja se proizvodila ispod kože: melanin.
02:05
The type and amount of melanin in your skin
34
125166
2447
Vrsta i količina melanina u našoj koži
02:07
determines whether you'll be more or less protected from the sun.
35
127613
4024
određuje da li ćemo biti više ili manje zaštićeni od Sunca.
02:11
This comes down to the skin's response as sunlight strikes it.
36
131637
3736
To se svodi na reakciju kože pri izloženosti sunčevoj svetlosti.
02:15
When it's exposed to UV light,
37
135373
1961
Kada je koža izložena UV zracima,
02:17
that triggers special light-sensitive receptors called rhodopsin,
38
137334
3736
aktiviraju se posebni receptori rodopsini koji su osetljivi na svetlost,
02:21
which stimulate the production of melanin to shield cells from damage.
39
141070
4567
a to stimuliše proizvodnju melanina kako bi se ćelije zaštitile od oštećenja.
02:25
For light-skin people, that extra melanin darkens their skin and produces a tan.
40
145637
4961
Kod ljudi svetle puti, taj dodatni melanin potamnjuje kožu i ona postaje preplanula.
02:30
Over the course of generations,
41
150598
2666
Tokom više generacija,
02:33
humans living at the Sun-saturated latitudes in Africa
42
153264
3379
ljudi koji žive na područjima u Africi koja su zasićena sunčevom svetlošću
02:36
adapted to have a higher melanin production threshold
43
156643
3316
su se prilagodili tako što im je povećana proizvodnja melanina
02:39
and more eumelanin,
44
159959
1958
i imaju više eumelanina,
02:41
giving skin a darker tone.
45
161917
2675
što koži daje tamniju nijansu.
02:44
This built-in sun shield helped protect them from melanoma,
46
164592
3444
Ovaj ugrađeni štit od Sunca ih je štitio od melanoma,
02:48
likely making them evolutionarily fitter
47
168036
2352
što ih je verovatno činilo evoluciono vičnijima
02:50
and capable of passing this useful trait on to new generations.
48
170388
4739
i sposobnim da prenesu ovu korisnu osobinu na nove generacije.
02:55
But soon, some of our Sun-adapted ancestors migrated northward
49
175127
5010
Međutim, uskoro su neki naši preci koji su se prilagodili Suncu
migrirali prema severu izvan tropske zone,
03:00
out of the tropical zone,
50
180137
1581
03:01
spreading far and wide across the Earth.
51
181718
2960
šireći se nadaleko i naširoko po Zemlji.
03:04
The further north they traveled, the less direct sunshine they saw.
52
184678
3638
Što su išli severnije,
to su manje bili izloženi direktnoj sunčevoj svetlosti.
03:08
This was a problem because although UV light can damage skin,
53
188316
3895
To je predstavljalo problem,
jer iako UV zraci mogu da oštete kožu,
03:12
it also has an important parallel benefit.
54
192211
3058
oni su i jednako korisni.
03:15
UV helps our bodies produce vitamin D,
55
195269
2958
UV zraci pomažu našem telu da proizvede vitamin D,
03:18
an ingredient that strengthens bones and lets us absorb vital minerals,
56
198227
4024
sastojak koji jača kosti i pomaže nam u upijanju bitnih minerala
03:22
like calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate, and zinc.
57
202251
4133
kao što su kalcijum, gvožđe, magnezijum, fosfat, i cink.
03:26
Without it, humans experience serious fatigue and weakened bones
58
206384
4140
Bez njega ljudi osećaju jak umor i slabe im kosti,
03:30
that can cause a condition known as rickets.
59
210524
3259
što može dovesti do stanja poznato kao rahitis.
03:33
For humans whose dark skin effectively blocked whatever sunlight there was,
60
213783
3923
Za ljude čija je tamna koža predstavljala delotvoran štit od sunčeve svetlosti,
03:37
vitamin D deficiency would have posed a serious threat in the north.
61
217706
4351
nedostatak vitamina D bi predstavljao ozbiljnu pretnju na severu.
03:42
But some of them happened to produce less melanin.
62
222057
2599
Međutim, neki od njih su proizvodili manje melanina.
03:44
They were exposed to small enough amounts of light that melanoma was less likely,
63
224656
4576
Bili su izloženi malim količinama svetlosti
te je postojala manja verovatnoća za pojavu melanoma,
03:49
and their lighter skin better absorbed the UV light.
64
229232
4115
a njihova svetlija koža bolje je upijala UV svetlost.
03:53
So they benefited from vitamin D,
65
233347
2091
Tako da su oni uživali pogodnosti vitamina D, razvili jake kosti,
03:55
developed strong bones,
66
235438
1228
03:56
and survived well enough to produce healthy offspring.
67
236666
3991
i uspeli da prežive i da stvore zdravo potomstvo.
04:00
Over many generations of selection,
68
240657
2058
Nakon mnogo generacija selekcije,
04:02
skin color in those regions gradually lightened.
69
242715
3282
boja kože na tim prodručjima je postepeno posvetlila.
04:05
As a result of our ancestor's adaptability,
70
245997
3512
Kao rezultat prilagodljivosti naših predaka,
04:09
today the planet is full of people with a vast palette of skin colors,
71
249509
4319
danas je naša planeta puna ljudi sa ogromnom paletom boja kože,
04:13
typically, darker eumelanin-rich skin in the hot, sunny band around the Equator,
72
253828
5337
obično, tamnija koža bogata eumelaninom
u vrelim sunčanim područjima oko Ekvatora,
04:19
and increasingly lighter pheomelanin-rich skin shades fanning outwards
73
259165
4704
i sve svetliji tonovi kože bogate feomelaninom
koji se kreću u širokom opsegu
04:23
as the sunshine dwindles.
74
263869
2342
shodno manjem intenzitetu sunčeve svetlosti.
04:26
Therefore, skin color is little more than an adaptive trait for living on a rock
75
266211
4250
Dakle, boja kože nije ništa više do prilagodljive osobine
za život na steni koja kruži oko Sunca.
04:30
that orbits the Sun.
76
270461
2090
04:32
It may absorb light,
77
272551
1645
Možda upija svetlost,
04:34
but it certainly does not reflect character.
78
274196
2950
ali definitivno ne odražava ličnost.
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7