The science of skin color - Angela Koine Flynn

3,288,471 views ・ 2016-02-16

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: μ’…κ±Έ ν•œ κ²€ν† : yeonho kim
00:09
When ultraviolet sunlight hits our skin,
0
9445
2672
ν–‡λΉ›μ˜ μžμ™Έμ„ μ΄ ν”ΌλΆ€λ₯Ό λΉ„μΆœ λ•Œ
00:12
it affects each of us a little differently.
1
12117
2773
λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” νš¨κ³ΌλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ§ˆλ‹€ μ‘°κΈˆμ”© λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
Depending on skin color, it will take only minutes of exposure
2
14890
3345
피뢀색에 따라 ν–‡λΉ› λ…ΈμΆœλ‘œ 인해 ν”ΌλΆ€κ°€ κ²€λΆ‰κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”λ°
00:18
to turn one person beetroot-pink,
3
18235
2350
μ–΄λ–€ μ΄λŠ” λͺ‡ 뢄이 κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ” 반면
00:20
while another requires hours to experience the slightest change.
4
20585
4198
쑰금 λ³€ν•˜λŠ”λ° λͺ‡ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
So what's to account for that difference
5
24783
2048
κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ™œ μ‚¬λžŒλ§ˆλ‹€ κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ 차이점이 있으며
00:26
and how did our skin come to take on so many different hues to begin with?
6
26831
4890
우리 ν”ΌλΆ€κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 그런 λ§Žμ€ 색을 띠게 된 κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
00:31
Whatever the color,
7
31721
1255
μ–΄λ–€ 피뢀색이든
00:32
our skin tells an epic tale of human intrepidness and adaptability,
8
32976
5347
우리 ν”ΌλΆ€λŠ” μΈκ°„μ˜ λŒ€λ‹΄ν•¨κ³Ό 적응성에 λŒ€ν•œ μ„œμ‚¬μ‹œλ₯Ό λ‹΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
revealing its variance to be a function of biology.
9
38323
4599
생λͺ… μž‘μš©μ˜ κΈ°λŠ₯에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ ν”ΌλΆ€μ˜ 닀양성을 λ“œλŸ¬λ‚΄λ©΄μ„œμš”.
00:42
It all centers around melanin,
10
42922
1712
피뢀와 머리카락에 색을 μ£ΌλŠ” μƒ‰μ†ŒλŠ”
00:44
the pigment that gives skin and hair its color.
11
44634
3310
μ „λΆ€ λ©œλΌλ‹Œμ„ μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
This ingredient comes from skin cells called melanocytes
12
47944
3248
λ©œλΌλ‹Œμ€ λ©œλΌλ…Έμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλΌκ³  λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” ν”ΌλΆ€ μ„Έν¬λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
and takes two basic forms.
13
51192
2293
그리고 두 가지 κΈ°λ³Έ ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό μ·¨ν•˜μ£ .
00:53
There's eumelanin, which gives rise to a range of brown skin tones,
14
53485
4152
μœ λ©œλΌλ‹Œμ€ ν‘λ°œ,κ°ˆμƒ‰λ¨Έλ¦¬, 금발뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
00:57
as well as black, brown, and blond hair,
15
57637
3186
ν”ΌλΆ€λ₯Ό κ°ˆμƒ‰κ³„μ—΄λ‘œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€,
01:00
and pheomelanin, which causes the reddish browns of freckles and red hair.
16
60823
5177
그리고 νŽ˜μ˜€λ©œλΌλ‹Œμ€ μ κ°ˆμƒ‰μ˜ 주근깨와 뢉은 머리λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
But humans weren't always like this.
17
66000
2518
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μΈκ°„μ˜ ν”ΌλΆ€λŠ” 항상 이렇지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
Our varying skin tones were formed by an evolutionary process
18
68518
3792
μΈκ°„μ˜ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 피뢀톀은 νƒœμ–‘μœΌλ‘œ λΆ€ν„° 유발된
01:12
driven by the Sun.
19
72310
2125
진화λ₯Ό 거쳐가며 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
In began some 50,000 years ago when our ancestors migrated north from Africa
20
74435
5121
μ˜€λ§Œμ—¬λ…„μ „ 우리의 쑰상이 μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ—μ„œ 유럽과 μ•„μ‹œμ•„λ‘œ
01:19
and into Europe and Asia.
21
79556
2800
μ΄λ™ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 진화가 μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
These ancient humans lived between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn,
22
82356
5188
이듀은 적도와 λ‚¨νšŒκ·€μ„  μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ μ‚΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
a region saturated by the Sun's UV-carrying rays.
23
87544
3828
νƒœμ–‘μ˜ μžμ™Έμ„ μ΄ μŸμ•„μ§€λŠ” 지역이죠.
01:31
When skin is exposed to UV for long periods of time,
24
91372
3536
ν”ΌλΆ€κ°€ μžμ™Έμ„ μ— μ˜€λžœμ‹œκ°„ λ…ΈμΆœλ˜λ©΄
01:34
the UV light damages the DNA within our cells,
25
94908
3379
μžμ™Έμ„ μ€ 세포 속 DNAλ₯Ό μ†μƒμ‹œν‚€λ©°
01:38
and skin starts to burn.
26
98287
2347
ν”ΌλΆ€λŠ” 타기 μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
If that damage is severe enough,
27
100634
1708
손상이 κ½€ 심각해지면
01:42
the cells mutations can lead to melanoma,
28
102342
2638
μ„Έν¬λ³€μ΄λŠ” ν”ΌλΆ€μ˜ λ©œλΌλ‹Œ μ„Έν¬μ•ˆμ—μ„œ
01:44
a deadly cancer that forms in the skin's melanocytes.
29
104980
4707
ν‘μƒμ’…μ΄λΌλŠ” 치λͺ…적인 암을 μœ λ°œν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
Sunscreen as we know it today didn't exist 50,000 years ago.
30
109687
4214
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λŠ” 선크림은 였만 년전에 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
So how did our ancestors cope with this onslaught of UV?
31
113901
4278
κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ 우리의 쑰상은 μžμ™Έμ„ μ˜ 곡격에 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λŒ€μ²˜ν–ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
01:58
The key to survival lay in their own personal sunscreen
32
118179
3570
κ·Έ 비결은 ν”ΌλΆ€ μ•„λž˜μ—μ„œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λŠ”
02:01
manufactured beneath the skin: melanin.
33
121749
3417
μ²΄λ‚΄μ˜ 선크림인 λ©œλΌλ‹Œμ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
The type and amount of melanin in your skin
34
125166
2447
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ ν”ΌλΆ€ 속 λ©œλΌλ‹Œμ˜ μ’…λ₯˜μ™€ 양은
02:07
determines whether you'll be more or less protected from the sun.
35
127613
4024
ν–‡λΉ›μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 보호 받을지λ₯Ό μ’Œμš°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
This comes down to the skin's response as sunlight strikes it.
36
131637
3736
햇빛을 쐴 λ•Œ ν”ΌλΆ€μ˜ λ°˜μ‘μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μ£ .
02:15
When it's exposed to UV light,
37
135373
1961
μžμ™Έμ„ μ— λ…ΈμΆœλμ„ λ•Œ
02:17
that triggers special light-sensitive receptors called rhodopsin,
38
137334
3736
λ©œλΌλ‹Œμ€ μ‹œν™μ†ŒλΌλŠ” 빛에 λ―Όκ°ν•œ 수용체λ₯Ό λΆ„λΉ„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
which stimulate the production of melanin to shield cells from damage.
39
141070
4567
μ΄λŠ” μ„Έν¬μ˜ 손상을 λ§‰κΈ°μœ„ν•΄ λ©œλΌλ‹Œμ˜ 생성을 μ΄‰μ§„μ‹œν‚€μ£ .
02:25
For light-skin people, that extra melanin darkens their skin and produces a tan.
40
145637
4961
μ΄λ‘œμΈν•΄ ν”ΌλΆ€κ°€ 밝은 μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ ν”ΌλΆ€λŠ” κΉŒλ§€μ§€κ³  κ·Έμ„λ €μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
Over the course of generations,
41
150598
2666
μ„ΈλŒ€λ₯Ό 거쳐가며
02:33
humans living at the Sun-saturated latitudes in Africa
42
153264
3379
햇빛이 많이 λΉ„μΆ°μ§€λŠ” μœ„λ„μ—μ„œ μ‚¬λŠ” μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄μ—μ„œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
02:36
adapted to have a higher melanin production threshold
43
156643
3316
ν”ΌλΆ€κ°€ λ”μš± μ–΄λ‘μ›Œμ§€λ©΄μ„œ
02:39
and more eumelanin,
44
159959
1958
λ”μš± λ§Žμ€ λ©œλΌλ‹Œκ³Ό μœ λ©œλΌλ‹Œμ˜
02:41
giving skin a darker tone.
45
161917
2675
λΆ„λΉ„ ν•œκ³„μΉ˜μ— μ μ‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
This built-in sun shield helped protect them from melanoma,
46
164592
3444
μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ²΄λ‚΄μ˜ λ³΄ν˜Έλ§‰μ€ μ§„ν™”μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ•Œλ§žκ²Œ
02:48
likely making them evolutionarily fitter
47
168036
2352
λ˜ν•œ 이런 μœ μš©ν•œ ν˜•μ§ˆμ„ ν›„μ†μ—κ²Œ λ¬Όλ €μ£Όλ©°
02:50
and capable of passing this useful trait on to new generations.
48
170388
4739
이듀을 ν‘μƒμ’…μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ³΄ν˜Έν•΄μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:55
But soon, some of our Sun-adapted ancestors migrated northward
49
175127
5010
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 곧 햇빛에 μ μ‘ν•œ 일뢀 μ„ μ‘°λŠ”
03:00
out of the tropical zone,
50
180137
1581
지ꡬλ₯Ό 멀리, 그리고 λ„“κ²Œ κ°€λ‘œμ§€λ₯΄λ©°
03:01
spreading far and wide across the Earth.
51
181718
2960
μ—΄λŒ€μ§€μ—­μ„ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜ 뢁μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ μ΄μ£Όν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:04
The further north they traveled, the less direct sunshine they saw.
52
184678
3638
뢁μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ 갈 수둝, μΌμ‘°λŸ‰μ€ μ μ—ˆμ£ .
03:08
This was a problem because although UV light can damage skin,
53
188316
3895
λ¬Έμ œλŠ” 여기에 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€ 비둝 μžμ™Έμ„ μ΄ ν”ΌλΆ€λ₯Ό μƒν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
03:12
it also has an important parallel benefit.
54
192211
3058
λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μž₯점도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
UV helps our bodies produce vitamin D,
55
195269
2958
μžμ™Έμ„ μ€ 우리 λͺΈμ΄ 비타민Dλ₯Ό μƒμ‚°ν•˜κ²Œλ” λ„μ™€μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
an ingredient that strengthens bones and lets us absorb vital minerals,
56
198227
4024
μ΄λŠ” 뼈λ₯Ό λ‹¨λ‹¨ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜κ³  칼슘,μ² ,λ§ˆκ·Έλ„€μŠ˜,인산염,μ•„μ—°κ³Ό 같은
03:22
like calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate, and zinc.
57
202251
4133
ν•„μˆ˜ λ―Έλ„€λž„μ„ ν‘μˆ˜ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” μ„±λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
Without it, humans experience serious fatigue and weakened bones
58
206384
4140
비타민Dκ°€ μ—†λ‹€λ©΄ μ‹¬κ°ν•œ μ§ˆλ³‘μ— 걸리고
03:30
that can cause a condition known as rickets.
59
210524
3259
λΌˆκ°€ μ•½ν•΄μ Έ ꡬ루병이라 μ•Œλ €μ§„ 증상을 κ²ͺ을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
For humans whose dark skin effectively blocked whatever sunlight there was,
60
213783
3923
μ–΄λ‘μš΄ ν”ΌλΆ€ 덕택에 μ–΄λ””λ“  햇빛을 효과적으둜 차단할 수 있던 μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ
03:37
vitamin D deficiency would have posed a serious threat in the north.
61
217706
4351
비타민D 뢀쑱은 뢁μͺ½ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ μ‹¬κ°ν•œ λ¬Έμ œκ±°λ¦¬κ°€ 될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
But some of them happened to produce less melanin.
62
222057
2599
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έλ“€ 쀑 μΌλΆ€λŠ” λ©œλΌλ‹Œμ„ 덜 λΆ„λΉ„ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
They were exposed to small enough amounts of light that melanoma was less likely,
63
224656
4576
그듀은 흑색쒅을 μ—Όλ € ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ 만큼 μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ 적은 μ–‘μ˜ 햇빛에 λ…ΈμΆœλ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
03:49
and their lighter skin better absorbed the UV light.
64
229232
4115
λ˜ν•œ 밝아진 ν”ΌλΆ€λŠ” μžμ™Έμ„ μ„ 더 잘 ν‘μˆ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:53
So they benefited from vitamin D,
65
233347
2091
λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 그듀은 비타민D 덕뢄에
03:55
developed strong bones,
66
235438
1228
λΌˆκ°€ λ‹¨λ‹¨ν•΄μ‘Œκ³ 
03:56
and survived well enough to produce healthy offspring.
67
236666
3991
κ±΄κ°•ν•œ 후손을 λ‚³μ„μˆ˜ μžˆμ„ 만큼 μ‚΄μ•„λ‚¨μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
Over many generations of selection,
68
240657
2058
μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ„ΈλŒ€μ˜ μžμ—°μ„ νƒμ„ 거쳐
04:02
skin color in those regions gradually lightened.
69
242715
3282
이 μ§€μ—­λ“€μ˜ 피뢀색은 점차 λ°μ•„μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
As a result of our ancestor's adaptability,
70
245997
3512
우리의 μ„ μ‘°μ˜ 적응λ ₯으둜
04:09
today the planet is full of people with a vast palette of skin colors,
71
249509
4319
μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μ§€κ΅¬λŠ” 수 없이 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν”ΌλΆ€μƒ‰μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ‘œ 가득 μ°¨ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
typically, darker eumelanin-rich skin in the hot, sunny band around the Equator,
72
253828
5337
일반적으둜, 무λ₯κ³  μΌμ‘°λŸ‰μ΄ λ§Žμ€ 적도 μ§€μ—­μ—λŠ”
04:19
and increasingly lighter pheomelanin-rich skin shades fanning outwards
73
259165
4704
μœ λ©œλΌλ‹Œμ΄ λ§Žμ€ μ–΄λ‘μš΄ ν”ΌλΆ€κ°€, 햇빛이 적은 μ§€μ—­μΌμˆ˜λ‘
04:23
as the sunshine dwindles.
74
263869
2342
νŽ˜μ˜€λ©œλΌλ‹Œμ΄ λ§Žμ€ 밝은 ν”ΌλΆ€κ°€ 더 많이 λΆ„ν¬λ˜μ–΄μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
Therefore, skin color is little more than an adaptive trait for living on a rock
75
266211
4250
λ”°λΌμ„œ, 피뢀색은 νƒœμ–‘μ„ λ„λŠ” λ°”μœ„ μœ„μ—μ„œ
04:30
that orbits the Sun.
76
270461
2090
적응을 ν•œ νŠΉμ„±μΌ λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
It may absorb light,
77
272551
1645
피뢀색은 빛을 ν‘μˆ˜ν•  지라도
04:34
but it certainly does not reflect character.
78
274196
2950
ν™•μ‹€ν•œ 건 그것이 κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄μ§„ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7