The science of skin color - Angela Koine Flynn

3,350,762 views ใƒป 2016-02-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:09
When ultraviolet sunlight hits our skin,
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ื›ืฉืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืขื•ืจ,
00:12
it affects each of us a little differently.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
00:14
Depending on skin color, it will take only minutes of exposure
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืื•ืจ, ื–ื” ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื”
00:18
to turn one person beetroot-pink,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื“ื ืœื•ืจื•ื“ ืกืœืง,
00:20
while another requires hours to experience the slightest change.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ืขื™ืจ.
00:24
So what's to account for that difference
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ืื– ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื–ื”
00:26
and how did our skin come to take on so many different hues to begin with?
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ?
00:31
Whatever the color,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ื–ื” ืฆื‘ืข,
00:32
our skin tells an epic tale of human intrepidness and adaptability,
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ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฉื™ื” ืืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืขื–ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืืžื”,
00:38
revealing its variance to be a function of biology.
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ื•ืžื’ืœื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
00:42
It all centers around melanin,
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ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชืจื›ื– ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืœื ื™ืŸ,
00:44
the pigment that gives skin and hair its color.
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ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืขื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉืขืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœื•.
00:47
This ingredient comes from skin cells called melanocytes
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ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืชืื™ ืขื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืžืœื ื•ืฆื™ื˜
00:51
and takes two basic forms.
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ื•ืœื•ืงื— ืฉืชื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช.
00:53
There's eumelanin, which gives rise to a range of brown skin tones,
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ืžืœื ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืžื™ื,
00:57
as well as black, brown, and blond hair,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื—ื•ื, ื•ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื™ื ื™,
01:00
and pheomelanin, which causes the reddish browns of freckles and red hair.
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ื•ืคืื•ืžืœื ื™ืŸ, ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื—ื•ื ื”ืื“ืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื ืžืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืขืจ ืื“ื•ื.
01:06
But humans weren't always like this.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืš.
01:08
Our varying skin tones were formed by an evolutionary process
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ื”ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™
01:12
driven by the Sun.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
01:14
In began some 50,000 years ago when our ancestors migrated north from Africa
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 50,000 ืฉื ื” ื›ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”
01:19
and into Europe and Asia.
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ื•ืœืชื•ืš ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืกื™ื”.
01:22
These ancient humans lived between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™,
01:27
a region saturated by the Sun's UV-carrying rays.
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ืื–ื•ืจ ืจื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ.
01:31
When skin is exposed to UV for long periods of time,
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ื›ืฉื”ืขื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช,
01:34
the UV light damages the DNA within our cells,
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ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ DNA ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
01:38
and skin starts to burn.
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืจืฃ.
01:40
If that damage is severe enough,
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ืื ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื™,
01:42
the cells mutations can lead to melanoma,
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ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืžืœื ื•ืžื”,
01:44
a deadly cancer that forms in the skin's melanocytes.
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืœื ื•ืฆื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ.
01:49
Sunscreen as we know it today didn't exist 50,000 years ago.
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ืงืจื ื”ื’ื ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ 50,000 ืฉื ื”.
01:53
So how did our ancestors cope with this onslaught of UV?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขื ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ?
01:58
The key to survival lay in their own personal sunscreen
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ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืงืจื ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื”ื
02:01
manufactured beneath the skin: melanin.
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ืฉืžื™ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื•ืจ: ืžืœื ื™ืŸ.
02:05
The type and amount of melanin in your skin
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื
02:07
determines whether you'll be more or less protected from the sun.
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ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืื ืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ.
02:11
This comes down to the skin's response as sunlight strikes it.
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ื›ืฉืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื•.
02:15
When it's exposed to UV light,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœืื•ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ,
02:17
that triggers special light-sensitive receptors called rhodopsin,
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ื–ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืจื•ื“ื•ืคืกื™ืŸ,
02:21
which stimulate the production of melanin to shield cells from damage.
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ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ืžื ื–ืง.
02:25
For light-skin people, that extra melanin darkens their skin and produces a tan.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ, ื”ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžื›ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฉื™ื–ื•ืฃ.
02:30
Over the course of generations,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช,
02:33
humans living at the Sun-saturated latitudes in Africa
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื™ ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
02:36
adapted to have a higher melanin production threshold
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ื”ื•ืชืืžื• ืœืกืฃ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืžื•ืช ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:39
and more eumelanin,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื•ืžืœื ื™ืŸ,
02:41
giving skin a darker tone.
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ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:44
This built-in sun shield helped protect them from melanoma,
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ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืขื–ืจื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืžืœื ื•ืžื”,
02:48
likely making them evolutionarily fitter
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ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืื•ืชื ืœืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช
02:50
and capable of passing this useful trait on to new generations.
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ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
02:55
But soon, some of our Sun-adapted ancestors migrated northward
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ื›ืžื” ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืฆืคื•ื ื”
03:00
out of the tropical zone,
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™,
03:01
spreading far and wide across the Earth.
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ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื•ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:04
The further north they traveled, the less direct sunshine they saw.
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ื›ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื ืจืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ื™ืฉื™ืจ.
03:08
This was a problem because although UV light can damage skin,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืจ,
03:12
it also has an important parallel benefit.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื ืชื•ืขืœืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื”.
03:15
UV helps our bodies produce vitamin D,
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ืื•ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D,
03:18
an ingredient that strengthens bones and lets us absorb vital minerals,
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ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื,
03:22
like calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate, and zinc.
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ื›ืžื• ืกื™ื“ืŸ, ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื, ื–ืจื—ืŸ, ื•ืื‘ืฅ.
03:26
Without it, humans experience serious fatigue and weakened bones
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ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•, ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื• ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ืงืฉื” ื•ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื•ืช
03:30
that can cause a condition known as rickets.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืจื›ื›ืช.
03:33
For humans whose dark skin effectively blocked whatever sunlight there was,
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ื›ื”ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื—ืกื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื”,
03:37
vitamin D deficiency would have posed a serious threat in the north.
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ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื™ื•ื ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ.
03:42
But some of them happened to produce less melanin.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืœื ื™ืŸ.
03:44
They were exposed to small enough amounts of light that melanoma was less likely,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžืœื ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจื”,
03:49
and their lighter skin better absorbed the UV light.
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืกืคื’ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ.
03:53
So they benefited from vitamin D,
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ืื– ื”ื ื ื”ื ื• ืžื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D,
03:55
developed strong bones,
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ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:56
and survived well enough to produce healthy offspring.
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ื•ืฉืจื“ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
04:00
Over many generations of selection,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”,
04:02
skin color in those regions gradually lightened.
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ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ืชื‘ื”ืจื• ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜.
04:05
As a result of our ancestor's adaptability,
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื”ืชืืžื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•,
04:09
today the planet is full of people with a vast palette of skin colors,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืžืœืื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืคืœื˜ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืขื•ืจ,
04:13
typically, darker eumelanin-rich skin in the hot, sunny band around the Equator,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™, ืขื•ืจ ื›ื”ื” ืขืฉื™ืจ ืื™ื•ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืžื” ื•ื”ืฉืžืฉื™ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”,
04:19
and increasingly lighter pheomelanin-rich skin shades fanning outwards
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ื•ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคืื•ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืชืคืจืกื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
04:23
as the sunshine dwindles.
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ื›ืฉืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืชื“ืœื“ืœ.
04:26
Therefore, skin color is little more than an adaptive trait for living on a rock
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืฆื‘ืข ืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื›ื•ื ื” ืื“ืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืœืข
04:30
that orbits the Sun.
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ืฉืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
04:32
It may absorb light,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืื•ืจ,
04:34
but it certainly does not reflect character.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ืžืฉืงืฃ ืื•ืคื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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