How to read music - Tim Hansen

Prevodilac: Tatjana Jevdjic Lektor: Ivana Korom

Kada gledamo film ili predstavu

znamo da su glumci

verovatno naučili tekst iz scenarija,

koji im u suštini govori

šta i kada

da kažu.

When we watch a film or a play,

we know that the actors

Komad zapisane muzike

funkcioniše na potpuno istom principu.

probably learned their lines from a script,

U osnovi,

which essentially tells them what to say and when to say it.

on kaže izvođaču šta da svira

i kada da to svira.

A piece of written music operates on exactly the same principle.

Govoreći estetski, postoji svet različitosti

In a very basic sense,

između, recimo, Betovena

it tells a performer what to play and when to play it.

i Džastina Bibera,

ali oba umetnika su koristila

iste sastavne delove da bi stvorili svoju muziku:

Aesthetically speaking, there's a world of difference

note.

between, say, Beethoven and Justin Bieber,

Iako krajnji rezultat

može da zvuči vrlo komplikovano,

logika iza muzičkih nota

but both artists have used

the same building blocks to create their music:

je u stvari prilično jednostavna.

Pogledajmo

notes.

osnovne elemente muzičkog zapisa

And although the end result can sound quite complicated,

i kako oni međusobno komuniciraju da bi stvorili muzičko delo.

the logic behind musical notes is actually pretty straightforward.

Muzika se piše na pet paralelenih linija

Let's take a look

at the foundational elements to music notation

koje se protežu preko stranice.

and how they interact to create a work of art.

Ovih pet linija se zovu linijski sistem

i on deluje u dva pravca:

Music is written on five parallel lines that go across the page.

gore i dole

i sleva nadesno.

These five lines are called a staff,

Gore-dole osa kaže izvođaču

and a staff operates on two axes:

visinu note

ili koju notu da svira,

a levo-desno osa mu kaže

up and down

and left to right.

notni ritam

The up-and-down axis tells the performer

ili kada da to svira.

the pitch of the note or what note to play,

Počnimo sa visinom tona.

Radi pomoći, koristimo klavir,

and the left-to-right axis

a ovaj sistem funkcioniše za skoro

tells the performer the rhythm of the note

svaki instrument koga se setite.

or when to play it.

U muzičkoj tradiciji Zapada,

Let's start with pitch.

To help us out, we're going to use a piano,

visine tonova su nazvane prema

prvih sedam slova abecede,

but this system works for pretty much any instrument you can think of.

A,

B,

C,

D,

E,

F,

In the Western music tradition,

i G.

pitches are named after the first seven letters of the alphabet,

Posle toga, ciklus se ponavlja:

A,

B,

C,

D,

E,

A, B, C,

F,

G,

A,

B,

D, E, F, and G.

C,

D,

E,

F,

G,

i tako dalje.

Ali kako su ovi tonovi dobili svoja imena?

After that, the cycle repeats itself:

Pa, na primer, ako ste odsvirali F,

A, B, C, D, E, F, G,

A, B, C, D, E, F, G,

a zatim još jedno F

and so on.

više ili niže na klaviru,

But how do these pitches get their names?

primetićete da oni zvuče prilično slično

u poređenju sa, na primer, B.

Well, for example, if you played an F

Nazad na linijski sistem,

and then played another F

svaka linija i svaki razmak između dve linije

higher or lower on the piano,

you'd notice that they sound pretty similar

predstavlja posebnu visinu tona.

compared to, say, a B.

Ako stavimo notu na jednu od ovih linja

Going back to the staff,

ili u neki od praznih prostora,

every line and every space between two lines

govorimo izvođaču da svira taj ton.

represents a separate pitch.

Što je nota na višoj liniji,

viši je ton.

If we put a note on one of these lines or one of these spaces,

Ali, očito postoji mnogo više tonova od ovih devet

we're telling a performer to play that pitch.

koje nam daju ove linije i prazna mesta između njih.

The higher up on the staff a note is placed,

Veliki klavir, na primer, može da svira

the higher the pitch.

88 posebnih tonova.

But there are obviously many, many more pitches

Kako onda da skupimo 88 nota na jedinstven notni sistem?

than the nine that these lines and spaces gives us.

Koristimo nešto što se zove muzički ključ.

A grand piano, for example,

can play 88 separate notes.

Muzički ključ je čudan simbol

koji se postavlja na početak linijskog sistema

So how do we condense 88 notes onto a single staff?

i deluje kao referentna tačka

koja vam govori da posebna linija ili prazno mesto

We use something called a clef,

odgovara posebnoj noti na vašem instrumentu.

a weird-looking figure placed at the beginning of the staff,

Ako želimo da sviramo note koje nisu na linijskom sistemu,

which acts like a reference point,

mi onda kao lažiramo i crtamo ekstra linijice

telling you that a particular line or space

koje se zovu pomoćne notne linije

corresponds to a specific note on your instrument.

i crtamo note na njima.

If we want to play notes that aren't on the staff,

Ako nam je potrebno da ih mnogo nacrtamo

we kind of cheat and draw extra little lines

to onda postaje zbunjujuće

i tada treba da promenimo ključ.

called ledger lines

and place the notes on them.

Dva osnovna elementa kontrolišu kada izvođač

If we have to draw so many ledger lines that it gets confusing,

treba da svira note:

then we need to change to a different clef.

vrsta takta

i ritam.

Vrsta takta je deo muzike koji je

As for telling a performer when to play the notes,

sam po sebi dosadan.

two main elements control this:

Zvuči ovako.

the beat and the rhythm.

The beat of a piece of music is,

Primetite da se ne menja

samo veselo opstaje.

by itself, kind of boring.

Može biti spor

It sounds like this.

(Ticking)

ili brz

Notice that it doesn't change,

ili kakav god poželite.

it just plugs along quite happily.

Suština je da, kao mala kazaljka na časovniku

It can go slow

koja deli minutu na 60 sekundi,

or fast

gde sve sekunde isto traju,

or whatever you like, really.

The point is that just like the second hand on a clock

takt deli muzički komad

na male vremenske fragmente

divides one minute into sixty seconds,

koji jednako traju,

with each second just as long as every other second,

taktove.

Sa stabilnim taktom kao osnovom,

the beat divides a piece of music

možemo da počnemo da dodajemo ritam našim tonovima

into little fragments of time that are all the same length:

i tada se muzika zaista i događa.

beats.

Ovo je četvrtinka.

With a steady beat as a foundation,

To je najosnovnija jedinica ritma

we can add rhythm to our pitches,

i njena je vrednost jedan udarac.

and that's when music really starts to happen.

Ovo je polovina i njena vrednost je dva udarca.

This is a quarter note.

Ovo je cela nota i ona vredi četiri udarca,

It's the most basic unit of rhythm,

a ovi mališani su osminke

and it's worth one beat.

koje su polovina udarca.

This is a half note, and it's worth two beats.

"Sjajno", kažete, "šta to znači?"

This whole note here is worth four beats,

Možda se primetili

da duž linijskog sistema,

and these little guys are eighth notes,

postoje male linije koje ga dele na male delove.

worth half a beat each.

"Great," you say, "what does that mean?"

To su taktice

jer svaki segment je takt.

You might have noticed that across the length of a staff,

Na početku muzičkog komada

there are little lines dividing it into small sections.

odmah posle ključa

je nešto što se zove oznaka za takt

These are bar lines

and we refer to each section as a bar.

koja kaže izvođaču koliko udaraca ima u svakom taktu.

At the beginning of a piece of music,

Ovo kaže da su u svakom taktu dva udarca,

just after the clef,

is something called the time signature,

ovde tri,

ovde četiri

which tells a performer how many beats are in each bar.

i tako dalje.

Donji broj nam kaže kakva nota

This says there are two beats in each bar,

će biti osnovna jedinica za merenje takta.

this says there are three,

Jedna odgovara celoj noti,

this one four, and so on.

dva – polovini note

The bottom number tells us what kind of note

četiri – četvrtini note

is to be used as the basic unit for the beat.

i osam – osmini note i tako dalje.

Tako da nam oznaka za takt

One corresponds to a whole note,

kaže da ima četiri četvrtine note u svakom taktu,

two to a half note,

four to a quarter note,

jedna,

dve,

and eight to an eighth note, and so on.

tri,

četiri;

jedna,

dve,

tri,

So this time signature here

četiri

i tako dalje.

Ali kao što sam ranije rekao

tells us that there are four quarter notes in each bar,

ako se držimo ritma

postaje dosadno,

one, two, three, four;

pa ćemo zameniti neke četvrtine

one, two, three, four,

drugim ritmovima.

and so on.

Primetite kako iako se broj nota

But like I said before,

if we just stick to the beat,

u svakom taktu promenio,

it gets kind of boring,

ukupan broj udaraca nije.

so we'll replace some quarter notes with different rhythms.

Kako naše muzičko delo zvuči?

Notice that even though the number of notes

in each bar has changed,

the total number of beats in each bar hasn't.

Zvuči OK, ali je možda malo nepotpuno, zar ne?

So, what does our musical creation sound like?

Dodajmo još jedan instrument

koji ima svoju visinu tona i ritam.

(Music)

E sad zvuči kao muzika.

Eh, sounds okay, but maybe a bit thin, right?

Svakako, potrebno je vreme

Let's add another instrument with its own pitch and rhythm.

da se naviknemo da je čitamo brzo

i sviramo na instrumentu ono što vidimo,

Now it's sounding like music.

ali sa strpljenjem i vremenom

možete da postanete sledeći Betoven

Sure, it takes some practice to get used to reading it quickly

ili

Džastin Biber.

and playing what we see on our instrument,

but, with a bit of time and patience,

you could be the next Beethoven

or Justin Bieber.