What is schizophrenia? - Anees Bahji

10,203,548 views ・ 2020-03-26

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Aleksandar Bošnjak Lektor: Ivana Korom
00:06
Schizophrenia was first identified more than a century ago,
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Iako je šizofrenija prvi put otkrivena pre više od 100 godina
00:10
but we still don’t know its exact causes.
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i dalje ne znamo šta je tačno prouzrokuje.
00:13
It remains one of the most misunderstood and stigmatized illnesses today.
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Jedna je od najneshvaćenijih i stigmatizovanijih bolesti današnjice.
00:18
So, let’s walk through what we do know— from symptoms to causes and treatments.
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Hajde da prođemo kroz ono što znamo, od simptoma do uzroka i lečenja.
00:23
Schizophrenia is considered a syndrome,
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Šizofrenija se smatra sindromom,
00:26
which means it may encompass a number of related disorders
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što znači da može da obuhvati nekoliko povezanih poremećaja
00:30
that have similar symptoms but varying causes.
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koji imaju slične simptome ali varirajuće uzroke.
00:33
Every person with schizophrenia has slightly different symptoms,
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Svaka osoba koja pati od šizofrenije ima malo drugačije simptome,
00:38
and the first signs can be easy to miss— subtle personality changes, irritability,
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a prvi znaci se mogu lako propustiti - suptilna promena ličnosti, razdražljivost
00:44
or a gradual encroachment of unusual thoughts.
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ili postepeno zadiranje u tokove neobičnih misli.
00:47
Patients are usually diagnosed after the onset of psychosis,
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Pacijenti uglavnom dobiju dijagnozu nakon početka psihoze,
00:51
which typically occurs in the late teens or early twenties for men
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koja se obično javlja kod tinejdžera ili kod muškaraca u ranim dvadesetim,
00:55
and the late twenties or early thirties for women.
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i kasnim dvadesetim ili ranim tridesetim godinama kod žena.
00:59
A first psychotic episode can feature delusions, hallucinations,
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Prva psihotična epizoda može da uključuje zablude, halucinacije
01:03
and disordered speech and behavior.
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i neuredni govor i ponašanje.
01:06
These are called positive symptoms,
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Ovo simptomi se zovu pozitivni,
01:08
meaning they occur in people with schizophrenia
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što znači da se javljaju kod osoba koje pate od šizofrenije,
01:10
but not in the general population.
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ali ne u opštoj populaciji.
01:13
It’s a common misperception that people with schizophrenia
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Česta je pogrešna percepcija da osobe koje pate od šizofrenije
01:17
have multiple personalities,
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imaju više ličnosti,
01:19
but these symptoms indicate a disruption of thought processes,
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ali ovi simptomi ukazuju na prekid misaonih procesa,
01:23
rather than the manifestation of another personality.
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pre nego na manifestaciju druge ličnosti.
01:26
Schizophrenia also has negative symptoms,
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Šizofrenija takođe ima i negativne simptome,
01:29
these are qualities that are reduced in people with schizophrenia,
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ovo su osobine koje su umanjene kod osoba koje pate od šizofrenije,
01:33
such as motivation, expression of emotion, or speech.
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kao što je motivacija, ispoljavanje emocija ili govor.
01:37
There are cognitive symptoms as well, like difficulty concentrating,
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Ovo su takođe i kognitivni simptomi, kao što je poteškoća sa koncentracijom,
01:41
remembering information, and making decisions.
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pamćenje informacija i donošenje odluka.
01:45
So what causes the onset of psychosis?
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Dakle šta uzrokuje početak psihoze?
01:48
There likely isn’t one single cause, but a combination
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Verovatno postoji ne samo jedan uzrok, već kombinacija
01:51
of genetic and environmental risk factors that contribute.
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genetskih faktora i faktora okruženja koji doprinose početku.
01:54
Schizophrenia has some of the strongest genetic links of any psychiatric illness.
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Šizofrenija ima najjače genetske veze od bilo koje psihijatriske bolesti.
02:00
Though about 1% of people have schizophrenia,
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Iako oko 1 posto ljudi pati od šizofrenije,
02:03
children or siblings of people with schizophrenia are ten times likelier
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deca ili braća i sestre od osoba koje pate od šizofrenije imaju deset puta veću šansu
02:08
to develop the disease,
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da dobiju ovu bolest,
02:09
and an identical twin of someone with schizophrenia
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a jednojajčani blizanac nekoga ko pati od šizofrenije
02:13
has a 40% chance of being affected.
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ima 40 posto šanse da dobije ovu bolest.
02:16
Often, immediate relatives of people with schizophrenia
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Često, najbliža rodbina osoba koje pate od šizofrenije
02:19
exhibit milder versions of traits associated with the disorder—
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pokazuje blaže verzije karakteristika koje su u vezi sa ovim poremećajem,
02:23
but not to an extent that requires treatment.
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ali ne do te mere da im treba lečenje.
02:26
Multiple genes almost certainly play a role,
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Više gena skoro sigurno igra ulogu,
02:29
but we don’t know how many, or which ones.
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ali ne znamo koliko, niti koji su to geni.
02:32
Environmental factors like exposure to certain viruses in early infancy
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Faktori okruženja kao što je izlaganje određenim virusima u ranom detinjstvu
02:37
might increase the chance that someone will develop schizophrenia,
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mogu povećati šansu da neko razvije šizofreniju,
02:41
and use of some drugs, including marijuana,
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i korišćenje nekih narkotika, uključujući marihuanu,
02:45
may trigger the onset of psychosis
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može da izazove početak psihoze
02:47
in highly susceptible individuals.
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kod vrlo osetljivih individua.
02:50
These factors don’t affect everyone the same way.
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Ovi faktori ne utiču na sve na isti način.
02:53
For those with very low genetic risk,
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Kod onih koji imaju veoma nizak genetski rizik,
02:55
no amount of exposure to environmental risk factors
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bez obzira koliko se izlažu rizičnim faktorima okruženja
02:58
will lead them to develop schizophrenia;
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ne može doći do razvijanja šizofrenije;
03:01
for those with very high risk, moderate additional risk might tip the balance.
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kod onih sa veoma visokim rizikom, umeren dodatni rizik može biti odlučujući.
03:07
The antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia have helped researchers
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Antipsihotici koji se koriste za lečenje šizofrenije su pomogli naučnicima
03:12
work backwards to trace signatures of the disorder in the brain.
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da rade unazad kako bi pratili obeležja poremećaja u mozgu.
03:16
Traditional antipsychotics block dopamine receptors.
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Tradicionalni antipsihotici blokiraju receptore dopamina.
03:20
They can be very effective in reducing positive symptoms,
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Mogu biti veoma efektivni kod smanjivanja pozitivnih simptoma,
03:24
which are linked to an excess of dopamine in particular brain pathways.
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koji su u vezi sa viškom dopamina u određenim moždanim putevima.
03:28
But the same drugs can make negative symptoms worse,
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Nego, ovi isti lekovi mogu da pogoršaju negativne simptome,
03:32
and we’ve found that negative symptoms of schizophrenia may be tied
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a otkrili smo da negativni simptomi mogu biti povezani sa
03:35
to too little dopamine in other brain areas.
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premalo dopamina u drugim oblastima mozga.
03:39
Some people with schizophrenia show a loss of neural tissue,
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Neke osobe koje pate od šizofrenije pokazuju gubitak nevrnog tkiva,
03:42
and it’s unclear whether this atrophy is a result of the disease itself
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i nejasno je da li je ova atrofija rezultat same bolesti
03:47
or drug-induced suppression of signaling.
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ili suzbijanja signalizacije koja se postiže lekovima.
03:50
Fortunately, newer generations of antipsychotics aim to address
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Na sreću, novije generacije antipsihotika imaju za cilj da se bave
03:55
some of these issues by targeting multiple neurotransmitters,
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nekim od ovih problema ciljajući na više neurotransmitera,
03:59
like serotonin in addition to dopamine.
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kao što su serotonin pored dopamina.
04:02
It’s clear that no one transmitter system is responsible for all symptoms,
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Jasno je da nije jedan sistem transmitera odgovoran za sve simptome,
04:07
and because these drugs affect signaling throughout the brain and body,
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a zbog toga što ovi lekovi deluju na signaliziranje u celom telu i mozgu,
04:10
they can have other side effects like weight gain.
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mogu imati druga neželjena dejstva kao što je dobijanje na težini.
04:14
In spite of these complications, antipsychotics can be very effective,
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Uprkos ovim komplikacijama, antipsihotici mogu biti veoma efektivni,
04:18
especially when combined with other interventions
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posebno kada se kombinuju sa drugim intervencijama
04:21
like cognitive-behavioral therapy.
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kao što je kognitivno-bihejvioralna terapija
04:24
Electroconvulsive therapy, though it provides relatively short-lived relief,
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Elektrokonvulzilna terpija, koja pruža relativno kratkoročno olakšanje,
04:28
is also re-emerging as an effective treatment,
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takođe se ponovo javlja kao efektivno lečenje,
04:31
especially when other options have failed.
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pogotovo kad ne uspeju druge opcije.
04:34
Early intervention is also extremely important.
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Rana intervencija je takođe veoma bitna.
04:37
After months or years of untreated psychosis,
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Nakon meseci ili godina nelečene psihoze,
04:40
certain psychoses can become embedded in someone’s personality.
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neke psihoze mogu biti usađene u nečiju ličnost.
04:45
And yet, the dehumanizing stigma attached to this diagnosis
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A još, dehumanizovana predrasuda vazana za ovu dijagnozu
04:49
can prevent people from seeking help.
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može da spreči ljude da potraže pomoć.
04:51
People with schizophrenia are often perceived as dangerous,
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Često se osobe koje pate od šizofrenije smatraju opasnim,
04:55
but are actually much more likely to be the victims of violence
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ali su zapravo češće oni žrtve nasilja
04:59
than the perpetrators.
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nego što su krivci.
05:01
And proper treatment may help reduce the likelihood of violence
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Pravilno lečenje može pomoći u smanjenu verovatnoće od nasilja
05:04
associated with schizophrenia.
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koja je povezana sa šizofrenijom.
05:06
That’s why education— for patients, their families, and their communities—
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Zato edukacija za pacijente, njihove porodice i zajednice
05:11
helps erode the stigma and improves access to treatment.
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pomaže da se razbije stigma i poboljša pristup lečenju.
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