What is schizophrenia? - Anees Bahji

10,332,441 views ・ 2020-03-26

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Aleksandar Bošnjak Lektor: Ivana Korom
00:06
Schizophrenia was first identified more than a century ago,
0
6951
3930
Iako je šizofrenija prvi put otkrivena pre više od 100 godina
00:10
but we still don’t know its exact causes.
1
10881
2969
i dalje ne znamo šta je tačno prouzrokuje.
00:13
It remains one of the most misunderstood and stigmatized illnesses today.
2
13850
4920
Jedna je od najneshvaćenijih i stigmatizovanijih bolesti današnjice.
00:18
So, let’s walk through what we do know— from symptoms to causes and treatments.
3
18770
5169
Hajde da prođemo kroz ono što znamo, od simptoma do uzroka i lečenja.
00:23
Schizophrenia is considered a syndrome,
4
23939
2880
Šizofrenija se smatra sindromom,
00:26
which means it may encompass a number of related disorders
5
26819
3441
što znači da može da obuhvati nekoliko povezanih poremećaja
00:30
that have similar symptoms but varying causes.
6
30260
3700
koji imaju slične simptome ali varirajuće uzroke.
00:33
Every person with schizophrenia has slightly different symptoms,
7
33960
4060
Svaka osoba koja pati od šizofrenije ima malo drugačije simptome,
00:38
and the first signs can be easy to miss— subtle personality changes, irritability,
8
38020
6081
a prvi znaci se mogu lako propustiti - suptilna promena ličnosti, razdražljivost
00:44
or a gradual encroachment of unusual thoughts.
9
44101
3600
ili postepeno zadiranje u tokove neobičnih misli.
00:47
Patients are usually diagnosed after the onset of psychosis,
10
47701
4059
Pacijenti uglavnom dobiju dijagnozu nakon početka psihoze,
00:51
which typically occurs in the late teens or early twenties for men
11
51760
4142
koja se obično javlja kod tinejdžera ili kod muškaraca u ranim dvadesetim,
00:55
and the late twenties or early thirties for women.
12
55902
3139
i kasnim dvadesetim ili ranim tridesetim godinama kod žena.
00:59
A first psychotic episode can feature delusions, hallucinations,
13
59041
4570
Prva psihotična epizoda može da uključuje zablude, halucinacije
01:03
and disordered speech and behavior.
14
63611
2551
i neuredni govor i ponašanje.
01:06
These are called positive symptoms,
15
66162
2159
Ovo simptomi se zovu pozitivni,
01:08
meaning they occur in people with schizophrenia
16
68321
2530
što znači da se javljaju kod osoba koje pate od šizofrenije,
01:10
but not in the general population.
17
70851
2700
ali ne u opštoj populaciji.
01:13
It’s a common misperception that people with schizophrenia
18
73551
3520
Česta je pogrešna percepcija da osobe koje pate od šizofrenije
01:17
have multiple personalities,
19
77071
1950
imaju više ličnosti,
01:19
but these symptoms indicate a disruption of thought processes,
20
79021
4160
ali ovi simptomi ukazuju na prekid misaonih procesa,
01:23
rather than the manifestation of another personality.
21
83181
3680
pre nego na manifestaciju druge ličnosti.
01:26
Schizophrenia also has negative symptoms,
22
86861
2930
Šizofrenija takođe ima i negativne simptome,
01:29
these are qualities that are reduced in people with schizophrenia,
23
89791
3890
ovo su osobine koje su umanjene kod osoba koje pate od šizofrenije,
01:33
such as motivation, expression of emotion, or speech.
24
93681
3885
kao što je motivacija, ispoljavanje emocija ili govor.
01:37
There are cognitive symptoms as well, like difficulty concentrating,
25
97566
4080
Ovo su takođe i kognitivni simptomi, kao što je poteškoća sa koncentracijom,
01:41
remembering information, and making decisions.
26
101646
3360
pamćenje informacija i donošenje odluka.
01:45
So what causes the onset of psychosis?
27
105006
3240
Dakle šta uzrokuje početak psihoze?
01:48
There likely isn’t one single cause, but a combination
28
108246
3030
Verovatno postoji ne samo jedan uzrok, već kombinacija
01:51
of genetic and environmental risk factors that contribute.
29
111276
3590
genetskih faktora i faktora okruženja koji doprinose početku.
01:54
Schizophrenia has some of the strongest genetic links of any psychiatric illness.
30
114866
5135
Šizofrenija ima najjače genetske veze od bilo koje psihijatriske bolesti.
02:00
Though about 1% of people have schizophrenia,
31
120001
3560
Iako oko 1 posto ljudi pati od šizofrenije,
02:03
children or siblings of people with schizophrenia are ten times likelier
32
123561
4620
deca ili braća i sestre od osoba koje pate od šizofrenije imaju deset puta veću šansu
02:08
to develop the disease,
33
128181
1810
da dobiju ovu bolest,
02:09
and an identical twin of someone with schizophrenia
34
129991
3051
a jednojajčani blizanac nekoga ko pati od šizofrenije
02:13
has a 40% chance of being affected.
35
133042
3190
ima 40 posto šanse da dobije ovu bolest.
02:16
Often, immediate relatives of people with schizophrenia
36
136232
3170
Često, najbliža rodbina osoba koje pate od šizofrenije
02:19
exhibit milder versions of traits associated with the disorder—
37
139402
3850
pokazuje blaže verzije karakteristika koje su u vezi sa ovim poremećajem,
02:23
but not to an extent that requires treatment.
38
143252
3250
ali ne do te mere da im treba lečenje.
02:26
Multiple genes almost certainly play a role,
39
146502
2720
Više gena skoro sigurno igra ulogu,
02:29
but we don’t know how many, or which ones.
40
149222
3520
ali ne znamo koliko, niti koji su to geni.
02:32
Environmental factors like exposure to certain viruses in early infancy
41
152742
4958
Faktori okruženja kao što je izlaganje određenim virusima u ranom detinjstvu
02:37
might increase the chance that someone will develop schizophrenia,
42
157700
4080
mogu povećati šansu da neko razvije šizofreniju,
02:41
and use of some drugs, including marijuana,
43
161780
3433
i korišćenje nekih narkotika, uključujući marihuanu,
02:45
may trigger the onset of psychosis
44
165213
2129
može da izazove početak psihoze
02:47
in highly susceptible individuals.
45
167342
2819
kod vrlo osetljivih individua.
02:50
These factors don’t affect everyone the same way.
46
170161
3002
Ovi faktori ne utiču na sve na isti način.
02:53
For those with very low genetic risk,
47
173163
2500
Kod onih koji imaju veoma nizak genetski rizik,
02:55
no amount of exposure to environmental risk factors
48
175663
3334
bez obzira koliko se izlažu rizičnim faktorima okruženja
02:58
will lead them to develop schizophrenia;
49
178997
2570
ne može doći do razvijanja šizofrenije;
03:01
for those with very high risk, moderate additional risk might tip the balance.
50
181567
6201
kod onih sa veoma visokim rizikom, umeren dodatni rizik može biti odlučujući.
03:07
The antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia have helped researchers
51
187768
4673
Antipsihotici koji se koriste za lečenje šizofrenije su pomogli naučnicima
03:12
work backwards to trace signatures of the disorder in the brain.
52
192441
4505
da rade unazad kako bi pratili obeležja poremećaja u mozgu.
03:16
Traditional antipsychotics block dopamine receptors.
53
196946
3940
Tradicionalni antipsihotici blokiraju receptore dopamina.
03:20
They can be very effective in reducing positive symptoms,
54
200886
3517
Mogu biti veoma efektivni kod smanjivanja pozitivnih simptoma,
03:24
which are linked to an excess of dopamine in particular brain pathways.
55
204403
4380
koji su u vezi sa viškom dopamina u određenim moždanim putevima.
03:28
But the same drugs can make negative symptoms worse,
56
208783
3276
Nego, ovi isti lekovi mogu da pogoršaju negativne simptome,
03:32
and we’ve found that negative symptoms of schizophrenia may be tied
57
212059
3578
a otkrili smo da negativni simptomi mogu biti povezani sa
03:35
to too little dopamine in other brain areas.
58
215637
3750
premalo dopamina u drugim oblastima mozga.
03:39
Some people with schizophrenia show a loss of neural tissue,
59
219387
3400
Neke osobe koje pate od šizofrenije pokazuju gubitak nevrnog tkiva,
03:42
and it’s unclear whether this atrophy is a result of the disease itself
60
222787
4490
i nejasno je da li je ova atrofija rezultat same bolesti
03:47
or drug-induced suppression of signaling.
61
227277
3304
ili suzbijanja signalizacije koja se postiže lekovima.
03:50
Fortunately, newer generations of antipsychotics aim to address
62
230581
4511
Na sreću, novije generacije antipsihotika imaju za cilj da se bave
03:55
some of these issues by targeting multiple neurotransmitters,
63
235092
3997
nekim od ovih problema ciljajući na više neurotransmitera,
03:59
like serotonin in addition to dopamine.
64
239089
3024
kao što su serotonin pored dopamina.
04:02
It’s clear that no one transmitter system is responsible for all symptoms,
65
242113
4999
Jasno je da nije jedan sistem transmitera odgovoran za sve simptome,
04:07
and because these drugs affect signaling throughout the brain and body,
66
247112
3540
a zbog toga što ovi lekovi deluju na signaliziranje u celom telu i mozgu,
04:10
they can have other side effects like weight gain.
67
250652
3527
mogu imati druga neželjena dejstva kao što je dobijanje na težini.
04:14
In spite of these complications, antipsychotics can be very effective,
68
254179
4476
Uprkos ovim komplikacijama, antipsihotici mogu biti veoma efektivni,
04:18
especially when combined with other interventions
69
258655
3020
posebno kada se kombinuju sa drugim intervencijama
04:21
like cognitive-behavioral therapy.
70
261675
2584
kao što je kognitivno-bihejvioralna terapija
04:24
Electroconvulsive therapy, though it provides relatively short-lived relief,
71
264259
4270
Elektrokonvulzilna terpija, koja pruža relativno kratkoročno olakšanje,
04:28
is also re-emerging as an effective treatment,
72
268529
2852
takođe se ponovo javlja kao efektivno lečenje,
04:31
especially when other options have failed.
73
271381
2748
pogotovo kad ne uspeju druge opcije.
04:34
Early intervention is also extremely important.
74
274129
3500
Rana intervencija je takođe veoma bitna.
04:37
After months or years of untreated psychosis,
75
277629
3060
Nakon meseci ili godina nelečene psihoze,
04:40
certain psychoses can become embedded in someone’s personality.
76
280689
4490
neke psihoze mogu biti usađene u nečiju ličnost.
04:45
And yet, the dehumanizing stigma attached to this diagnosis
77
285179
3951
A još, dehumanizovana predrasuda vazana za ovu dijagnozu
04:49
can prevent people from seeking help.
78
289130
2739
može da spreči ljude da potraže pomoć.
04:51
People with schizophrenia are often perceived as dangerous,
79
291869
3630
Često se osobe koje pate od šizofrenije smatraju opasnim,
04:55
but are actually much more likely to be the victims of violence
80
295499
3710
ali su zapravo češće oni žrtve nasilja
04:59
than the perpetrators.
81
299209
1810
nego što su krivci.
05:01
And proper treatment may help reduce the likelihood of violence
82
301019
3370
Pravilno lečenje može pomoći u smanjenu verovatnoće od nasilja
05:04
associated with schizophrenia.
83
304389
2330
koja je povezana sa šizofrenijom.
05:06
That’s why education— for patients, their families, and their communities—
84
306719
4550
Zato edukacija za pacijente, njihove porodice i zajednice
05:11
helps erode the stigma and improves access to treatment.
85
311269
4023
pomaže da se razbije stigma i poboljša pristup lečenju.
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7