What is schizophrenia? - Anees Bahji

10,203,548 views ・ 2020-03-26

TED-Ed


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Prevoditelj: Mirela Ivoš Recezent: Sanda L
00:06
Schizophrenia was first identified more than a century ago,
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Shizofrenija je prvi puta identificirana prije više od stoljeća,
00:10
but we still don’t know its exact causes.
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ali još uvijek ne znamo što je zapravo uzrokuje.
00:13
It remains one of the most misunderstood and stigmatized illnesses today.
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Ona ostaje jedna od najneshvaćenijih i najstigmatiziranijih bolesti do danas.
00:18
So, let’s walk through what we do know— from symptoms to causes and treatments.
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Dakle, prođimo kroz ono što znamo - od simptoma do uzroka i tretmana.
00:23
Schizophrenia is considered a syndrome,
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Shizofrenija se smatra sindromom,
00:26
which means it may encompass a number of related disorders
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što znači da može obuhvatiti niz povezanih poremećaja
00:30
that have similar symptoms but varying causes.
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koji imaju slične simptome, ali različite uzroke.
00:33
Every person with schizophrenia has slightly different symptoms,
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Svaka osoba sa shizofrenijom ima ponešto drugačije simptome,
00:38
and the first signs can be easy to miss— subtle personality changes, irritability,
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i prvi znakovi lako se ne primijete - suptilne promjene ličnosti, razdražljivost
00:44
or a gradual encroachment of unusual thoughts.
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ili postupna pojava neobičnih misli.
00:47
Patients are usually diagnosed after the onset of psychosis,
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Pacijentima se obično dijagnosticira nakon nastupa psihoze,
00:51
which typically occurs in the late teens or early twenties for men
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što se obično događa u kasnoj adolescenciji ili ranim dvadesetima kod muškaraca
00:55
and the late twenties or early thirties for women.
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i kasnim dvadesetima ili ranim tridesetima kod žena.
00:59
A first psychotic episode can feature delusions, hallucinations,
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Prva psihotična epizoda može biti praćena deluzijama, halucinacijama
01:03
and disordered speech and behavior.
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ili neorganiziranim govorom i ponašanjem.
01:06
These are called positive symptoms,
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Ovi se simptomi nazivaju pozitivnima,
01:08
meaning they occur in people with schizophrenia
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što znači da se pojavljuju kod ljudi sa shizofrenijom,
01:10
but not in the general population.
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ali ne i u općoj populaciji.
01:13
It’s a common misperception that people with schizophrenia
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Često je shvaćanje da ljudi sa shizofrenijom
01:17
have multiple personalities,
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imaju višestruke ličnosti,
01:19
but these symptoms indicate a disruption of thought processes,
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ali ti simptomi upućuju na poremećaj misaonih procesa,
01:23
rather than the manifestation of another personality.
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prije nego na manifestaciju druge ličnosti.
01:26
Schizophrenia also has negative symptoms,
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Shizofrenija ima i negativne simptome,
01:29
these are qualities that are reduced in people with schizophrenia,
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to su osobine reducirane kod ljudi sa shizofrenijom,
01:33
such as motivation, expression of emotion, or speech.
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poput motivacije, ekspresije emocija ili govor.
01:37
There are cognitive symptoms as well, like difficulty concentrating,
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Također postoje i kognitivni simptomi, poput problema s koncentracijom,
01:41
remembering information, and making decisions.
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dosjećanja informacija i donošenja odluka.
01:45
So what causes the onset of psychosis?
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Dakle, što uzrokuje nastup psihoze?
01:48
There likely isn’t one single cause, but a combination
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Vjerojatno ne postoji jedan uzrok, nego kombinacija
01:51
of genetic and environmental risk factors that contribute.
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genetskih i okolinskih rizičnih čimbenika koji doprinose.
01:54
Schizophrenia has some of the strongest genetic links of any psychiatric illness.
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Shizofrenija ima neke od najjačih genetskih poveznica od svih psihijatrijskih bolesti.
02:00
Though about 1% of people have schizophrenia,
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Iako oko 1 % ljudi ima shizofreniju,
02:03
children or siblings of people with schizophrenia are ten times likelier
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10 je puta veća vjerojatnost da će djeca te braća i sestre ljudi sa shizofrenijom
02:08
to develop the disease,
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razviti shizofreniju,
02:09
and an identical twin of someone with schizophrenia
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dok jednojajčani blizanci nekoga sa shizofrenijom
02:13
has a 40% chance of being affected.
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imaju 40 % veću vjerojatnost da je razviju.
02:16
Often, immediate relatives of people with schizophrenia
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Često, bliski rođaci ljudi sa shizofrenijom
02:19
exhibit milder versions of traits associated with the disorder—
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pokazuju blaže verzije osobina povezanih s poremećajem,
02:23
but not to an extent that requires treatment.
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ali ne u onoj mjeri koja zahtijeva liječenje.
02:26
Multiple genes almost certainly play a role,
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Više gena gotovo sigurno je uključeno,
02:29
but we don’t know how many, or which ones.
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ali ne znamo koliko ni kojih.
02:32
Environmental factors like exposure to certain viruses in early infancy
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Faktori iz okoliša, poput izloženosti određenim virusima u ranom dojenaštvu,
02:37
might increase the chance that someone will develop schizophrenia,
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mogu povećati vjerojatnost da netko razvije shizofreniju,
02:41
and use of some drugs, including marijuana,
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kao i korištenje nekih droga, uključujući marihuanu,
02:45
may trigger the onset of psychosis
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što može potaknuti nastup psihoze
02:47
in highly susceptible individuals.
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kod vrlo osjetljivih pojedinaca.
02:50
These factors don’t affect everyone the same way.
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Ovi faktori ne utječu na sve ljude jednako.
02:53
For those with very low genetic risk,
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Kod onih s vrlo niskim genetskim rizikom
02:55
no amount of exposure to environmental risk factors
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nema količine rizičnih faktora iz okoline
02:58
will lead them to develop schizophrenia;
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koja bi dovela do razvitka shizofrenije;
03:01
for those with very high risk, moderate additional risk might tip the balance.
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kod onih s vrlo visokim rizikom, osrednji dodatni rizik može poremetiti ravnotežu.
03:07
The antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia have helped researchers
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Antipsihotici korišteni u liječenju shizofrenije pomogli su istraživačima
03:12
work backwards to trace signatures of the disorder in the brain.
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kako bi otkrili tragove poremećaja u mozgu.
03:16
Traditional antipsychotics block dopamine receptors.
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Tradicionalni antipsihotici blokiraju dopaminske receptore.
03:20
They can be very effective in reducing positive symptoms,
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Oni mogu biti vrlo učinkoviti u reduciranju pozitivnih simptoma,
03:24
which are linked to an excess of dopamine in particular brain pathways.
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koji su povezani s viškom dopamina u određenim moždanim putovima.
03:28
But the same drugs can make negative symptoms worse,
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Ali isti lijekovi mogu pogoršati negativne simptome,
03:32
and we’ve found that negative symptoms of schizophrenia may be tied
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a pronašli smo da negativni simptomi shizofrenije mogu biti povezani
03:35
to too little dopamine in other brain areas.
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s manjkom dopamina u drugim područjima mozga.
03:39
Some people with schizophrenia show a loss of neural tissue,
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Neki ljudi sa shizofrenijom pokazuju gubitak neuronskog tkiva
03:42
and it’s unclear whether this atrophy is a result of the disease itself
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i nije poznato je li ova atrofija rezultat same bolesti
03:47
or drug-induced suppression of signaling.
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ili suzbijanje signalizacije inducirano lijekom.
03:50
Fortunately, newer generations of antipsychotics aim to address
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Srećom, novije generacije antipsihotika ciljaju rješavanju
03:55
some of these issues by targeting multiple neurotransmitters,
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nekih od ovih problema usmjeravajući se na različite neurotransmitere,
03:59
like serotonin in addition to dopamine.
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poput serotonina zajedno s dopaminom.
04:02
It’s clear that no one transmitter system is responsible for all symptoms,
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Jasno je da nije jedan transmiterski sustav odgovoran za sve simptome,
04:07
and because these drugs affect signaling throughout the brain and body,
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i zbog tih utjecaja lijekova na signaliziranje kroz mozak i tijelo,
04:10
they can have other side effects like weight gain.
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oni mogu imati nuspojave poput debljanja.
04:14
In spite of these complications, antipsychotics can be very effective,
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Unatoč ovim komplikacijama, antipsihotici mogu biti vrlo učinkoviti,
04:18
especially when combined with other interventions
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pogotovo kada se kombiniraju s drugim intervencijama,
04:21
like cognitive-behavioral therapy.
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poput kognitivno bihevioralne terapije.
04:24
Electroconvulsive therapy, though it provides relatively short-lived relief,
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Elektrokonvulzivna terapija, iako pruža relativno kratko olakšanje,
04:28
is also re-emerging as an effective treatment,
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također se ponovno pokazuje kao učinkovit tretman,
04:31
especially when other options have failed.
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pogotovo kada su druge opcije zakazale.
04:34
Early intervention is also extremely important.
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Rana intervencija također je vrlo važna.
04:37
After months or years of untreated psychosis,
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Nakon mjeseci ili godina neliječene psihoze,
04:40
certain psychoses can become embedded in someone’s personality.
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određene psihoze mogu postati urezane u nečiju ličnost.
04:45
And yet, the dehumanizing stigma attached to this diagnosis
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I još, dehumanizirajuća stigma povezana s ovom dijagnozom
04:49
can prevent people from seeking help.
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može spriječiti ljude da potraže pomoć.
04:51
People with schizophrenia are often perceived as dangerous,
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Ljudi sa shizofrenijom često se smatraju opasnima,
04:55
but are actually much more likely to be the victims of violence
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ali zapravo je puno vjerojatnije da budu žrtve nasilja
04:59
than the perpetrators.
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nego izvršitelji.
05:01
And proper treatment may help reduce the likelihood of violence
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I prikladno liječenje može pomoći smanjenju vjerojatnosti nasilja
05:04
associated with schizophrenia.
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povezanog sa shizofrenijom.
05:06
That’s why education— for patients, their families, and their communities—
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Zato educiranje - za pacijente, njihove obitelji i njihove zajednice -
05:11
helps erode the stigma and improves access to treatment.
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pomaže smanjenju stigme i poboljšava pristup liječenju.
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