How does alcohol cause hangovers? - Judy Grisel

Prevodilac: Stefan Mitikj Lektor: Milenka Okuka

In a 1973 study, 20 volunteers got drunk once a week for 8 consecutive weeks,

U studiji iz 1973, 20 volontera se opijalo

jednom nedeljno tokom osam uzastopnih nedelja,

each time on a different alcoholic beverage,

svaki put drugim alkoholnim pićem

and each time with precisely the same dosage—

i svaki put sa potpuno istom dozom -

this was science, after all.

ovo je ipak bila nauka.

The goal of this experiment was to find out which alcoholic drinks

Cilj ovog eksperimenta je bio da se otkrije koja alkoholna pića

cause worse hangovers.

izazivaju gori mamurluk.

Of course, it takes much more than one small study to answer such a question.

Naravno, potrebno je mnogo više od jedne studije da se odgovori na takvo pitanje.

Since then, science has learned a lot about hangovers—

Od tada, nauka je naučila mnogo o mamurluku -

though some mysteries remain.

iako neke misterije ostaju.

The molecule responsible for hangovers is ethanol,

Molekul odgovoran za mamurluk je etanol,

which we colloquially refer to as alcohol.

koji kolokvijalno nazivamo alkoholom.

Ethanol is present in all alcoholic beverages, and generally speaking,

Etanol je prisutan u svim alkoholnim pićima, i uopšteno govoreći,

the more ethanol, the greater the potential for a hangover.

što je više etanola, to je veći potencijal za mamurluk.

The symptoms and severity can vary depending on weight, age,

Simptomi i težina mogu varirati u zavisnosti od težine, starosti,

genetics, and other factors.

genetike i ostalih faktora.

But still, hangovers generally share some common— and unpleasant— features.

Ipak, mamurluk generalno ima neke zajedničke i neprijatne karakteristike.

So how exactly does alcohol cause a hangover?

Pa, kako tačno alkohol izaziva mamurluk?

And is there any way to reliably prevent one?

I da li postoji način da se to pouzdano spreči?

Alcohol slows down the communication between neural cells.

Alkohol usporava komunikaciju između nervnih ćelija.

After someone has had their last drink,

Nakon što neko popije poslednje piće,

as the concentration of alcohol in the blood drops back to zero,

koncentracija alkohola u krvi pada na nulu,

the brain rebounds from sedation and swings in the other direction,

mozak se oporavlja od sedacije i okreće se u drugom pravcu,

entering a hyperactive state.

ulazeći u hiperaktivno stanje.

This may lead to the tremors or rapid heartbeat associated with hangovers.

Ovo može dovesti do tremora ili ubrzanog rada srca povezanih sa mamurlukom.

It also makes sleep shorter and less restful than normal.

Takođe čini san kraćim i manje mirnim od normalnog.

But these effects are just the beginning—

Ali ovi efekti su samo početak -

alcohol impacts so many of the body’s processes,

alkohol utiče na mnoge procese u telu,

throwing delicate balances off-kilter.

narušavajući delikatne ravnoteže.

And even the most familiar hangover symptoms have surprising contributors.

Čak i najpoznatiji simptomi mamurluka imaju iznenađujuće pomoćnike.

For example, alcohol disrupts levels of many hormones.

Na primer, alkohol remeti nivo mnogih hormona.

One of those hormones is cortisol.

Jedan od tih hormona je kortizol.

Normally, fluctuating cortisol levels help regulate wakefulness

Normalno, fluktuirajući nivoi kortizola pomažu u regulisanju budnosti

throughout the day and night.

tokom dana i noći.

So the disruption in cortisol during a hangover

Dakle, poremećaj kortizola tokom mamurluka

may cause people to feel groggy or disoriented.

može uzrokovati da se ljudi osećaju ošamućeno ili dezorijentisano.

Another hormone alcohol interferes with is vasopressin,

Još jedan hormon koji alkohol ometa je vazopresin,

which normally decreases the volume of urine made by the kidneys.

on obično smanjuje zapreminu urina koji stvaraju bubrezi.

By decreasing levels of vasopressin,

Smanjenjem nivoa vazopresina,

alcohol causes people to pee more and become dehydrated.

alkohol uzrokuje da ljudi više uriniraju i dehidriraju.

Dehydration can lead to thirst, dry mouth, weakness, lightheadedness, and headache,

Dehidracija može dovesti do žeđi, suvih usta, slabosti, vrtoglavice i glavobolje,

one of the most common hangover symptoms.

koji su najčešći simptomi mamurluka.

In addition to dehydration, hangover headaches can result

Pored dehidracije, glavobolja može biti posledica

from alcohol’s influence on chemical signaling in the brain,

uticaja alkohola na hemijsku signalizaciju u mozgu,

especially on neurotransmitters involved in pain signaling.

posebno na neurotransmitere koji su deo signalizacije bola.

Alcohol can also damage mitochondria,

Alkohol takođe može oštetiti mitohondrije,

which are responsible for producing the ATP that gives us energy.

koje su odgovorne za proizvodnju ATP-a koji nam daje energiju.

This may contribute to the fatigue, weakness, and mood disturbances

Ovo može doprineti umoru, slabosti i poremećajima raspoloženja

experienced during a hangover.

tokom mamurluka.

Meanwhile, alcohol stimulates the immune system,

U međuvremenu, alkohol stimuliše imuni sistem,

leading to inflammation that can damage cells within the brain,

dovodeći do upale koja može oštetiti ćelije u mozgu,

affect mood, and impair memory.

uticati na raspoloženje i narušiti pamćenje.

And it can irritate the gastrointestinal tract

I može iritirati gastrointestinalni trakt

and inflame the lining of the stomach and intestines.

i zapaliti sluznicu želuca i creva.

Alcohol may also slow down stomach emptying,

Alkohol takođe može usporiti pražnjenje želuca,

which could lead to increased production of gastric acid.

što može dovesti do povećane proizvodnje želudačne kiseline.

This is why alcohol can cause stomach pain, nausea, and vomiting.

Zbog toga alkohol može izazvati bol u stomaku, mučninu i povraćanje.

Alcoholic drinks also contain other substances that are produced

Alkoholna pića sadrže i druge supstance koje nastaju

during the fermentation process that give the drink its specific flavor.

tokom procesa fermentacije koje piću daju specifičan ukus.

Some evidence suggests that one of these, methanol,

Neki dokazi sugerišu da je jedan od njih, metanol,

is particularly bad for hangovers.

posebno loš za mamurluk.

The body doesn’t start metabolizing methanol

Telo ne počinje da metabolizuje metanol

until it’s done processing ethanol.

dok se ne završi obrada etanola.

And when it does, the toxic metabolites of methanol

A kada se to dogodi, toksični metaboliti metanola

may potentially worsen the hangover symptoms.

mogu potencijalno pogoršati simptome mamurluka.

Beverages that are closer to pure ethanol, such as gin and vodka,

Pića koja su bliža čistom etanolu, kao što su džin i votka,

may cause fewer hangover effects.

mogu izazvati manje efekata mamurluka.

Meanwhile, the presence of flavoring ingredients in beverages

U međuvremenu, prisustvo aromatičnih sastojaka u pićima

like whiskey, brandy, and red wine,

poput viskija, rakije i crnog vina,

may make these kinds of alcohol cause more hangover symptoms.

mogu učiniti da ove vrste alkohola izazovu više simptoma mamurluka.

So, the choice of alcoholic beverage matters,

Dakle, izbor alkoholnog pića je važan,

but any of them can cause hangovers, simply because they all contain alcohol.

ali svako od njih može izazvati mamurluk, jednostavno zato što svi sadrže alkohol.

So, do common hangover remedies actually work?

Dakle, da li uobičajeni lekovi za mamurluk zaista deluju?

Drinking water and electrolyte beverages can help reduce symptoms

Voda za piće i pića sa elektrolitima mogu pomoći u smanjenju simptoma

related to dehydration.

vezanih za dehidraciju.

And eating— especially carbs— can help replenish the glucose levels

I jedenje, posebno ugljenih hidrata, može pomoći da se nadoknade nivoi glukoze

alcohol reduces.

koje alkohol smanjuje.

But ultimately, the only sure way to prevent a hangover

Ali, naposletku, jedini siguran način da se spreči mamurluk

is to drink alcohol in moderation or not at all.

je da pijete alkohol umereno ili nikako.