How does alcohol cause hangovers? - Judy Grisel

1,364,133 views ใƒป 2022-07-05

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:07
In a 1973 study, 20 volunteers got drunk once a week for 8 consecutive weeks,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืž 1973, 20 ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื›ืจื• ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžืฉืš 8 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืคื™ื,
00:14
each time on a different alcoholic beverage,
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžืžืฉืงื” ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื”,
00:16
and each time with precisely the same dosageโ€”
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ื•ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืขื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ --
00:19
this was science, after all.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืข, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ.
00:22
The goal of this experiment was to find out which alcoholic drinks
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฉืงื” ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™
00:26
cause worse hangovers.
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ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ืžืจืžื•ืจืช (ื”ืื ื’ืื•ื‘ืจ) ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื”.
00:28
Of course, it takes much more than one small study to answer such a question.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”.
00:32
Since then, science has learned a lot about hangoversโ€”
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ืžืื–, ื”ืžื“ืข ืœืžื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื—ืžืจืžื•ืจืช --
00:36
though some mysteries remain.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืžื” ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื ืฉืืจื•.
00:39
The molecule responsible for hangovers is ethanol,
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ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœื—ืžืจืžื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืืชื ื•ืœ,
00:42
which we colloquially refer to as alcohol.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
00:45
Ethanol is present in all alcoholic beverages, and generally speaking,
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ืืชื ื•ืœ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™,
00:49
the more ethanol, the greater the potential for a hangover.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืชื ื•ืœ, ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื—ืžืจืžื•ืจืช ื’ื“ืœ.
00:53
The symptoms and severity can vary depending on weight, age,
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ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ, ื’ื™ืœ,
00:56
genetics, and other factors.
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ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:58
But still, hangovers generally share some commonโ€” and unpleasantโ€” features.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื—ืžืจืžื•ืจืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ืœืงืช ื›ืžื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช -- ื•ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช.
01:04
So how exactly does alcohol cause a hangover?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื—ืžืจืžื•ืจืช?
01:08
And is there any way to reliably prevent one?
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ื•ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื—ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืžื™ืŸ?
01:11
Alcohol slows down the communication between neural cells.
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ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืžืื˜ ืืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘.
01:16
After someone has had their last drink,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืชื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
01:17
as the concentration of alcohol in the blood drops back to zero,
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ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื ื™ื•ืจื“ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืืคืก,
01:21
the brain rebounds from sedation and swings in the other direction,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืžื”ืจื“ืžื” ื•ื ืข ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™,
01:25
entering a hyperactive state.
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ื•ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
01:28
This may lead to the tremors or rapid heartbeat associated with hangovers.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื• ืงืฆื‘ ืœื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืžืฉื•ื™ื™ืš ืœื—ืžืจืžื•ืจืช.
01:32
It also makes sleep shorter and less restful than normal.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื™ื ื” ืงืฆืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืขื” ืžื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™.
01:36
But these effects are just the beginningโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” --
01:38
alcohol impacts so many of the bodyโ€™s processes,
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ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ,
01:42
throwing delicate balances off-kilter.
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ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื.
01:45
And even the most familiar hangover symptoms have surprising contributors.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืจืžื•ืจืช ื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช.
01:50
For example, alcohol disrupts levels of many hormones.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื.
01:53
One of those hormones is cortisol.
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ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื–ื•ืœ.
01:56
Normally, fluctuating cortisol levels help regulate wakefulness
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™, ืจืžื•ืช ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื–ื•ืœ ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื ื˜ืจ ืขืจื•ืช
02:00
throughout the day and night.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
02:01
So the disruption in cortisol during a hangover
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ืื– ื”ื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื–ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ืžืจืžื•ืจืช
02:04
may cause people to feel groggy or disoriented.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื™ื.
02:07
Another hormone alcohol interferes with is vasopressin,
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ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื•ืกื•ืคืจืกื™ืŸ,
02:11
which normally decreases the volume of urine made by the kidneys.
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ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื ืคื— ื”ืฉืชืŸ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื•ืช.
02:15
By decreasing levels of vasopressin,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืกื•ืคืจืกื™ืŸ,
02:17
alcohol causes people to pee more and become dehydrated.
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ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื.
02:22
Dehydration can lead to thirst, dry mouth, weakness, lightheadedness, and headache,
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ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฆืžื, ืคื” ื™ื‘ืฉ, ื—ื•ืœืฉื”, ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ, ื•ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ,
02:27
one of the most common hangover symptoms.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืžืจืžื•ืจืช.
02:30
In addition to dehydration, hangover headaches can result
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืฉ, ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืžืจืžื•ืจืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ืจื
02:33
from alcoholโ€™s influence on chemical signaling in the brain,
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ืžื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืžืื•ืชืชื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—,
02:37
especially on neurotransmitters involved in pain signaling.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื˜ืจื ืกืžื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืื‘.
02:40
Alcohol can also damage mitochondria,
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ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืคื’ื•ื ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื”,
02:43
which are responsible for producing the ATP that gives us energy.
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ืฉืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื” ATP ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
02:47
This may contribute to the fatigue, weakness, and mood disturbances
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช, ื—ื•ืœืฉื”, ื•ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—
02:50
experienced during a hangover.
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ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื—ืžืจืžื•ืจืช.
02:53
Meanwhile, alcohol stimulates the immune system,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
02:56
leading to inflammation that can damage cells within the brain,
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื“ืœืงื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคื’ื•ื ื‘ืชืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—,
02:59
affect mood, and impair memory.
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ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—, ื•ืœืคื’ื•ื ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
03:02
And it can irritate the gastrointestinal tract
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ
03:05
and inflame the lining of the stomach and intestines.
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ืœืงืช ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืžืขื™.
03:08
Alcohol may also slow down stomach emptying,
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ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ืจื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื”,
03:11
which could lead to increased production of gastric acid.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ.
03:15
This is why alcohol can cause stomach pain, nausea, and vomiting.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื—ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืงืื”.
03:19
Alcoholic drinks also contain other substances that are produced
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ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื’ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
03:23
during the fermentation process that give the drink its specific flavor.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืกืกื” ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืžืฉืงื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™.
03:27
Some evidence suggests that one of these, methanol,
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ื›ืžื” ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืืœื”, ืžืชืื ื•ืœ,
03:30
is particularly bad for hangovers.
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ืจืข ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื—ืžืจืžื•ืจืช.
03:33
The body doesnโ€™t start metabolizing methanol
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื›ืœ ืžืชืื ื•ืœ
03:35
until itโ€™s done processing ethanol.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืืชื ื•ืœ.
03:37
And when it does, the toxic metabolites of methanol
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžื”ืžืชืื ื•ืœ
03:41
may potentially worsen the hangover symptoms.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืข ืืช ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืจืžื•ืจืช.
03:44
Beverages that are closer to pure ethanol, such as gin and vodka,
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ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืืชื ื•ืœ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ, ื›ืžื• ื’โ€™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื“ืงื”,
03:48
may cause fewer hangover effects.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืจืžื•ืจืช.
03:51
Meanwhile, the presence of flavoring ingredients in beverages
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ื‘ื ื™ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื˜ืขื ื‘ืžืฉืงืื•ืช
03:54
like whiskey, brandy, and red wine,
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ื›ืžื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืงื™, ื‘ืจื ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ื,
03:56
may make these kinds of alcohol cause more hangover symptoms.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืœื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืจืžื•ืจืช.
04:01
So, the choice of alcoholic beverage matters,
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ืื–, ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืžืฉื ื”,
04:04
but any of them can cause hangovers, simply because they all contain alcohol.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ืžืจืžื•ืจืช, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
04:10
So, do common hangover remedies actually work?
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ืื–, ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ืžืจืžื•ืจืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื”?
04:14
Drinking water and electrolyte beverages can help reduce symptoms
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ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช
04:17
related to dehydration.
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
04:19
And eatingโ€” especially carbsโ€” can help replenish the glucose levels
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ื•ืื›ื™ืœื” -- ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช -- ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–
04:23
alcohol reduces.
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ืฉื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืžืคื—ื™ืช.
04:25
But ultimately, the only sure way to prevent a hangover
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ื—ืžืจืžื•ืจืช
04:28
is to drink alcohol in moderation or not at all.
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ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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