How does alcohol cause hangovers? - Judy Grisel

1,012,277 views ・ 2022-07-05

TED-Ed


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譯者: 柏陞 郭 審譯者: SF Huang
00:07
In a 1973 study, 20 volunteers got drunk once a week for 8 consecutive weeks,
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1973 年,20 名自願者參與了一場 為期八週,每週喝醉一次的研究。
00:14
each time on a different alcoholic beverage,
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每一週喝的是不同酒精飲料,
00:16
and each time with precisely the same dosage—
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但每次飲用的劑量都完全相同。
00:19
this was science, after all.
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畢竟這是場科學研究嘛。
00:22
The goal of this experiment was to find out which alcoholic drinks
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研究的目標是找出哪一種酒精飲料,
00:26
cause worse hangovers.
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會造成更嚴重的宿醉。
00:28
Of course, it takes much more than one small study to answer such a question.
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當然,想要解答這個問題 可不是只有靠這場小實驗。
00:32
Since then, science has learned a lot about hangovers—
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自那場實驗後,科學家對於宿醉 已經有了更多的了解,
00:36
though some mysteries remain.
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儘管仍有一些未知的謎團。
00:39
The molecule responsible for hangovers is ethanol,
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乙醇分子是造成宿醉的原因,
00:42
which we colloquially refer to as alcohol.
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我們一般稱它為酒精。
00:45
Ethanol is present in all alcoholic beverages, and generally speaking,
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所有的酒精飲料都含有乙醇, 而且普遍來說,
00:49
the more ethanol, the greater the potential for a hangover.
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乙醇含量越高,宿醉的可能性就越大。
00:53
The symptoms and severity can vary depending on weight, age,
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至於有什麼症狀、程度輕微與否, 則根據個人的體重、年齡、
00:56
genetics, and other factors.
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遺傳和其他因素而異。
00:58
But still, hangovers generally share some common— and unpleasant— features.
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但總歸來說,每個宿醉幾乎伴隨著 那些常見、令人不舒服的徵狀。
01:04
So how exactly does alcohol cause a hangover?
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那麼酒精到底是怎麼引發宿醉的呢?
01:08
And is there any way to reliably prevent one?
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有任何方法能夠預防嗎?
01:11
Alcohol slows down the communication between neural cells.
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酒精會減緩神經細胞的訊息傳遞。
01:16
After someone has had their last drink,
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在某人喝光了最後一口酒後,
01:17
as the concentration of alcohol in the blood drops back to zero,
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隨著血液中的酒精濃度降為零時,
01:21
the brain rebounds from sedation and swings in the other direction,
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大腦就會從鎮靜中甦醒並快速轉換
01:25
entering a hyperactive state.
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變成超級活躍狀態。
01:28
This may lead to the tremors or rapid heartbeat associated with hangovers.
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這時可能會引發宿醉相關症狀, 像是震顫或是心跳加速。
01:32
It also makes sleep shorter and less restful than normal.
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同時讓睡眠變得更短, 精神也比平常亢奮。
01:36
But these effects are just the beginning—
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但這些都才剛剛開始——
01:38
alcohol impacts so many of the body’s processes,
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酒精會影響身體的許多層面,
01:42
throwing delicate balances off-kilter.
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讓身體機能失衡。
01:45
And even the most familiar hangover symptoms have surprising contributors.
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連造成最常見的宿醉症狀, 也都是由意想不到的因素所導致。
01:50
For example, alcohol disrupts levels of many hormones.
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舉例來說,酒精會在各方面 打亂許多激素的運作。
01:53
One of those hormones is cortisol.
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其中有個激素叫做皮質醇。
01:56
Normally, fluctuating cortisol levels help regulate wakefulness
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流動的皮質醇平常使我們 無論在白天還是黑夜
02:00
throughout the day and night.
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都能保持清醒。
02:01
So the disruption in cortisol during a hangover
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因此當宿醉擾亂了皮質醇的運作,
02:04
may cause people to feel groggy or disoriented.
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就會讓人昏昏欲睡, 或者失去方向感。
02:07
Another hormone alcohol interferes with is vasopressin,
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另一個受到酒精影響的激素 叫做血管加壓素,
02:11
which normally decreases the volume of urine made by the kidneys.
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平時會減少腎臟產生的尿液量。
02:15
By decreasing levels of vasopressin,
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若酒精降低了血管加壓素的作用,
02:17
alcohol causes people to pee more and become dehydrated.
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就會讓人頻尿和脫水。
02:22
Dehydration can lead to thirst, dry mouth, weakness, lightheadedness, and headache,
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脫水會引起口渴、口乾舌燥、虛弱、 頭暈目眩以及頭痛,
02:27
one of the most common hangover symptoms.
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是宿醉時常見的症狀之一。
02:30
In addition to dehydration, hangover headaches can result
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除了脫水之外,宿醉時的頭痛
02:33
from alcohol’s influence on chemical signaling in the brain,
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是因為酒精影響 大腦內化學物質的傳遞。
02:37
especially on neurotransmitters involved in pain signaling.
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特別是負責痛覺感知的神經傳導介質。
02:40
Alcohol can also damage mitochondria,
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酒精也會對粒線體造成損害,
02:43
which are responsible for producing the ATP that gives us energy.
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而粒線體又是負責製造 供給能量的三磷酸腺核苷。
02:47
This may contribute to the fatigue, weakness, and mood disturbances
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這會造成疲憊、虛弱、情緒失調
02:50
experienced during a hangover.
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這類宿醉時的感受。
02:53
Meanwhile, alcohol stimulates the immune system,
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同時,酒精會刺激免疫系統,
02:56
leading to inflammation that can damage cells within the brain,
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造成發炎並損害腦細胞。
02:59
affect mood, and impair memory.
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甚至影響情緒和造成失憶。
03:02
And it can irritate the gastrointestinal tract
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酒精還能刺激腸胃,
03:05
and inflame the lining of the stomach and intestines.
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使得胃和消化道的內壁發炎。
03:08
Alcohol may also slow down stomach emptying,
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此外,酒精也會讓胃的消化變慢,
03:11
which could lead to increased production of gastric acid.
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進一步導致胃酸增生。
03:15
This is why alcohol can cause stomach pain, nausea, and vomiting.
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這就是為什麼酒精會造成 胃痛、噁心和嘔吐。
03:19
Alcoholic drinks also contain other substances that are produced
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酒精飲料含有一些 在發酵過程中產生的物質,
03:23
during the fermentation process that give the drink its specific flavor.
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讓酒產生其獨特的味道。
03:27
Some evidence suggests that one of these, methanol,
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一些證據指出, 其中一個叫甲醇的物質
03:30
is particularly bad for hangovers.
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在宿醉時特別有害。
03:33
The body doesn’t start metabolizing methanol
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因為身體要先代謝完乙醇
03:35
until it’s done processing ethanol.
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才能處理甲醇。
03:37
And when it does, the toxic metabolites of methanol
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當這個過程發生時, 甲醇的毒性代謝產物
03:41
may potentially worsen the hangover symptoms.
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就很可能惡化宿醉的症狀。
03:44
Beverages that are closer to pure ethanol, such as gin and vodka,
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所以像是琴酒和伏特加, 這類接近純乙醇的酒精飲料,
03:48
may cause fewer hangover effects.
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可能可減少一些宿醉造成的影響。
03:51
Meanwhile, the presence of flavoring ingredients in beverages
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而用增添風味材料製作的酒,
03:54
like whiskey, brandy, and red wine,
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像是威士忌、白蘭地和紅酒,
03:56
may make these kinds of alcohol cause more hangover symptoms.
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因其產生的物質 而可能引發更多的宿醉症狀。
04:01
So, the choice of alcoholic beverage matters,
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所以說,慎選酒精飲料很重要,
04:04
but any of them can cause hangovers, simply because they all contain alcohol.
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但它們都含有酒精,都會造成宿醉。
04:10
So, do common hangover remedies actually work?
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那麼,那些普遍緩解宿醉的 方法確實有效嗎?
04:14
Drinking water and electrolyte beverages can help reduce symptoms
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攝取水分和含電解質的飲料
能夠有效緩解脫水症狀。
04:17
related to dehydration.
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04:19
And eating— especially carbs— can help replenish the glucose levels
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在進食方面,攝取醣類能夠補充
被酒精減緩作用的葡萄糖。
04:23
alcohol reduces.
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04:25
But ultimately, the only sure way to prevent a hangover
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總歸來說,避免宿醉最有效的方法
04:28
is to drink alcohol in moderation or not at all.
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還是適度飲酒或著乾脆不喝。
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