Why was India split into two countries? - Haimanti Roy

3,774,732 views ・ 2021-06-21

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Jovana Babic Lektor: Milenka Okuka
00:07
In August 1947, India gained independence after 200 years of British rule.
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Nakon 200 godina britanske vladavine, Indija je avgusta 1974. postala nezavisna.
00:13
What followed was one of the largest and bloodiest forced migrations in history.
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Nakon toga, nastala je jedna od najvećih i najsurovijih prinudnih migracija na svetu.
00:18
An estimated one million people lost their lives.
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Po procenama, oko milion ljudi je izgubilo život.
00:22
Before British colonization,
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Pre britanske kolonizacije,
00:24
the Indian subcontinent was a patchwork of regional kingdoms
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indijski potkontinent je bio isparčan na regionalna kraljevstva
00:27
known as princely states populated by Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Jains,
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poznata kao kneževske države naseljene hindusima, muslimanima, Sikima, Džainima,
00:34
Buddhists, Christians, Parsis, and Jews.
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budistima, hrišćanima, Parsima i Jevrejima
00:38
Each princely state had its own traditions,
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Svaka kneževska država je imala sopstvenu tradiciju,
00:41
caste backgrounds, and leadership.
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kastni sistem i rukovodstvo.
00:44
Starting in the 1500s, a series of European powers colonized India
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Počevši od 16. veka, veliki broj evropskih sila je kolonizovao Indiju,
00:49
with coastal trading settlements.
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gradeći naselja za pomorsku trgovinu.
00:51
By the mid-18th century, the English East India Company
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Do sredine 18. veka, Britanska istočnoindijska kompanija
00:55
emerged as the primary colonial power in India.
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je postala glavna kolonizaciona sila u Indiji.
00:58
The British ruled some provinces directly, and ruled the princely states indirectly.
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Britanija je nekim provincijama direktno vladala, a kneževskim državama indirektno.
01:04
Under indirect rule, the princely states remained sovereign
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Kneževske države pod indirektnom vlašću su zadržale suverenitet,
01:07
but made political and financial concessions to the British.
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ali su Britaniji davale političke i finansijske koncesije.
01:11
In the 19th century, the British began to categorize Indians by religious identity—
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U 19. veku, Britanci su počeli da kategorišu Indijce po religiji -
01:17
a gross simplification of the communities in India.
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uveliko pojednostavljujući zajednice u Indiji.
01:20
They counted Hindus as “majorities”
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Smatrali su da su hindusi većinsko stanovništvo,
01:23
and all other religious communities as distinct “minorities,”
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a sve ostale verske zajednice su svrstali u manjine,
01:26
with Muslims being the largest minority.
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s tim da su muslimani bili najbrojnija manjina.
01:29
Sikhs were considered part of the Hindu community by everyone but themselves.
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Sike je svako, osim njih samih, smatrao delom zajednice hindusa.
01:33
In elections, people could only vote for candidates
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Na izborima, ljudi su mogli da glasaju samo za kandidate
01:36
of their own religious identification.
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sopstvene religijske pripadnosti.
01:39
These practices exaggerated differences,
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Ova praksa je naglasila razlike među zajednicama
01:41
sowing distrust between communities that had previously co-existed.
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i pogoršala već postojeće loše odnose.
01:46
The 20th century began with decades of anti-colonial movements,
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Početak 20. veka je bio obeležen pokretima protiv kolonijalizma
01:50
where Indians fought for independence from Britain.
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u kojima su se Indijci borili protiv Britanaca za nezavisnot.
01:53
In the aftermath of World War II,
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Posle Drugog svetskog rata,
01:55
under enormous financial strain from the war,
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zbog ogromnih ratnih finansijskih gubitaka
01:58
Britain finally caved.
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Britanija je konačno popustila.
02:00
Indian political leaders had differing views
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Političke vođe Indije su bili neusaglašeni
02:02
on what an independent India should look like.
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oko toga kako bi nezavisna Indija trebalo da izgleda.
02:05
Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru represented the Hindu majority
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Mohandas Gandi i Džavaharlal Nehru su predstavljali hindusku većinu
02:10
and wanted one united India.
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i želeli su jedinstvenu ujedinjenu Indiju.
02:13
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who led the Muslim minority,
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Muhamed Ali Džina, predstavnik muslimanske manjine je smatrao
02:16
thought the rifts created by colonization were too deep to repair.
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da je nesklad nastao zbog kolonizacije prevelik da bi se popravio.
02:19
Jinnah argued for a two nation division
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Džina se zalagao za podelu na dve nacije
02:22
where Muslims would have a homeland called Pakistan.
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gde bi muslimani živeli u državi nazvanoj Pakistan.
02:26
Following riots in 1946 and 1947, the British expedited their retreat,
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Nakon nemira 1946. i 1947, Britanci su počeli ubrzano da se povlače
02:32
planning Indian independence behind closed doors.
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i da u tajnosti planiraju nezavisnost Indije.
02:35
In June 1947, the British viceroy announced that India
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Britanski vicekralj je u junu 1974. objavio da će Indija
02:39
would gain independence by August,
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postati nezavisna do avgusta
02:41
and be partitioned into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan—
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i biti podeljena na hindusku Indiju i muslimanski Pakistan -
02:45
but gave little explanation of how exactly this would happen.
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ali nije dao tačno objašnjenje kako bi to trebalo da se desi.
02:49
Using outdated maps, inaccurate census numbers and minimal knowledge of the land,
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Koristeći zastarele mape, netačne podatke iz popisa i ograničeno znanje o oblasti,
02:55
in a mere five weeks, the Boundary Committee drew a border
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Komitet za granice je za samo pet nedelja iscrtao granicu
02:58
dividing three provinces under direct British rule:
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i podelio tri provincije pod direkrnom britanskom vlašću:
03:01
Bengal, Punjab, and Assam.
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Bengal, Pandžab i Asam.
03:04
The border took into account where Hindus and Muslims were majorities,
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Razgraničavanje je u obzir uzimalo to gde su hindusi i muslimani bili većina,
03:08
but also factors like location and population percentages.
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ali i faktore poput lokacije i demografskih procenata.
03:12
So if a Hindu majority area bordered another Hindu majority area,
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Dakle, ako su se dve regije sa većinskom populacijom hindusa graničile,
03:16
it would be included in India—
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one bi bile uključene u Indiju,
03:18
but if a Hindu majority area bordered Muslim majority areas,
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ali ako bi se većinski induska regija graničila sa muslimanskom,
03:21
it might become part of Pakistan.
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mogla je pripasti Pakistanu.
03:24
Princely states on the border had to choose which of the new nations to join,
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Kneževske države locirane na granici su birale kojoj državi da se pridruže,
03:28
losing their sovereignty in the process.
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posledično gubeći svoj suverenitet.
03:31
While the Boundary Committee worked on the new map,
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Dok je Komitet za granice pravio nove mape,
03:33
Hindus and Muslims began moving to areas
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hindusi i muslimani su počeli da migriraju u oblasti
03:36
where they thought they’d be a part of the religious majority—
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gde su mislili da će biti deo verske većine -
03:39
but they couldn’t be sure.
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ali nikad nisu mogli biti sigurni.
03:41
Families divided themselves.
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Porodice su se podelile.
03:43
Fearing sexual violence, parents sent young daughters and wives
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Plašeći se seksualnog nasilja, roditelji su slali svoje mlade ćerke i žene
03:46
to regions they perceived to be safe.
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u regione koje su smatrali bezbednim.
03:49
The new map wasn’t revealed until August 17th, 1947—
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Nove mape su objavljene tek 17. avgusta 1974 -
03:53
two days after independence.
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dva dana nakon nezavisnosti.
03:56
The provinces of Punjab and Bengal became
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Provincije Pandžab i Bengal su postale
03:58
the geographically separated East and West Pakistan.
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geografski razgraničeni Istočni i Zapadni Pakistan.
04:01
The rest became Hindu-majority India.
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Ostatak je postao većinski hinduska Indija.
04:04
In a period of two years, millions of Hindus and Sikhs living in Pakistan
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Tokom dve godine, milioni hindusa i Sika koji su živeli u Pakistanu
04:08
left for India,
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su otišli u Indiju,
04:10
while Muslims living in India fled villages
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dok su muslimani iz Indije bežali iz sela
04:12
where their families had lived for centuries.
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u kojima su njihove porodice živele vekovima.
04:14
The cities of Lahore, Delhi, Calcutta, Dhaka, and Karachi
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Gradovi Lahor, Delhi, Kolkata, Daka i Karači
04:20
emptied of old residents and filled with refugees.
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su ostali bez starosedelaca i bili su preplavljeni izbeglicama.
04:23
In the power vacuum British forces left behind,
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Zbog manjka autoriteta nastalog nakon povlačenja Britanije
04:26
radicalized militias and local groups massacred migrants.
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radikalizovana milicija i lokalne grupe su masakrirale migrante.
04:30
Much of the violence occurred in Punjab, and women bore the brunt of it,
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Pandžab je ovim bio najviše pogođen, a na glavnom udaru su bile žene
04:34
suffering rape and mutilation.
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koje su trpele silovanja i sakaćenja.
04:36
Around 100,000 women were kidnapped and forced to marry their captors.
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Oko 100 000 žena je kidnapovano i prisiljeno da se uda za njihove napadače.
04:41
The problems created by Partition went far beyond this immediate deadly aftermath.
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Smrt velikog broja ljudi nije bila jedina tragična posledica podele.
04:46
Many families who made temporary moves became permanently displaced,
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Mnoge porodice koje su se privremeno odselile su ostale trajno raseljene,
04:50
and borders continue to be disputed.
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a o pitanju granica se i dalje vodi spor.
04:53
In 1971, East Pakistan seceded and became the new country of Bangladesh.
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Istočni Pakistan se 1971. otcepio i postao nova država - Bangladeš.
04:58
Meanwhile, the Hindu ruler of Kashmir decided to join India—
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U međuvremenu, hinduski vođa Kašmira je rešio da se priključi Indiji.
05:03
a decision that was to be finalized by a public referendum
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Odluka je trebalo da se privede kraju pomoću referenduma
05:06
of the majority Muslim population.
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među većinskom muslimanskom populacijom.
05:09
That referendum still hasn't happened as of 2020,
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Taj referendum se do 2020. nije desio,
05:12
and India and Pakistan have been warring over Kashmir since 1947.
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a Indija i Pakistan ratuju oko Kašmira još od 1947.
05:17
More than 70 years later,
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Više od 70 godina kasnije,
05:19
the legacies of the Partition remain clear in the subcontinent:
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uticaj podele se i dalje može videti na potkontinentu:
05:23
in its new political formations and in the memories of divided families.
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u njegovim novim političkim strujama i sećanjima podeljenih porodica.
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