Why was India split into two countries? - Haimanti Roy

3,427,924 views ・ 2021-06-21

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: 주은 ꡬ κ²€ν† : JY Kang
00:07
In August 1947, India gained independence after 200 years of British rule.
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1947λ…„ 8μ›”, μΈλ„λŠ” 200λ…„κ°„ μ§€μ†λœ 영ꡭ의 μ§€λ°°λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 독립을 λ§žμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:13
What followed was one of the largest and bloodiest forced migrations in history.
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그리고 역사상 κ°€μž₯ λŒ€κ·œλͺ¨μ˜ μž”ν˜Ήν•œ κ°•μ œ 이주가 λ’€λ”°λžμ£ .
00:18
An estimated one million people lost their lives.
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이 사건은 백만 λͺ…μ˜ λͺ©μˆ¨μ„ μ•—μ•„κ°„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
Before British colonization,
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영ꡭ의 식민 지배 이전,
00:24
the Indian subcontinent was a patchwork of regional kingdoms
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μΈλ„μ˜ μ•„λŒ€λ₯™μ€ λ²ˆμ™•κ΅­μœΌλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ§„ μ—¬λŸ¬ 지역 μ™•κ΅­λ“€λ‘œ 이루어져 μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ©°
00:27
known as princely states populated by Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Jains,
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νžŒλ‘κ΅λ„, 무슬림, μ‹œν¬κ΅λ„, μžμ΄λ‚˜κ΅λ„, λΆˆκ΅λ„, ν¬λ¦¬μŠ€νŠΈκ΅λ„,
00:34
Buddhists, Christians, Parsis, and Jews.
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νŒŒμ‹œκ΅λ„, μœ λŒ€κ΅λ„κ°€ κ±°μ£Όν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
Each princely state had its own traditions,
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각각의 λ²ˆμ™•κ΅­μ€ κ·Έλ“€λ§Œμ˜ 전톡을 κ°€μ‘Œκ³ 
00:41
caste backgrounds, and leadership.
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고유의 카슀트 μ œλ„μ™€ ν†΅μΉ˜κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
00:44
Starting in the 1500s, a series of European powers colonized India
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1500λ…„λŒ€λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘μœΌλ‘œ
유럽 μ„Έλ ₯은 ν•΄μ•ˆ 무역 정착을 톡해 μ—°μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ 인도λ₯Ό μ§€λ°°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:49
with coastal trading settlements.
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00:51
By the mid-18th century, the English East India Company
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18μ„ΈκΈ° μ€‘λ°˜, 영ꡭ 동인도 νšŒμ‚¬λŠ”
00:55
emerged as the primary colonial power in India.
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μΈλ„μ˜ 주된 식민 지배 μ„Έλ ₯으둜 λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ λ“œλŸ¬λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
The British ruled some provinces directly, and ruled the princely states indirectly.
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μ˜κ΅­μ€ λͺ‡λͺ‡ 지역은 직접 μ§€λ°°ν•˜κ³  λ²ˆμ™•κ΅­μ€ κ°„μ ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ ν†΅μΉ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
Under indirect rule, the princely states remained sovereign
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κ°„μ ‘ ν†΅μΉ˜ ν•˜μ—μ„œ λ²ˆμ™•κ΅­λ“€μ€ μžμΉ˜κΆŒμ„ μœ μ§€ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
01:07
but made political and financial concessions to the British.
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μ •μΉ˜μ , 경제적으둜 μ—°κ΅­μ˜ 간섭을 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
In the 19th century, the British began to categorize Indians by religious identityβ€”
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19μ„ΈκΈ°, μ˜κ΅­μ€ 인도인듀을 μ’…κ΅λ‘œ λΆ„λ₯˜ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμœΌλ©°,
01:17
a gross simplification of the communities in India.
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인도 전체λ₯Ό λ‹¨μˆœν™”λœ μ§‘λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ„μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:20
They counted Hindus as β€œmajorities”
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그듀은 νžŒλ‘κ΅λ„λ₯Ό β€˜λ‹€μˆ˜ λ―Όμ‘±β€™μœΌλ‘œ,
01:23
and all other religious communities as distinct β€œminorities,”
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κ·Έ μ™Έ λͺ¨λ“  쒅ꡐ 집단을 λ‹€λ₯Έ β€˜μ†Œμˆ˜ λ―Όμ‘±β€™μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬λΆ„ν–ˆμ£ .
01:26
with Muslims being the largest minority.
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μ†Œμˆ˜ 민쑱의 λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜λŠ” 무슬림이 μ°¨μ§€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
Sikhs were considered part of the Hindu community by everyone but themselves.
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μ‹œν¬κ΅λŠ” νžŒλ‘κ΅λ‘œ λΆ„λ₯˜λ˜μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ, 그듀은 이λ₯Ό 받아듀이지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
In elections, people could only vote for candidates
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μ„ κ±°μ—μ„œλŠ” μžμ‹ κ³Ό 같은 쒅ꡐλ₯Ό 가진 ν›„λ³΄μ—κ²Œλ§Œ νˆ¬ν‘œν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:36
of their own religious identification.
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01:39
These practices exaggerated differences,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 관행듀은 차별을 μ‹¬ν™”μ‹œμΌœ
01:41
sowing distrust between communities that had previously co-existed.
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μ΄μ „μ—λŠ” κ³΅μ‘΄ν–ˆλ˜ 집단 κ°„μ˜ λΆˆμ‹ μ„ μ‹ΉνŠΈκ²Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
The 20th century began with decades of anti-colonial movements,
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20μ„ΈκΈ° λ“€μ–΄ μˆ˜μ‹­ 년에 걸친 λ°˜μ‹λ―Όμ§€λ°° μš΄λ™μ΄ μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
01:50
where Indians fought for independence from Britain.
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인도인듀은 μ˜κ΅­μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°μ˜ 독립을 μœ„ν•΄ μ‹Έμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
In the aftermath of World War II,
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2μ°¨ μ„Έκ³„λŒ€μ „μ˜ 영ν–₯으둜
01:55
under enormous financial strain from the war,
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μ˜κ΅­μ€ μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μž¬μ •λ‚œμ„ κ²ͺ으며 κ²°κ΅­ κ΅΄λ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
Britain finally caved.
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02:00
Indian political leaders had differing views
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μΈλ„μ˜ μ •μΉ˜ 리더듀은 λ…λ¦½ν•œ 인도가 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 보여야 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄
02:02
on what an independent India should look like.
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μƒμ΄ν•œ 견해λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru represented the Hindu majority
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λͺ¨ν•œλ‹€μŠ€ 간디와 μžμ™€ν• λž„ λ„€λ£¨λŠ” β€˜λ‹€μˆ˜β€™ νžŒλ‘κ΅λ„λ₯Ό λŒ€ν‘œν•˜μ˜€κ³ 
02:10
and wanted one united India.
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ν†΅μΌλœ 인도λ₯Ό μ›ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who led the Muslim minority,
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β€˜μ†Œμˆ˜β€™ λ¬΄μŠ¬λ¦Όμ„ μ΄λŒμ—ˆλ˜ λ¬΄ν•˜λ§ˆλ“œ μ•Œλ¦¬ μ§„λ‚˜λŠ”
02:16
thought the rifts created by colonization were too deep to repair.
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식민 μ§€λ°°λ‘œ 인해 생긴 균열을 λ°”λ‘œμž‘κΈ°μ—” λ„ˆλ¬΄ κΉŠλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
Jinnah argued for a two nation division
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κ·ΈλŠ” 인도λ₯Ό 두 개의 κ΅­κ°€λ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄
02:22
where Muslims would have a homeland called Pakistan.
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무슬림의 고ꡭ인 νŒŒν‚€μŠ€νƒ„μ„ λ˜μ°Ύμ•„μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆμ£ .
02:26
Following riots in 1946 and 1947, the British expedited their retreat,
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1946λ…„κ³Ό 1947λ…„ 폭동 이후,
μ˜κ΅­μ€ 인도 독립을 비밀리에 μ§„ν–‰ν•˜λ©° 철수 속도λ₯Ό λ†’μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
planning Indian independence behind closed doors.
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02:35
In June 1947, the British viceroy announced that India
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1947λ…„ 6μ›”, 영ꡭ 총독은 인도가 8μ›”κΉŒμ§€ 독립을 ν•˜κ²Œ 될 것이며
02:39
would gain independence by August,
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02:41
and be partitioned into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistanβ€”
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νžŒλ‘ 인도와 무슬림 νŒŒν‚€μŠ€νƒ„μœΌλ‘œ 뢄할될 것이라 λ°œν‘œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
but gave little explanation of how exactly this would happen.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 뢄할될지에 κ΄€ν•œ μ •ν™•ν•œ μ„€λͺ…은 거의 μ—†μ—ˆμ£ .
02:49
Using outdated maps, inaccurate census numbers and minimal knowledge of the land,
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였래된 지도와 λΆ€μ •ν™•ν•œ 인ꡬ쑰사,
토지에 κ΄€ν•œ λΆ€μ‘±ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό ν† λŒ€λ‘œ
02:55
in a mere five weeks, the Boundary Committee drew a border
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κ΅­κ²½μœ„μ›νšŒλŠ” 단 5μ£Ό λ§Œμ— ꡭ경을 그렸으며,
02:58
dividing three provinces under direct British rule:
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영ꡭ의 직접적인 뢄할령에 따라 μ„Έ μ§€μ—­μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ„μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
Bengal, Punjab, and Assam.
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벡갈주, νŽ€μžλΈŒμ£Ό, μ•„μ‚Όμ£Όλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ„μ—ˆμ£ .
03:04
The border took into account where Hindus and Muslims were majorities,
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μ£Ό κ²½κ³„λŠ” νžŒλ‘κ΅λ„μ™€ 무슬림이 μ–΄λŠ 지역에 λ§Žμ€μ§€ κ³ λ €ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°,
03:08
but also factors like location and population percentages.
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μœ„μΉ˜, 인ꡬ λΉ„μœ¨κ³Ό 같은 μš”μ†Œλ“€λ„ κ³ λ €ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
So if a Hindu majority area bordered another Hindu majority area,
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νžŒλ‘κ΅ λ‹€μˆ˜ 지역이 λ‹€λ₯Έ νžŒλ‘κ΅ λ‹€μˆ˜ 지역과 인접해 있으면
03:16
it would be included in Indiaβ€”
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인도에 ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
but if a Hindu majority area bordered Muslim majority areas,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ νžŒλ‘κ΅ λ‹€μˆ˜ 지역이 무슬림 λ‹€μˆ˜ 지역과 μΈμ ‘ν•΄μžˆμœΌλ©΄
03:21
it might become part of Pakistan.
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κ·Έ 지역은 νŒŒν‚€μŠ€νƒ„μ— 속할 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
03:24
Princely states on the border had to choose which of the new nations to join,
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ꡭ경에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ λ²ˆμ™•κ΅­λ“€μ€ 신생 κ΅­κ°€ 쀑 μ–΄λŠ 곳에 속할지 선택해야 ν–ˆμœΌλ©°,
03:28
losing their sovereignty in the process.
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이 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μžμΉ˜κΆŒμ„ μžƒκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
While the Boundary Committee worked on the new map,
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κ΅­κ²½μœ„μ›νšŒκ°€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ§€λ„λ‘œ ꡭ경을 λ‚˜λˆ„λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ,
03:33
Hindus and Muslims began moving to areas
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νžŒλ‘κ΅λ„μ™€ λ¬΄μŠ¬λ¦Όμ€ 쒅ꡐ에 따라
03:36
where they thought they’d be a part of the religious majorityβ€”
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λ‹€μˆ˜ μ§€μ—­μœΌλ‘œ μ—¬κ²¨μ§€λŠ” 곳으둜 μ΄λ™ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:39
but they couldn’t be sure.
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그것도 ν™•μ‹€μΉ˜ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:41
Families divided themselves.
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가쑱듀은 슀슀둜 ν©μ–΄μ Έμ•Όλ§Œ ν–ˆμ£ .
03:43
Fearing sexual violence, parents sent young daughters and wives
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성범죄λ₯Ό ν”Όν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
λΆ€λͺ¨λ“€μ€ μ–΄λ¦° λ”Έλ“€κ³Ό μ•„λ‚΄λ₯Ό μ•ˆμ „ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μ—¬κΈ°λŠ” μ§€μ—­μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
to regions they perceived to be safe.
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03:49
The new map wasn’t revealed until August 17th, 1947β€”
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ§€λ„λŠ” 1947λ…„ 8μ›” 17일이 λ˜μ–΄μ„œμ•Ό κ³΅κ°œλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:53
two days after independence.
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독립 ν›„ 이틀이 μ§€λ‚œ λ’€μ—ˆμ£ .
03:56
The provinces of Punjab and Bengal became
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νŽ€μžλΈŒμ£Όμ™€ 벡갈주 지역은
03:58
the geographically separated East and West Pakistan.
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μ§€λ¦¬μ μœΌλ‘œ λ™νŒŒν‚€μŠ€νƒ„κ³Ό μ„œνŒŒν‚€μŠ€νƒ„μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„λ¦¬λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
The rest became Hindu-majority India.
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κ·Έ μ™Έ 지역은 νžŒλ‘κ΅ λ‹€μˆ˜ 지역인 인도에 ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
In a period of two years, millions of Hindus and Sikhs living in Pakistan
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2년에 걸쳐, νŒŒν‚€μŠ€νƒ„μ— κ±°μ£Όν•˜λŠ” 수백 λͺ…μ˜ νžŒλ‘κ΅λ„μ™€ μ‹œν¬κ΅λ„λŠ”
04:08
left for India,
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μΈλ„λ‘œ λ– λ‚œ λ°˜λ©΄μ—,
04:10
while Muslims living in India fled villages
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인도에 κ±°μ£Όν•˜λ˜ λ¬΄μŠ¬λ¦Όμ€
κ·Έλ“€ 민쑱이 수백 λ…„κ°„ μ‚΄λ˜ λ§ˆμ„λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 도망쳐야 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:12
where their families had lived for centuries.
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04:14
The cities of Lahore, Delhi, Calcutta, Dhaka, and Karachi
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라호λ₯΄, 델리, μΊ˜μ»€νƒ€, λ‹€μΉ΄, 카라치의 λ„μ‹œλŠ”
04:20
emptied of old residents and filled with refugees.
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과거에 μ‚΄λ˜ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ λ– λ‚˜κ³  λ‚œλ―ΌμœΌλ‘œ κ°€λ“ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
In the power vacuum British forces left behind,
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영ꡭꡰ이 λ– λ‚œ ꢌλ ₯ 곡백 μƒν™©μ—μ„œ
04:26
radicalized militias and local groups massacred migrants.
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κΈ‰μ§„μ£Όμ˜ κ΅­λ―Όκ΅°κ³Ό 지역 무리듀은 μ΄μ£Όμžλ“€μ„ ν•™μ‚΄ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
Much of the violence occurred in Punjab, and women bore the brunt of it,
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 폭λ ₯은 νŽ€μžλΈŒμ£Όμ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν–ˆκ³ ,
여성듀은 κ°•κ°„κ³Ό ν• λ‘€λ‘œ 인해 직격탄을 λ§žμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
suffering rape and mutilation.
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04:36
Around 100,000 women were kidnapped and forced to marry their captors.
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λŒ€λž΅ 10만 λͺ…μ˜ 여성듀이 λ‚©μΉ˜λ‹Ήν•˜κ³  λ‚©μΉ˜λ²”λ“€κ³Ό κ°•μ œλ‘œ κ²°ν˜Όν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
The problems created by Partition went far beyond this immediate deadly aftermath.
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이런 즉각적인 μ—¬νŒŒ μ΄μƒμœΌλ‘œ 뢄단에 λ”°λ₯Έ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ€ 더 μ‹¬κ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
Many families who made temporary moves became permanently displaced,
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μž„μ‹œλ‘œ μ΄μ£Όν–ˆλ˜ λ§Žμ€ 가쑱듀은 μ˜μ›νžˆ ν—€μ–΄μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°,
04:50
and borders continue to be disputed.
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ꡭ경은 λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ λ…ΌμŸκ±°λ¦¬κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:53
In 1971, East Pakistan seceded and became the new country of Bangladesh.
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1971λ…„, λ™νŒŒν‚€μŠ€νƒ„μ€ 뢄리 λ…λ¦½ν•˜μ—¬ λ°©κΈ€λΌλ°μ‹œκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
Meanwhile, the Hindu ruler of Kashmir decided to join Indiaβ€”
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ν•œνŽΈ, 카슈미λ₯΄μ˜ νžŒλ‘κ΅ μ§€λ°°μžλŠ” μΈλ„μ™€μ˜ 합병을 κ²°μ •ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:03
a decision that was to be finalized by a public referendum
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이 결정은 λ‹€μˆ˜ 무슬림 인ꡬ의 νˆ¬ν‘œλ‘œ μ΅œμ’… μŠΉμΈλ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:06
of the majority Muslim population.
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05:09
That referendum still hasn't happened as of 2020,
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κ΅­λ―Ό νˆ¬ν‘œλŠ” ν˜„μž¬ 2020λ…„κΉŒμ§€λ„ μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  있으며,
05:12
and India and Pakistan have been warring over Kashmir since 1947.
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1947λ…„ μ΄ν›„λ‘œ 인도와 νŒŒν‚€μŠ€νƒ„μ€ 카슈미λ₯΄λ₯Ό 두고 λŒ€λ¦½ν•΄μ˜€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:17
More than 70 years later,
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70년이 λ„˜λ„λ‘
05:19
the legacies of the Partition remain clear in the subcontinent:
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λΆ„ν• μ˜ μž”μž¬λŠ” 인도 λŒ€λ₯™μ— μ„ λͺ…νžˆ μƒˆκ²¨μ Έ
05:23
in its new political formations and in the memories of divided families.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ •μΉ˜ ꡬ쑰와 뢄단 κ°€μ‘±μ˜ κΈ°μ–΅μœΌλ‘œ 남아 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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