Why was India split into two countries? - Haimanti Roy

3,847,332 views ใƒป 2021-06-21

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:07
In August 1947, India gained independence after 200 years of British rule.
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ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1947, ื”ื•ื“ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื” ืื—ืจื™ 200 ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™.
00:13
What followed was one of the largest and bloodiest forced migrations in history.
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ืžืžื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
00:18
An estimated one million people lost their lives.
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ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
00:22
Before British colonization,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช,
00:24
the Indian subcontinent was a patchwork of regional kingdoms
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ืชืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืœืื›ืช ื˜ืœืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช
00:27
known as princely states populated by Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Jains,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ื›ืœืกื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื, ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ืกื™ืงื™ื, ื’โ€™ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
00:34
Buddhists, Christians, Parsis, and Jews.
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ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืคืจืกื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.
00:38
Each princely state had its own traditions,
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
00:41
caste backgrounds, and leadership.
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ืจืงืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืืกื˜ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช.
00:44
Starting in the 1500s, a series of European powers colonized India
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-16, ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•
00:49
with coastal trading settlements.
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ืขื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
00:51
By the mid-18th century, the English East India Company
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ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-18, ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
00:55
emerged as the primary colonial power in India.
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ืขืœืชื” ื›ื›ื•ื— ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
00:58
The British ruled some provinces directly, and ruled the princely states indirectly.
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ, ื•ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื™ืฉื™ืจ.
01:04
Under indirect rule, the princely states remained sovereign
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ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฉื™ืจ, ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉืืจื• ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
01:07
but made political and financial concessions to the British.
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ืื‘ืœ ื•ื™ืชืจื• ื•ื™ืชื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื.
01:11
In the 19th century, the British began to categorize Indians by religious identityโ€”
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19, ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืงื˜ืœื’ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช --
01:17
a gross simplification of the communities in India.
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ื”ืคืฉื˜ื” ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
01:20
They counted Hindus as โ€œmajoritiesโ€
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ื”ื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื›โ€œืจื•ื‘โ€
01:23
and all other religious communities as distinct โ€œminorities,โ€
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ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›โ€œืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ืโ€ ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื,
01:26
with Muslims being the largest minority.
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ืขื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื›ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:29
Sikhs were considered part of the Hindu community by everyone but themselves.
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ืกื™ืงื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืขืฆืžื.
01:33
In elections, people could only vote for candidates
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ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืจืง ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื
01:36
of their own religious identification.
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ืžืื•ืชื” ื–ื”ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ื›ืžื•ื”ื.
01:39
These practices exaggerated differences,
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ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื,
01:41
sowing distrust between communities that had previously co-existed.
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ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื“ื•-ืงื™ื•ื.
01:46
The 20th century began with decades of anti-colonial movements,
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ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื—ืœื” ืขื ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช,
01:50
where Indians fought for independence from Britain.
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื.
01:53
In the aftermath of World War II,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
01:55
under enormous financial strain from the war,
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ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื“ ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื”,
01:58
Britain finally caved.
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืงืคืœื•.
02:00
Indian political leaders had differing views
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ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
02:02
on what an independent India should look like.
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื“ื• ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช.
02:05
Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru represented the Hindu majority
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ืžื•ื”ื ื“ืก ื’ืื ื“ื™ ื•ื’โ€™ืื•ื•ื”ืจืœืœ ื ื”ืจื• ื™ืฆื’ื• ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื™
02:10
and wanted one united India.
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ื•ืจืฆื• ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื•ื“ื•.
02:13
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who led the Muslim minority,
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ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ ื’โ€™ื™ื ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™,
02:16
thought the rifts created by colonization were too deep to repair.
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ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืงืจืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ.
02:19
Jinnah argued for a two nation division
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ื’โ€™ื™ื ื” ื˜ืขืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืฉืชื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช
02:22
where Muslims would have a homeland called Pakistan.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืœืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ืฉื ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
02:26
Following riots in 1946 and 1947, the British expedited their retreat,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘-1946 ื•ื‘-1947, ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื”,
02:32
planning Indian independence behind closed doors.
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ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื“ืœืชื™ื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช.
02:35
In June 1947, the British viceroy announced that India
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1947, ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืžืœืš ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉื”ื•ื“ื•
02:39
would gain independence by August,
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ืชืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜,
02:41
and be partitioned into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistanโ€”
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ื•ืชื—ื•ืœืง ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืช ื•ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช --
02:45
but gave little explanation of how exactly this would happen.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืชืŸ ืžืขื˜ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื–ื” ื™ืชืจื—ืฉ.
02:49
Using outdated maps, inaccurate census numbers and minimal knowledge of the land,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืคื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื•ืช, ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื•ื™ื“ืข ืžื•ืขื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ,
02:55
in a mere five weeks, the Boundary Committee drew a border
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ืชื•ืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœ
02:58
dividing three provinces under direct British rule:
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ืฉื—ื™ืœืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจ:
03:01
Bengal, Punjab, and Assam.
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ื‘ื ื’ืœ, ืคื•ื ื’โ€™ืื‘ ื•ืืกืื.
03:04
The border took into account where Hindus and Muslims were majorities,
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ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืงื— ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื™,
03:08
but also factors like location and population percentages.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
03:12
So if a Hindu majority area bordered another Hindu majority area,
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ืื– ืื ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืขื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื“ื™,
03:16
it would be included in Indiaโ€”
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• --
03:18
but if a Hindu majority area bordered Muslim majority areas,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™,
03:21
it might become part of Pakistan.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื—ืœืง ืžืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
03:24
Princely states on the border had to choose which of the new nations to join,
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ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœืื™ื–ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ,
03:28
losing their sovereignty in the process.
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
03:31
While the Boundary Committee worked on the new map,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื‘ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
03:33
Hindus and Muslims began moving to areas
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ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื
03:36
where they thought theyโ€™d be a part of the religious majorityโ€”
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืชื™ --
03:39
but they couldnโ€™t be sure.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื.
03:41
Families divided themselves.
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ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœืงื• ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ.
03:43
Fearing sexual violence, parents sent young daughters and wives
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ื‘ืคื—ื“ ืžืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื—ื• ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื™ื
03:46
to regions they perceived to be safe.
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ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื.
03:49
The new map wasnโ€™t revealed until August 17th, 1947โ€”
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ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ืขื“ 17 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1947 --
03:53
two days after independence.
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ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช.
03:56
The provinces of Punjab and Bengal became
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ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ื’โ€™ืื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื’ืœ ื”ืคื›ื•
03:58
the geographically separated East and West Pakistan.
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ืœืžื–ืจื— ื•ืœืžืขืจื‘ ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช.
04:01
The rest became Hindu-majority India.
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ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ืขื ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื™.
04:04
In a period of two years, millions of Hindus and Sikhs living in Pakistan
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื•ืกื™ืงื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ
04:08
left for India,
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ืขื–ื‘ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื•,
04:10
while Muslims living in India fled villages
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืจื—ื• ืžื›ืคืจื™ื
04:12
where their families had lived for centuries.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
04:14
The cities of Lahore, Delhi, Calcutta, Dhaka, and Karachi
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ื”ืขืจื™ื ืœืื”ื•ืจ, ื“ืœื”ื™, ื›ืœื›ืชื”, ื“ืืงื” ื•ืงืจืืฆโ€™ื™
04:20
emptied of old residents and filled with refugees.
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ื”ืชืจื•ืงื ื• ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžืœืื• ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื.
04:23
In the power vacuum British forces left behind,
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ื‘ื•ื•ืืงื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื,
04:26
radicalized militias and local groups massacred migrants.
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ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ื—ื• ื‘ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื.
04:30
Much of the violence occurred in Punjab, and women bore the brunt of it,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืคื•ื ื’โ€™ืื‘, ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื ืฉืื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
04:34
suffering rape and mutilation.
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ื›ืฉืกื‘ืœื• ืื•ื ืก ื•ื”ืฉื—ืชื”.
04:36
Around 100,000 women were kidnapped and forced to marry their captors.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 100,000 ื ืฉื™ื ื ื—ื˜ืคื• ื•ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœืฉื•ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ.
04:41
The problems created by Partition went far beyond this immediate deadly aftermath.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืจื—ื™ืงื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
04:46
Many families who made temporary moves became permanently displaced,
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ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
04:50
and borders continue to be disputed.
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ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
04:53
In 1971, East Pakistan seceded and became the new country of Bangladesh.
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ื‘-1971, ืžื–ืจื— ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืจืฉื” ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ.
04:58
Meanwhile, the Hindu ruler of Kashmir decided to join Indiaโ€”
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืฉืžื™ืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื”ื•ื“ื• --
05:03
a decision that was to be finalized by a public referendum
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืืœ ืขื
05:06
of the majority Muslim population.
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ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
05:09
That referendum still hasn't happened as of 2020,
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ืžืฉืืœ ื”ืขื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ-2020,
05:12
and India and Pakistan have been warring over Kashmir since 1947.
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ื•ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืœื—ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืงืฉืžื™ืจ ืžืื– 1947.
05:17
More than 70 years later,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-70 ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
05:19
the legacies of the Partition remain clear in the subcontinent:
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช:
05:23
in its new political formations and in the memories of divided families.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื“ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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