How the food you eat affects your gut - Shilpa Ravella

Kako hrana koju jedete utiče na vaša creva - Šilpa Ravela (Shilpa Ravella)

6,484,935 views

2017-03-23 ・ TED-Ed


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How the food you eat affects your gut - Shilpa Ravella

Kako hrana koju jedete utiče na vaša creva - Šilpa Ravela (Shilpa Ravella)

6,484,935 views ・ 2017-03-23

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Milenka Okuka
00:06
Trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi live on or inside of us,
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Bilioni bakterija, virusa i gljivica žive u nama ili na nama
00:12
and maintaining a good, balanced relationship with them
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i nama koristi da održavamo dobru, uravnoteženu
00:15
is to our advantage.
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vezu sa njima.
00:17
Together, they form the gut microbiome,
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Zajedno čine mikrobiom creva,
00:20
a rich ecosystem that performs a variety of functions in our bodies.
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bogat ekosistem koji vrši niz funcija u našim telima.
00:24
The bacteria in our guts can break down food the body can't digest,
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Bakterije u crevima mogu da razlože hranu koju telo ne može da svari,
00:28
produce important nutrients,
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stvaraju važne hranljive materije,
00:30
regulate the immune system,
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regulišu imuni sistem
00:32
and protect against harmful germs.
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i štite nas od štetnih bacila.
00:35
We don't yet have the blueprint
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Još uvek nemamo nacrt toga
00:37
for exactly which good bacteria a robust gut needs,
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tačno koje dobre bakterije su potrebne dobrim crevima,
00:41
but we do know that it's important for a healthy microbiome
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ali znamo da je bitno za zdrav mikrobiom
00:44
to have a variety of bacterial species.
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da imamo raznovrsne bakterijske vrste.
00:47
Many factors affect our microbiomes,
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Mnogo faktora utiče na naše mikrobiome,
00:49
including our environment,
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uključujući našu okolinu,
00:51
medications like antibiotics,
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lekove poput antibiotika
00:53
and even whether we were delivered by C-section or not.
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i čak to da li smo na svet došli putem carskog reza ili ne.
00:57
Diet, too, is emerging as one of the leading influences
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Ishrana se takođe ističe kao jedan od vodećih uticaja
01:01
on the health of our guts.
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na zdravlje naših creva.
01:03
And while we can't control all these factors,
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I dok ne možemo da kontrolišemo sve te faktore,
01:06
we can manipulate the balance of our microbes
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možemo da manipulišemo ravnotežom naših mikroba
01:08
by paying attention to what we eat.
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tako što obraćamo pažnju na to šta jedemo.
01:11
Dietary fiber from foods like fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, and whole grains
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Vlakna u ishrani, poput onih iz voća, povrća,
orašastih, mahunastih i integralnih namirnica,
01:17
is the best fuel for gut bacteria.
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najbolje je gorivo za bakterije u crevima.
01:21
When bacteria digest fiber,
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Kada bakterije vare vlakna,
01:23
they produce short chain fatty acids that nourish the gut barrier,
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proizvode kratkolančane masne kiseline koje neguju crevnu barijeru,
01:27
improve immune function,
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poboljšavaju funkcije imuniteta
01:30
and can help prevent inflammation, which reduces the risk of cancer.
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i mogu da pomognu da se spreče upale, što smanjuje rizik od raka.
01:34
And the more fiber you ingest,
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Što više vlakana unosite,
01:36
the more fiber-digesting bacteria colonize your gut.
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u vašim crevima će nastajati više bakterija koje vare vlakna.
01:40
In a recent study, scientists exchanged the regular high-fiber diets
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U skorašnjem istraživanju, naučnici su promenili ishranu kod grupe
Južnoafrikanaca iz ruralnih sredina koji su inače jeli dosta vlakana
01:45
of a group of rural South Africans
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01:47
with the high-fat, meat-heavy diets of a group of African-Americans.
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tako da su prebačeni na ishranu sa dosta masti i mnogo mesa
kao kod grupe Afroamerikanaca.
01:52
After just two weeks on the high-fat, low-fiber, Western-style diet,
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Nakon samo dve nedelje na ishrani sa dosta masti i malo vlakana,
01:57
the rural African group showed increased inflammation of the colon,
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kod Južnoafrikanaca pokazalo se povećano zapaljenje tankog creva,
02:00
as well as a decrease of butyrate.
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kao i smanjenje butirata.
02:03
That's a short chain fatty acid thought to lower risk of colon cancer.
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To je kratkolančana masna kiselina koja bi trebalo da smanjuje
rizik od raka tankog creva.
02:08
Meanwhile, the group that switched to a high-fiber, low-fat diet
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U međuvremenu, grupa koja se prebacila na ishranu sa dosta vlakana i malo masti
02:11
had the opposite result.
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imala je suprotne rezultate.
02:14
So what goes wrong with our gut bacteria when we eat low-fiber processed foods?
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Šta se to loše dešava sa bakterijama u našim crevima
kada jedemo prerađenu hranu s malo vlakana?
02:20
Lower fiber means less fuel for the gut bacteria,
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Manjak vlakana znači da crevne bakterije imaju manje goriva,
02:24
essentially starving them until they die off.
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u principu se izgladnjuju dok ne izumru.
02:27
This results in less diversity
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Ovim nastaje manje raznovrsnosti
02:29
and hungry bacteria.
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i više gladnih bakterija.
02:32
In fact, some can even start to feed on the mucus lining.
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Zapravo, neke od njih čak mogu da počnu da se hrane sluzi.
02:36
We also know that specific foods can affect gut bacteria.
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Takođe znamo da pojedina hrana može da utiče na bakterije u crevima.
02:41
In one recent microbiome study,
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U skorašnjem istraživanju mikrobioma,
02:43
scientists found that fruits,
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naučnici su otkrili da voće,
02:44
vegetables,
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povrće,
02:45
tea,
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čaj,
02:46
coffee,
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kafa,
02:47
red wine,
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crno vino
02:48
and dark chocolate
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i tamna čokolada
02:49
were correlated with increased bacterial diversity.
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imaju veze sa povećanom raznovrsnošću bakterija.
02:53
These foods contain polyphenols,
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Ove namirnice imaju polifenole,
02:55
which are naturally occurring antioxidant compounds.
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što su prirodna antioksidantna jedinjenja.
03:00
On the other hand,
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Sa druge strane,
03:01
foods high in dairy fat,
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namirnice sa dosta mlečne masti,
03:02
like whole milk, and sugar-sweetened sodas
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poput punomasnog mleka i sokova sa dosta šećera
03:05
were correlated with decreased diversity.
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povezane su sa smanjenom raznovrsnošću.
03:08
How food is prepared also matters.
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Takođe je bitno kako se hrana priprema.
03:11
Minimally processed, fresh foods generally have more fiber
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Minimalno obrađene, sveže namirnice uglavnom imaju više vlakana
03:14
and provide better fuel.
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i daju bolje gorivo.
03:16
So lightly steamed,
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Dakle, blago skuvane na pari,
03:17
sautéed,
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brzo propržene
03:18
or raw vegetables
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ili sirove biljke
03:19
are typically more beneficial than fried dishes.
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obično imaju više koristi od prženih jela.
03:23
There are also ways of preparing food that can actually introduce good bacteria,
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Takođe postoje načini pripreme hrane koji zapravo mogu uvesti dobre bakterije
03:27
also known as probiotics, into your gut.
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u vaše crevo, koje se još zovu i probioticima.
03:31
Fermented foods are teeming with helpful probiotic bacteria,
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Fermentisane namirinice obilate su korisnim probiotskim bakterijama,
03:35
like lactobacillus
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poput laktobacila
03:36
and bifidobacteria.
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i bifidobakterija.
03:38
Originally used as a way of preserving foods
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Prvobitno se koristila kao način za skladištenje hrane
03:40
before the invention of refrigeration,
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pre nastanka zamrzavanja -
03:43
fermentation remains a traditional practice all over the world.
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fermentacija je ostala tradicija širom sveta.
03:47
Foods like kimchi,
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Hrane poput kimčija,
03:48
sauerkraut,
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kiselog kupusa,
03:49
tempeh,
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tempea
03:50
and kombucha
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i kombuče,
03:51
provide variety and vitality to our diets.
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našoj ishrani daju raznovrsnost i vitalnost.
03:54
Yogurt is another fermented food that can introduce helpful bacteria into our guts.
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Jogurt je fermentisana namirnica
koja u naša creva može dovesti korisne bakterije.
03:58
That doesn't necessarily mean that all yogurt is good for us, though.
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Ipak, to ne znači da su svi jogurti dobri za nas.
04:02
Brands with too much sugar and not enough bacteria
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Jogurti sa previše šećera i nedovoljno bakterija
04:05
may not actually help.
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zapravo ne pomažu.
04:07
These are just general guidelines.
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Ovo su samo opšte smernice.
04:09
More research is needed before we fully understand
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Potrebno je još istraživanja pre nego potpuno razumemo
04:11
exactly how any of these foods interact with our microbiomes.
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tačno kako bilo koja od ovih namirnica reaguje sa našim mikrobiomima.
04:16
We see positive correlations,
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Vidimo pozitivne korelacije,
04:18
but the insides of our guts are difficult places to make direct observations.
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ali unutrašnjost naših creva teško je direktno sagledati.
04:23
For instance, we don't currently know
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Na primer, trenutno ne znamo
04:25
whether these foods are directly responsible for the changes in diversity,
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da li su ove namirnice direktno povezane sa promenama u raznovrsnosti
04:28
or if something more complicated is happening.
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ili se dešava nešto komplikovanije.
04:32
While we're only beginning to explore the vast wilderness inside our guts,
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Iako tek počinjemo sa istraživanjem ogromne divljine u našim crevima,
04:36
we already have a glimpse of how crucial our microbiomes are for digestive health.
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već imamo obrise toga koliko su bitni mikrobiomi za naš sistem varenja.
04:42
The great news is we have the power to fire up the bacteria in our bellies.
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Sjajne vesti su da imamo moć da pokrenemo bakterije u stomaku.
04:47
Fill up on fibers,
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Napunite se vlaknima,
04:49
fresh and fermented foods,
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svežom i fermentisanom hranom
04:50
and you can trust your gut to keep you going strong.
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i možete verovati svojim crevima da će vas održati jakima.
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