What is obesity? - Mia Nacamulli

Šta je gojaznost? - Mia Nakamuli (Mia Nacamulli)

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Milenka Okuka

The most basic function of bodily fat is self-storage of food reserves.

Osnovna funkcija telesne masti je skladištenje rezervi hrane.

In prehistoric times, natural selection favored genotypes

U praistorijska vremena, prirodnom selekcijom birani su genotipi

that could endure harsh conditions by stocking the most fat.

koji bi mogli da prežive teške uslove tako što skladište najviše masti.

With chronic malnutrition being the norm for most of human history,

Kako je većim delom ljudske istorije hronična neuhranjenost bila standard,

genetics evolved to favor fat storage.

razvili su se geni koji favorizuju skladištenje masti.

So when did body fat become problematic?

Kada su telesne masti postale problematične?

The negative impacts of being overweight were not even noted in medical literature

Negativni uticaji preterane težine nisu primećeni u medicinskoj literaturi

until as late as the 18th century.

sve do 18. veka.

Then, technological advances coupled with public health measures

Tadašnji razvoj tehnologije zajedno sa merama javnog zdravstva

resulted in the betterment of the quantity, quality, and variety of food.

za posledicu imao je poboljšanje količine, kvaliteta i raznovrsnosti hrane.

Sustained abundance of good food enabled a healthier population

Održivo obilje dobre hrane omogućilo je da zdravije stanovništvo

to boom economically.

ekonomski procveta.

Output increased, and with it, leisure time

Povećao se učinak, a samim tim i količina slobodnog vremena

and waistlines.

i obim strukova.

By the mid 19th century, being excessively overweight, or obese,

Do sredine 19. veka, višak kilograma ili gojaznost,

was recognized as a cause of ill health,

bio je prepoznat kao uzrok pogoršanog zdravlja,

and another century later, declared deadly.

a jedan vek kasnije, proglašen je i smrtonosnim.

What is the distinction between being overweight and being obese?

Koja je razlika između viška kilograma i gojaznosti?

A calculation called the BMI breaks it down for us.

To nam pokazuje jednačina zvana ITM, indeks telesne mase.

For example, if someone weighs 65 kilgorams

Na primer, ako neko ima 65 kilograma

and is 1.5 meters tall,

a visok je 150cm,

they have a BMI of about 29.

znači da mu je ITM oko 29.

Obesity is a condition of excess body fat

Gojaznost je stanje viška telesne masti

that occurs when a person's BMI is above 30,

koje se javlja kada je ITM kod neke osobe iznad 30,

just over the overweight range of 25 to 29.9.

tik iznad granice viška kilograma, od 25 do 29,9.

While BMI can be a helpful estimate of healthy weight,

Dok ITM može biti koristan da se odredi zdrava težina,

actual body fat percentage can only really be determined

pravi procenat telesne masti zapravo se jedino može utvrditi

by also considering information like waist circumference

kad se uzmu u obzir informacije poput obima struka

and muscle mass.

i mase mišića.

Athletes, for instance, have a naturally higher BMI.

Na primer, sportisti prirodno imaju više vrednosti ITM.

So how does a person become obese?

Kako neko postane gojazan?

At its most basic, obesity is caused by energy imbalance.

U samoj osnovi, do gojaznosti dolazi kroz energetsku neravnotežu.

If the energy input from calories

Ukoliko je unos kalorija

is greater than the energy output from physical activity,

veći od energije koja se proizvede fizičkom aktivnošću,

the body stores the extra calories as fat.

telo skladišti višak kalorija kao mast.

In most cases, this imbalance comes from a combination of circumstances

Do ove neravnoteže uglavnom dolazi kroz kombinaciju faktora

and choices.

i izbora.

Adults should be getting at least 2.5 hours of exercise each week,

Odrasle osobe bi trebalo da vežbaju najmanje 2,5 sata nedeljno,

and children a whole hour per day.

a deca jedan sat dnevno.

But globally, one in four adults and eight out of ten adolescents

Ali na svetskom nivou, svaka četvrta odrasla osoba

i 8 od 10 adolescenata nije dovoljno aktivno.

aren't active enough.

Calorie-dense processed foods and growing portion sizes

Prerađena hrana bogata kalorijama kao i porcije koje rastu

coupled with pervasive marketing

zajedno sa ubedljivim reklamama

lead to passive overeating.

dovode do pasivnog prejedanja.

And scarce resources,

Manjak resursa,

and a lack of access to healthy, affordable foods

kao i nedostatak pristupa zdravoj, pristupačnoj hrani

creates an even greater risk in disadvantaged communities.

stvaraju još veći rizik u nerazvijenim zajednicama.

Yet, our genetic makeup also plays a part.

Ipak, ulogu igra i naša genetika.

Studies on families and on separated twins

Istraživanja na porodicama i razdvojenim blizancima

have shown a clear causal hereditary relationship to weight gain.

pokazala su jasnu posledičnu naslednu povezanost sa gojenjem.

Skorašnja istraživanja takođe su pokazala vezu između gojaznosti

Recent studies have also found a link between obesity

and variations in the bacteria species that live in our digestive systems.

i varijacija u vrstama bakterija koje žive u našim sistemima za varenje.

No matter the cause, obesity is an escalating global epidemic.

Bez obzira na uzrok, gojaznost je globalna epidemija u porastu.

It substantially raises the probability of diseases,

Ona značajno povećava verovatnoću raznih bolesti,

like diabetes,

poput dijabetesa,

heart disease,

srčanih bolesti,

stroke,

moždanog udara,

high blood pressure,

visokog krvnog pritiska

and cancer.

i raka.

It affects virtually all ages, genders, and socioeconomic groups

Ona pogađa bez obzira na godište, rod i socioekonomsku grupu,

in both developed and developing countries.

u razvijenim i nerazvijenim zemljama.

With a 60% rise in child obesity globally over just two decades,

Sa porastom od 60% u dečjoj gojaznosti širom sveta tokom samo dve decenije,

the problem is too significant to ignore.

problem je previše značajan da bi se ignorisao.

Once a person is obese, the climb to recovery becomes progressively steeper.

Kada osoba jednom postane gojazna, put do oporavka postaje znatno teži.

Hormonal and metabolic changes reduce the body's response to overeating.

Promene u hormonima i metabolizmu

značajno smanjuju reakcije tela na prejedanje.

After losing weight, a formerly overweight person burns less calories

Nakon gubitka težine, prethodno gojazna osoba sagoreva manje kalorija

doing the same exercises

radeći iste vežbe

as a person who is naturally the same weight,

kao osoba koja prirodno ima istu težinu,

making it much more difficult to shed the excess fat.

zbog čega je mnogo teže rešiti se viška sala.

And as people gain weight,

A kako se ljudi goje,

damage to signaling pathways makes it increasingly difficult

šteta naneta kanalima za komunikaciju mozgu značajno otežava

for the brain to measure food intake and fat storage.

da meri unos hrane i skladištenje sala.

There is, however, some evidence

Ipak, postoje dokazi

that well-monitored, long-term changes in behavior

da pravilno praćene dugotrajne promene u ponašanju

can lead to improvements in obesity-related health issues.

mogu da dovedu do poboljšanja kod bolesti povezanih sa gojaznošću.

And weight loss from sustained lifestyle changes,

A gubitak kilograma koji nastaje kroz održive promene životnog stila

or invasive treatments like bariatric surgery,

ili invazivne poduhvate poput barijatrijske operacije,

can improve insulin resistance and decrease inflammation.

može da poboljša insulinsku otpornost i smanji upale.

What was once an advantage for survival is now working against us.

Ono što je bilo prednost za preživljavanje sada radi protiv nas.

As the world's population continues to slow down and get bigger,

Kako svetska populacija nastavlja da se usporava i goji,

moving and consciously eating our way towards a healthier weight

kretanje i svesna ishrana ka zdravijoj telesnoj težini

is essential to our overall well-being.

ključni su za našu dobrobit.

And with the epidemic affecting every country in the world

Kako epidemija pogađa svaku zemlju na svetu,

for different socioeconomic reasons,

iz raznih društveno-ekonomskih razloga,

obesity cannot be seen as an isolated issue.

gojaznost se ne može posmatrati kao izolovan problem.

More global measures for prevention

Postojanje više globalnih mera prevencije

are essential to manage the weight of the world.

je ključno da bi se kontrolisala težina ovog sveta.