How does the Nobel Peace Prize work? - Adeline Cuvelier and Toril Rokseth

Kako deluje Nobelova nagrada za mir? - Adeline Cuvelier in Toril Rokseth

Translator: Klavdija Cernilogar Reviewer: Nika Kotnik

Kaj imajo skupnega sedemnajstletni Pakistanec,

What do a seventeen-year-old Pakistani,

a Norwegian explorer,

norveški raziskovalec,

a Tibetan monk,

tibetanski menih

and an American pastor have in common?

ter ameriški pastor?

They were all awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Vsi so dobili Nobelovo nagrado za mir.

Among the top prestigious awards in the world,

Kot ena od najbolj prestižnih nagrad na svetu

this prize has honored some of the most celebrated

ta nagrada počasti nekatere med najbolj slavnimi

and revered international figures and organizations in history.

in cenjenimi osebnostmi in organizacijami v zgodovini.

To understand how it all got started, we have to go back to the 1800s.

Da bi razumeli, kako je nastala, se moramo vrniti v 19. stoletje.

Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel

Švedski kemik Alfred Nobel

was then mostly known for the invention of dynamite,

je bil najbolj znan kot izumitelj dinamita;

ta preboj je vodil v kariero uspešnega izumitelja

a breakthrough which launched his career as a successful inventor

and businessman.

in poslovneža.

30 years later, he had become extremely wealthy,

30 let zatem je bil že zelo bogat,

but never married,

nikoli pa se ni poročil in ni imel otrok.

and had no children.

When his will was opened after his death,

Ko so po njegovi smrti odprli oporoko,

it came as a surprise that his fortune was to be used for five prizes

je vse presenetilo, da je premoženje namenil za pet nagrad

in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and peace.

za fiziko, kemijo, medicino, literaturo in mir.

These prizes illustrated his lifelong commitment to sciences

Te nagrade odražajo njegovo življenjsko predanost znanosti

and his passion for literature.

ter ljubezen do literature.

But what about peace?

Kaj pa mir?

Ker so bili Nobelovi izumi povezani z vojno industrijo,

Because Nobel's name was tied to inventions used in the war industry,

many have assumed that he created the peace prize out of regret.

mnogi menijo, da je nagrada za mir nastala zaradi obžalovanja.

However, this is all speculation as he never expressed any such sentiments,

Vse to so le ugibanja, saj o tem nikoli ni govoril,

and his inventions were also used for constructive purposes.

njegovi izumi pa so služili tudi v pozitivne namene.

Instead, many historians connect Alfred Nobel's interest for the peace cause

Mnogi zgodovinarji Nobelovo zanimanje za mir

to his decade-long friendship and correspondence

povezujejo z desetletnim prijateljstvom in dopisovanjem

with an Austrian pacifist named Bertha Von Suttner.

z avstrijsko pacifistko Bertho Von Suttner.

Von Suttner was one of the leaders of the international peace movement,

Von Suttnerjeva je bila ena od vodij mednarodnega mirovnega gibanja

and in 1905, after Nobel's death,

in leta 1905, po Nobelovi smrti,

she became the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

je postala prva ženska dobitnica Nobelove nagrade za mir.

Nobel's will outlined three criteria for the Peace Prize,

Nobelova oporoka navaja tri kriterije za nagrado za mir,

which unlike the other Sweden-based prizes,

ki jo, medtem ko druge podelijo na Švedskem,

would be administered in Norway.

podelijo na Norveškem.

Disarmament, peace congresses, and brotherhood between nations.

Razoroževanje, mirovni kongresi in bratstvo med narodi.

These standards have since been expanded

Ta načela so se od tedaj razširila

to include other ways of promoting peace,

in vključujejo druge načine spodbujanja miru,

such as human rights and negotiations.

kot so človekove pravice in pogajanja.

And the prize doesn't just have to go to one person.

Nagrada lahko gre več ljudem.

About a third of Noble Peace Prizes have been shared

Okoli tretjino Nobelovih nagrad za mir si delijo dva ali trije lavreati.

by two or three laureates.

So how do nominations for the prize work?

Kako se ljudi predlaga za nagrado?

Nobelova Fundacija pravi,

According to the Nobel Foundation,

a valid nomination can come from a member of a national assembly,

da lahko predlog pride iz parlamenta,

state government,

vlade kake države ali mednarodnega sodišča.

or an international court.

Eligible nominators also include university rectors,

Predlagajo lahko tudi rektorji univerz,

professors of the social sciences, history, philosophy, law, and theology,

profesorji družbenih ved, zgodovine, filozofije, prava in teologije

and previous recipients of the Peace Prize.

ter pretekli dobitniki nagrade za mir.

But if you want to know more about who was recently nominated,

Če pa hočete vedeti, kdo je bil predlagan pred kratkim,

you'll have to be patient.

bo treba biti potrpežljiv.

All information about nominations remains secret for 50 years.

Podatki o nominacijah ostanejo tajni petdeset let.

Take Martin Luther King Jr.

Recimo Martin Luther King Jr.

We didn't actually know who nominated him until 2014.

Šele leta 2014 smo izvedeli, kdo ga je nominiral.

To so bili kvekerji,

His nominators turned out to be the Quakers,

who had won the prize previously,

ki so že prejeli nagrado,

and eight members of the Swedish Parliament.

ter osem poslancev švedskega parlamenta.

There's no limit to the number of times a person or organization can be nominated.

Oseba ali organizacija je lahko predlagana neštetokrat.

In fact, Jane Addams,

Jane Addams,

recognized as the founder of social work in the United States,

ustanoviteljica socialnega dela v ZDA,

was nominated 91 times before finally being awarded the prize.

je bila predlagana 91-krat, preden je dobila nagrado.

The absence of a laureate can also be symbolic.

Odsotnost nagrajenca je tudi lahko simbolična.

The 1948 decision not to award the prize following the death of Mahatma Gandhi

Odločitev, da leta 1948, po smrti Mahatme Gandija, ne podelijo nagrade,

has been interpreted as an attempt to respectfully honor

so razumeli kot poskus spoštljivo nagraditi

the so-called missing laureate.

t. i. odsotnega nagrajenca.

As with the other Nobel Prizes,

Nobelove nagrade,

the Peace Prize can't be awarded posthumously.

niti tiste za mir, se ne more podeliti posthumno.

The secret selection process takes almost a year,

Tajni postopek izbire traja skoraj leto dni,

opravi pa ga pet izbranih članov

and is carried out by the five appointed members

of the Norwegian Nobel Committee

norveškega Nobelovega odbora

in ti ne smejo opravljati javnih političnih funkcij na Norveškem.

who are forbidden from having any official political function in Norway.

Z ogromnega seznama predlogov,

Starting with a large pool of nominations,

exceeding 300 in recent years,

v zadnjih letih preko 300,

ocenijo delo vsakega kandidata in naredijo ožji izbor.

they access each candidate's work and create a short list.

Finally, the chairman of the Nobel Committee

Na koncu predsednik Nobelovega odbora

publicly announces the laureate in October.

v oktobru javno razglasi dobitnika.

The awards ceremony takes place on December 10th,

Nagrado podelijo 10. decembra,

the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death.

na obletnico smrti Alfreda Nobela.

Nagrada vključuje zlato medaljo

The prize itself includes a gold medal

inscribed with the Latin words, "Pro pace et fraternitate gentium,"

z latinskim napisom "Pro pace et fraternitate gentium"

or "For the peace and brotherhood of men,"

ali "Za mir in bratstvo med ljudmi,"

as well as a diploma and a large cash prize.

diplomo ter veliko denarno nagrado.

Recently, it's been 8 million Swedish kronor,

Nazadnje je bila 8 milijonov švedskih kron

or roughly a million US dollars,

ali okoli milijon ameriških dolarjev,

which is split in the case of multiple laureates.

kar se v primeru več dobitnikov mednje razdeli.

And while laureates can use the prize money as they choose,

Nagrajenci lahko denar porabijo, kakor hočejo,

in recent years, many have donated it to humanitarian or social causes.

a pogosto ga podarijo v humanitarne ali socialne namene.

For many years, the Nobel Peace Prize was predominately awarded

Mnogo let so Nobelovo nagrado za mir

dobivali predvsem moški iz Evrope ali Severne Amerike.

to European and North American men.

But in recent years, significant changes have been taking place,

Zadnja leta pa prihaja do pomembnih sprememb,

making the prize more global than ever.

tako da nagrada postaja bolj globalna.

23 organizations and 103 individuals,

23 organizacij in 103 posamezniki,

that's 87 men and 16 women,

to je 87 moških in 16 žensk,

have made up the 126 Nobel Peace Prize laureates in history.

je v 126 letih njenega obstoja dobilo Nobelovo nagrado za mir.

They include Desmond Tutu for his nonviolent campaign against apartheid

Med njimi so Desmond Tutu za nenasilni boj proti apartheidu

in South Africa,

v Južni Afriki,

Jody Williams for her campaign to ban and clear anti-personnel mines,

Jody Williams za boj proti protipehotnim minam,

Rigoberta Menchú Tum for her work for social justice and reconciliation

Rigoberta Menchú Tum za delo na socialni pravičnosti in spravi

based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples,

ob spoštovanju pravic domorodnih ljudstev,

Martti Ahtisaari for his efforts to resolve international conflicts

Martti Ahtisaari za trud pri reševanju mednarodnih sporov

v Namibiji, na Kosovu in v Indoneziji,

in Namibia, Kosovo, and Indonesia,

and Aung San Suu Kyi for her nonviolent struggle for democracy

ter Aung San Suu Kyi za nenasilni boj za demokracijo

and human rights in Myanmar.

ter človekove pravice v Mjanmaru.

To je le nekaj primerov ljudi, ki nas navdihujejo,

They're just a few examples of the people who have inspired us,

challenged us,

nas izzivajo

and demonstrated through their actions

ter s svojim delom dokazujejo,

that there are many paths to peace.

da obstaja veliko poti do miru.