How does the Nobel Peace Prize work? - Adeline Cuvelier and Toril Rokseth

翻译人员: Fan Ye 校对人员: 添翼 徐

What do a seventeen-year-old Pakistani,

一个十七岁的巴基斯坦人

a Norwegian explorer,

一个挪威探险家

a Tibetan monk,

一个西藏僧侣

and an American pastor have in common?

和一个美国牧师有什么共同点？

They were all awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

他们都获得过诺贝尔和平奖

Among the top prestigious awards in the world,

作为世界最权威的奖项之一

this prize has honored some of the most celebrated

诺贝尔和平奖被授予许多

and revered international figures and organizations in history.

一些历史上最著名和最受尊敬的人物及组织

To understand how it all got started, we have to go back to the 1800s.

为了了解这一切如何开始， 我们需要回到十九世纪

Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel

瑞典化学家阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔

was then mostly known for the invention of dynamite,

在当时以发明炸药而闻名

a breakthrough which launched his career as a successful inventor

这项突破性发明使他开始了一个成功的发明家

and businessman.

和商人的事业

30 years later, he had become extremely wealthy,

三十年后，他变得非常富有

but never married,

但是他一生未婚

and had no children.

也没有孩子

When his will was opened after his death,

当他的遗嘱在他去世之后被打开

it came as a surprise that his fortune was to be used for five prizes

人们很惊讶地发现他的财产都被用在五个奖上

in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and peace.

关于物理、化学、医学、文学和和平

These prizes illustrated his lifelong commitment to sciences

这些奖表现了他对于科学终身的承诺

and his passion for literature.

和他对于文学的热爱

But what about peace?

那和平呢？

Because Nobel's name was tied to inventions used in the war industry,

因为诺贝尔的名字和用于战争的发明紧紧联系

many have assumed that he created the peace prize out of regret.

很多人认为诺贝尔是出于内疚而创造出和平奖

However, this is all speculation as he never expressed any such sentiments,

但是，这只是猜测， 他从未表达过这样的观点

and his inventions were also used for constructive purposes.

他的发明也被用于建设性工作

Instead, many historians connect Alfred Nobel's interest for the peace cause

相反地，许多历史学家将 诺贝尔对和平产生兴趣的原因归结于

to his decade-long friendship and correspondence

他与奥地利和平主义者贝尔塔·冯·苏特纳

with an Austrian pacifist named Bertha Von Suttner.

数十年的友谊与通信

Von Suttner was one of the leaders of the international peace movement,

冯·苏特纳曾是国际和平运动的领导者之一

and in 1905, after Nobel's death,

在1905年，诺贝尔去世之后

she became the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

她成为第一个获得诺贝尔和平奖的女性

Nobel's will outlined three criteria for the Peace Prize,

诺贝尔在遗嘱里列了三条和平奖的标准

which unlike the other Sweden-based prizes,

不像其它在瑞典颁发的奖项

would be administered in Norway.

和平奖在挪威颁发

Disarmament, peace congresses, and brotherhood between nations.

取消或裁减常备军队、组织和 宣传和平会议和促进民族团结友好

These standards have since been expanded

这些标准已经被扩展

to include other ways of promoting peace,

从而包括其它促进和平的方面

such as human rights and negotiations.

像是人权和协商

And the prize doesn't just have to go to one person.

和平奖不是只能颁发给一个人

About a third of Noble Peace Prizes have been shared

大概有三分之一的诺贝尔和平奖

by two or three laureates.

由二或三个获奖者分享

So how do nominations for the prize work?

那么和平奖是如何提名的？

According to the Nobel Foundation,

根据诺贝尔基金会

a valid nomination can come from a member of a national assembly,

一个有效的提名只能来自国民议会的成员

state government,

州政府

or an international court.

或国际法庭

Eligible nominators also include university rectors,

有资格的提名者还包括大学校长，

professors of the social sciences, history, philosophy, law, and theology,

社会科学、历史、哲学、法律和神学的教授

and previous recipients of the Peace Prize.

和诺贝尔奖的前获得者

But if you want to know more about who was recently nominated,

但是如果你想知道更多关于最近谁被提名的信息

you'll have to be patient.

你恐怕得非常耐心

All information about nominations remains secret for 50 years.

所有关于提名的信息在五十年内都是保密的

Take Martin Luther King Jr.

以马丁·路德·金为例

We didn't actually know who nominated him until 2014.

我们事实上并不知道他被谁提名 直到2014年

His nominators turned out to be the Quakers,

他的提名者原来是曾得奖的

who had won the prize previously,

公谊服务委员会

and eight members of the Swedish Parliament.

和瑞典议会的八名成员

There's no limit to the number of times a person or organization can be nominated.

个人或组织能被提名的次数并没有限制

In fact, Jane Addams,

事实上，简·亚当斯

recognized as the founder of social work in the United States,

公认的美国社会工作的创立者

was nominated 91 times before finally being awarded the prize.

在她最终获得诺贝尔和平奖之前被提名过91次

The absence of a laureate can also be symbolic.

和平奖的缺失也可以具有象征意义

The 1948 decision not to award the prize following the death of Mahatma Gandhi

在莫罕达斯·甘地去世后， 1948年的诺贝尔和平奖并未颁发

has been interpreted as an attempt to respectfully honor

这被理解为对伟人表达敬意的举动

the so-called missing laureate.

也可以称为遗失的荣誉

As with the other Nobel Prizes,

与其它诺贝尔奖一样

the Peace Prize can't be awarded posthumously.

和平奖不能被颁发给已逝者

The secret selection process takes almost a year,

保密的选择工作持续几乎一年时间

and is carried out by the five appointed members

由挪威诺贝尔委员会任命的

of the Norwegian Nobel Committee

五名成员执行

who are forbidden from having any official political function in Norway.

他们被禁止在挪威担任任何官方政治职务

Starting with a large pool of nominations,

他们的工作从大量的提名开始

exceeding 300 in recent years,

近些年，提名会超过三百个

they access each candidate's work and create a short list.

他们评估每位候选人的成就 并创建一个短名单

Finally, the chairman of the Nobel Committee

最后，由诺贝尔委员会主席

publicly announces the laureate in October.

在十月公开宣布获奖者

The awards ceremony takes place on December 10th,

颁奖仪式在十二月十日

the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death.

阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔的逝世纪念日举行

The prize itself includes a gold medal

和平奖本身包括一枚金质奖章

inscribed with the Latin words, "Pro pace et fraternitate gentium,"

上面有拉丁文题词： “Pro pace et fraternizzate gentium”

or "For the peace and brotherhood of men,"

翻译为“为着和睦与手足情谊的人士”

as well as a diploma and a large cash prize.

还包括诺贝尔和平奖证书和大量奖金

Recently, it's been 8 million Swedish kronor,

近年奖金达到八百万瑞典克朗

or roughly a million US dollars,

约合一百万美元

which is split in the case of multiple laureates.

若有多位获奖者，则由多位获奖者平分

And while laureates can use the prize money as they choose,

虽然获奖者可以任凭喜好地使用奖金

in recent years, many have donated it to humanitarian or social causes.

但在近些年，许多获奖者将它 捐于人道主义和社会工作中

For many years, the Nobel Peace Prize was predominately awarded

许多年来，诺贝尔和平奖主要被授予

to European and North American men.

欧洲人和北美人士

But in recent years, significant changes have been taking place,

但近年来，显著的改变正在发生

making the prize more global than ever.

使得诺贝尔和平奖从未有过地国际化

23 organizations and 103 individuals,

23个组织和103个个人

that's 87 men and 16 women,

87位男性和16位女性

have made up the 126 Nobel Peace Prize laureates in history.

组成了历史上126位诺贝尔和平奖获奖者

They include Desmond Tutu for his nonviolent campaign against apartheid

他们包括：在南非， 以非暴力运动反对种族隔离制度的

in South Africa,

德斯蒙德·图图

Jody Williams for her campaign to ban and clear anti-personnel mines,

推动禁止和清除地雷运动的 乔迪·威廉姆斯

Rigoberta Menchú Tum for her work for social justice and reconciliation

在尊重原住民的权利的基础上 促进社会正义与和解的

based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples,

里戈韦塔·门楚·图姆

Martti Ahtisaari for his efforts to resolve international conflicts

在纳米比亚、科索沃和印度尼西亚， 缓解国际冲突努力的

in Namibia, Kosovo, and Indonesia,

马尔蒂·阿赫蒂萨里

and Aung San Suu Kyi for her nonviolent struggle for democracy

以非暴力斗争促进缅甸民主和人权的

and human rights in Myanmar.

昂山素季

They're just a few examples of the people who have inspired us,

他们是一些激励着我们

challenged us,

挑战着我们的例子

and demonstrated through their actions

以及以实际行动向我们展示

that there are many paths to peace.

通向和平的道路有许多许多