How does the Nobel Peace Prize work? - Adeline Cuvelier and Toril Rokseth

譯者: Helen Chang 審譯者: SF Huang

What do a seventeen-year-old Pakistani,

一個十七歲的巴基斯坦人，

a Norwegian explorer,

一位挪威的探險家，

a Tibetan monk,

一名西藏僧侶，

and an American pastor have in common?

和一位美國牧師有何共同點？

They were all awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

他們都得過諾貝爾和平獎。

Among the top prestigious awards in the world,

這是世界最權威的獎項之一，

this prize has honored some of the most celebrated

諾貝爾和平獎被授予

史上許多最著名、 最受尊敬的人物和組織。

and revered international figures and organizations in history.

To understand how it all got started, we have to go back to the 1800s.

為了解這一切是如何開始的， 我們先要回到十九世紀。

Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel

瑞典化學家阿爾弗雷德‧諾貝爾

was then mostly known for the invention of dynamite,

當時以發明炸藥而聞名，

a breakthrough which launched his career as a successful inventor

這項突破性的發明 使他成為成功的發明家，

and businessman.

並開啟了事業。

30 years later, he had become extremely wealthy,

三十年後，他變得非常富有，

but never married,

但終身未婚，

and had no children.

也未育有子女。

When his will was opened after his death,

在他去世之後遺囑被開封，

it came as a surprise that his fortune was to be used for five prizes

人們很訝異

他的遺產將全被用在五個獎項上：

in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and peace.

物理、化學、醫學、文學和和平。

These prizes illustrated his lifelong commitment to sciences

獎項呈現出他對科學的終身承諾

and his passion for literature.

以及對文學的熱愛。

But what about peace?

但，和平呢？

Because Nobel's name was tied to inventions used in the war industry,

由於諾貝爾的名字

與用於戰爭的發明緊密相關，

many have assumed that he created the peace prize out of regret.

很多人臆斷

諾貝爾是出於內疚而創造了和平獎。

However, this is all speculation as he never expressed any such sentiments,

但這只是猜測，

因他從未表示過這樣的觀點，

and his inventions were also used for constructive purposes.

而且他的發明也被用在建設上。

Instead, many historians connect Alfred Nobel's interest for the peace cause

反而​​，許多歷史學家

將諾貝爾對和平的興趣歸因於

to his decade-long friendship and correspondence

他與奧地利的和平主義者 貝爾塔‧馮‧蘇特納之間，

with an Austrian pacifist named Bertha Von Suttner.

長達數十年的友誼與通信。

Von Suttner was one of the leaders of the international peace movement,

馮‧蘇特納曾是 國際和平運動的領導者之一，

and in 1905, after Nobel's death,

1905年，諾貝爾去世之後，

she became the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

她成為第一位 獲得諾貝爾和平獎的女性。

Nobel's will outlined three criteria for the Peace Prize,

諾貝爾的遺囑條列了 和平獎的三準則。

which unlike the other Sweden-based prizes,

不像其它在瑞典頒發的獎項，

would be administered in Norway.

和平獎在挪威頒發。

Disarmament, peace congresses, and brotherhood between nations.

三準則是：廢除或裁減軍備、 舉辦與推展和平會議，

和促進民族團結友好。

These standards have since been expanded

這些準則已經被擴展至

to include other ways of promoting peace,

包括其它促進和平的方式，

such as human rights and negotiations.

像是人權和協商。

And the prize doesn't just have to go to one person.

和平獎不限於頒發給單獨個人。

About a third of Noble Peace Prizes have been shared

約有三分之一的諾貝爾和平獎

by two or three laureates.

由二或三位得主分享。

So how do nominations for the prize work?

和平獎如何進行提名作業呢？

According to the Nobel Foundation,

根據諾貝爾基金會，

a valid nomination can come from a member of a national assembly,

有效的提名可來自國民議會的議員、

state government,

國家政府或國際法庭。

or an international court.

Eligible nominators also include university rectors,

有資格的提名者還包括大學校長，

professors of the social sciences, history, philosophy, law, and theology,

社會科學、歷史、哲學、 法律和神學的教授，

and previous recipients of the Peace Prize.

以及前諾貝爾和平獎得主。

But if you want to know more about who was recently nominated,

但若你想知道哪些人最近被提名過，

you'll have to be patient.

就得耐心等候。

All information about nominations remains secret for 50 years.

所有與提名相關的訊息 都要保密五十年。

Take Martin Luther King Jr.

以馬丁‧路德‧金為例，

We didn't actually know who nominated him until 2014.

我們直到2014年 才知道誰提名了他。

His nominators turned out to be the Quakers,

原來他的提名者是：

曾得獎的貴格會

who had won the prize previously,

and eight members of the Swedish Parliament.

和瑞典國會的八名議員。

There's no limit to the number of times a person or organization can be nominated.

個人或組織能被提名的次數無上限。

In fact, Jane Addams,

事實上，珍‧亞當斯，

recognized as the founder of social work in the United States,

公認的美國社會工作的創始人，

was nominated 91 times before finally being awarded the prize.

在被提名91次後終於獲奬。

The absence of a laureate can also be symbolic.

和平獎從缺也具象徵意義

The 1948 decision not to award the prize following the death of Mahatma Gandhi

在聖雄穆罕默德‧甘地去世後， 並未頒發1948年的和平獎，

has been interpreted as an attempt to respectfully honor

這被解讀為想要對這位

the so-called missing laureate.

「錯失的諾貝爾和平獎得主」 致敬的舉動。

As with the other Nobel Prizes,

與其它諾貝爾獎項一樣，

the Peace Prize can't be awarded posthumously.

和平獎不能被頒發給已逝者。

The secret selection process takes almost a year,

保密的甄選工作持續幾乎一年，

and is carried out by the five appointed members

由挪威諾貝爾委員會 任命的五名委員執行，

of the Norwegian Nobel Committee

who are forbidden from having any official political function in Norway.

他們被禁止擔任挪威的任何官職。

Starting with a large pool of nominations,

他們近來每年審視超過三百位 的長串候選人名單，

exceeding 300 in recent years,

they access each candidate's work and create a short list.

評估每位候選人的成就， 提出一個短名單。

Finally, the chairman of the Nobel Committee

最後，諾貝爾委員會主席

publicly announces the laureate in October.

在十月公開宣布諾貝爾獎得主。

The awards ceremony takes place on December 10th,

頒獎儀式在十二月十日

the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death.

阿爾弗雷德‧諾貝爾的逝世紀念日舉行。

The prize itself includes a gold medal

和平獎包括一枚金質獎章，

inscribed with the Latin words, "Pro pace et fraternitate gentium,"

上面刻著拉丁文： "Pro pace et fraternitate gentium,"

or "For the peace and brotherhood of men,"

意思是「為了人類的和平與友誼」，

as well as a diploma and a large cash prize.

還有諾貝爾和平獎證書 和豐厚的獎金。

Recently, it's been 8 million Swedish kronor,

近年獎金達到八百萬瑞典克朗，

or roughly a million US dollars,

約一百萬美元，

which is split in the case of multiple laureates.

若有多位得主則平分。

And while laureates can use the prize money as they choose,

雖然獎金得主可以自由運用獎金，

in recent years, many have donated it to humanitarian or social causes.

近年許多得主捐出來 做為人道和社會工作之用。

For many years, the Nobel Peace Prize was predominately awarded

多年來，諾貝爾和平獎

主要授予歐洲和北美人士。

to European and North American men.

But in recent years, significant changes have been taking place,

但近年來有顯著的改變，

making the prize more global than ever.

使諾貝爾和平獎更為國際化。

23 organizations and 103 individuals,

23個組織和103位個人，

that's 87 men and 16 women,

其中男性占87位和女性占16位，

have made up the 126 Nobel Peace Prize laureates in history.

組成了諾貝爾和平獎史上 共126位得主，

They include Desmond Tutu for his nonviolent campaign against apartheid

包括：南非大主教屠圖

以非暴力運動反對種族隔離；

in South Africa,

Jody Williams for her campaign to ban and clear anti-personnel mines,

喬迪‧威廉斯教授

推動禁止和清除地雷運動；

Rigoberta Menchú Tum for her work for social justice and reconciliation

里戈韋塔‧門楚‧圖姆

在尊重原住民權利的基礎上 促進社會正義與和解，

based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples,

Martti Ahtisaari for his efforts to resolve international conflicts

馬爾蒂‧阿赫蒂薩里

緩解納米比亞、科索沃 和印尼的國際衝突，

in Namibia, Kosovo, and Indonesia,

and Aung San Suu Kyi for her nonviolent struggle for democracy

和翁山蘇姬

以非暴力的方式 為緬甸的民主和人權而戰。

and human rights in Myanmar.

They're just a few examples of the people who have inspired us,

他們是幾個激勵、挑戰我們的例子，

challenged us,

and demonstrated through their actions

他們以實際行動向眾人展示

that there are many paths to peace.

通往和平的道路不計其數。