How do viruses jump from animals to humans? - Ben Longdon

1,554,689 views ใƒป 2019-08-08

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:07
At a Maryland country fair in 2017,
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ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ ื‘ืžืจื™ืœื ื“ ื‘ 2017,
00:10
the prize pigs were not looking their best.
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ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ ื”ืคืจืก ืœื ื ืจืื• ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื.
00:14
Farmers reported feverish hogs with inflamed eyes and running snouts.
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ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื“ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ื, ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืœืงื•ืช ื•ืืคื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื.
00:19
But while fair officials worried about the pigs,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืืจื’ื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ ื“ืื’ื• ืœื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื,
00:22
the Maryland department of health was concerned about a group of sick fairgoers.
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ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ืœื ื“ ื“ืื’ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“.
00:27
Some had pet the pigs, while others had merely been near their barns;
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ื›ืžื” ืœื™ื˜ืคื• ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ืจืง ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ื“ ื”ืืกื ืฉืœื”ื;
00:32
but soon, 40 of these attendees would be diagnosed with swine flu.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, 40 ืžื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื•ื‘ื—ื ื• ื‘ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื.
00:37
More often than not, sick animals donโ€™t infect humans.
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ืœืจื•ื‘, ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
00:41
But when they do, these cross-species infections,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืœื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
00:44
or viral host jumps,
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ืื• ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืืจื—ื™ื,
00:46
have the potential to produce deadly epidemics.
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ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื’ืคื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช.
00:50
So how can pathogens from one species infect another,
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืื—ืจ,
00:53
and what makes host jumps so dangerous?
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืืจื—ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช?
00:57
Viruses are a type of organic parasite infecting nearly all forms of life.
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื˜ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืฉืžื“ื‘ื™ืง ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:03
To survive and reproduce, they must move through three stages:
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื:
01:07
contact with a susceptible host, infection and replication,
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ืžื’ืข ืขื ืžืืจื— ืคื’ื™ืข, ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื•ืฉื™ื›ืคื•ืœ,
01:11
and transmission to other individuals.
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ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืžืืจื— ืื—ืจ.
01:14
As an example, letโ€™s look at human influenza.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
01:18
First, the flu virus encounters a new host
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืžืืจื— ื—ื“ืฉ
01:21
and makes its way into their respiratory tract.
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ื•ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื•.
01:24
This isnโ€™t so difficult, but to survive in this new body,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื”,
01:27
the virus must mount a successful infection
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ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช
01:30
before itโ€™s caught and broken down by an immune response.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืœื›ื“ ื•ื™ืคื•ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
01:34
To accomplish this task,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•,
01:35
viruses have evolved specific interactions with their host species.
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžืืจื— ืฉืœื”ื.
01:40
Human flu viruses are covered in proteins
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื
01:43
adapted to bind with matching receptors on human respiratory cells.
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ืฉืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
01:48
Once inside a cell, the virus employs additional adaptations
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื, ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
01:53
to hijack the host cellโ€™s reproductive machinery
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืžืืจื—
01:56
and replicate its own genetic material.
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ื•ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื•.
01:59
Now the virus only needs to suppress or evade the hostโ€™s immune system
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฆืจื™ืš ืจืง ืœืฉืชืง ืื• ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืจื—
02:04
long enough to replicate to sufficient levels and infect more cells.
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืคืœ ืœืจืžื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืขื•ื“ ืชืื™ื.
02:08
At this point, the flu can be passed on to its next victim
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื”
02:12
via any transmission of infected bodily fluid.
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ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื’ื•ืข.
02:15
However, this simple sneeze also brings the virus in contact with pets,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืชืขื˜ืฉื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“,
02:20
plants, or even your lunch.
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืืจื•ื—ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
02:23
Viruses are constantly encountering new species and attempting to infect them.
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขื ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืื•ืชื.
02:28
More often than not, this ends in failure.
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ืœืจื•ื‘, ื–ื” ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ.
02:31
In most cases, the genetic dissimilarity between the two hosts is too great.
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืืจื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™.
02:36
For a virus adapted to infect humans,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฉืžื•ืชืื ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื,
02:39
a lettuce cell would be a foreign and inhospitable landscape.
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ืชื ื—ืกื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ื–ืจ ื•ืœื ืžืืจื—.
02:43
But there are a staggering number of viruses circulating in the environment,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืืœืฃ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
02:47
all with the potential to encounter new hosts.
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ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืžืืจื—ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
02:51
And because viruses rapidly reproduce by the millions,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื,
02:54
they can quickly develop random mutations.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:57
Most mutations will have no effect, or even prove detrimental;
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื”, ืื• ืฉื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ื›ื—ื• ื›ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช;
03:01
but a small proportion may enable the pathogen to better infect a new species.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืคืชื•ื’ืŸ ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
03:07
The odds of winning this destructive genetic lottery increase over time,
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื• ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
03:12
or if the new species is closely related to the virusโ€™ usual host.
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ืื• ืื ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžืืจื— ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
03:17
For a virus adapted to another mammal,
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ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฉืžื•ืชืื ืœื™ื•ื ืง ืื—ืจ,
03:20
infecting a human might just take a few lucky mutations.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืงืช ืื“ื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื“ืจื•ืฉ ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื–ืœ.
03:24
And a virus adapted to chimpanzees,
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ื•ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฉืžื•ืชืื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื,
03:26
one of our closest genetic relatives, might barely require any changes at all.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื•, ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
03:32
It takes more than time and genetic similarity
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื™
03:35
for a host jump to be successful.
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ืœืงืคื™ืฆืช ืžืืจื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช.
03:37
Some viruses come equipped to easily infect a new hostโ€™s cells,
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ื›ืžื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืžืืจื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ,
03:42
but are then unable to evade an immune response.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช.
03:45
Others might have a difficult time transmitting to new hosts.
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ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืืจื—ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
03:49
For example, they might make the hostโ€™s blood contagious,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืจื— ืœืžื“ื‘ืง,
03:52
but not their saliva.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืืช ื”ืจื•ืง.
03:54
However, once a host jump reaches the transmission stage,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืงืคื™ืฆืช ืžืืจื— ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”,
03:58
the virus becomes much more dangerous.
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ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.
04:01
Now gestating within two hosts,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ ืžืืจื—ื™ื,
04:03
the pathogen has twice the odds of mutating into a more successful virus.
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ืœืคืชื•ื’ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืœืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:08
And each new host increases the potential for a full-blown epidemic.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžืืจื— ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื ื˜ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืžื’ืคื” ืžืœืื”.
04:13
Virologists are constantly looking for mutations
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช
04:17
that might make viruses such as influenza more likely to jump.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืคืขืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงืคื™ืฆื”.
04:21
However, predicting the next potential epidemic is a major challenge.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื‘ื ืœืžื’ืคื” ื”ื•ื ืืชื’ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
04:26
Thereโ€™s a huge diversity of viruses that weโ€™re only just beginning to uncover.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช.
04:31
Researchers are tirelessly studying the biology of these pathogens.
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืœื ืœืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
04:35
And by monitoring populations to quickly identify new outbreaks,
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
04:39
they can develop vaccines and containment protocols to stop these deadly diseases.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื— ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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